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(完整word版)英语长难句精解70句

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2021-02-22 19:26
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2021年2月22日发(作者:previa)


难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它



都由一些基本的成分


组成的。从结构来说, 英语句子中,



除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以



由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。



从句子


本身是一个完整的句子,



因此,



从句与从句之间的关



系可能包孕、套 嵌,也可能并列,平行。从功能来说,英


语有三大复合句,即



:


①名词性从



句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句



;


②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说



的定语从句



;


③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外)



,也可以跟



自己的逻辑主语、宾语、



状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。



由于非谓语动词和从句的



这些特点, 使英语


句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。



英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。



1




划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句



;



2


)划出所有介词短语(位于



be


动词后的除外)





3




名词性从句看作一个整体



,


找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的



引导词



;



4




非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;



5< /p>


)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;



6




分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。



长难句分析的步骤举例:



经典例题(



2001


年考研完型填空第二段)



In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that


will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a


case before a trial begins.


分析



:



第一,划出定语从句和状语从句



: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the


amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.


第二,划出介词短语:



In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press


第三,句子的结构分析



:



1


)主干结构是主语




Lord Irvine


含同位语



the Lord Chancellor



+


将来时谓 语





will introduce




+


宾语(



a draft bill


);


(


2


)


that


引导的定语从句修饰



draft bill,


其中,



will propose


是第一个谓语,



making


payments to witnesses illegal


是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,



payments to witnesses




making



宾语,



illegal


是宾补;



第二个谓语是



will strictly control, the amount of publicity


是它



的宾语。



that can be given


to a case before a trial begins


是孕含有一个时间状语从句


(


before a trial begins


)


的定语从句,修饰



publicity




请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下



可以解


决考研长难句问题。



70


个句子,并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过,则基本上



1.


This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy


American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.


结构分析



:


句子的主干是



This will be


particularly true




si


?


nce


引导原因状语从句。此从句中



又套嵌一个由关系代词



that


引导的定语从句,



修饰



the high- energy American fashion


。在定语



从句中,



that



主语,



makes


做谓语,



it


做形式宾语,



不定式短语



to combine few farmers with high yields


则是真正的宾语



(不定式短语内部



to combine


是主干,


few farmers


是宾语,


with high yields


是状语),



possible


做宾语补足语。



this


指代前句中提到的这种困境。



energy pinch


译为



“能源的匮乏




;in


?



faoshni


译为



“用


?


方法、方式



”。



译文:



这种困境将是确定无疑的,



因为能源的匮乏,



高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在



农业中继续下


去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。

< p>


2.


Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter



we must be sure that the scale with which we


are comparing our subjects provides a


c



omvpalaidriso



n. or



fair




结构分析



:


句子的主干是



we must be sure


?




since


引导原因状语从句



the assessment of intelligence is a


comparative matter


。主句中又有



that


引导的宾语从句



that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects


provides a



valid



or


“。


f



ai



r


语”从


c

< p>


om



p



ari



so

< p>


n


一个



由介词



with+which


引导的定语从句



with which we are comparing our subjects


修饰先行词



the scale




scale


在此处


意为



“尺度、衡量标准



”。



译文:既然对智力的评估相比较 而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,



我们所用的尺度能够


提供



“有效的



”或“公平的



”比较。



3.


In general




the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and


least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



the tests work most effectively when


?



and least effectively wh



eannd


连接两个并列分句,



每个并列分句中皆有一个



when


引导的时间状语从句分别说明



work most effectively




and




work




least effectively


。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句



what


?



predicted



the tests


是主句的主


语,



work


为动词做谓语。



qualities


在此处是可数名词,



不译为



“质量



”,而译为



“特征



”。



defined


不能直译为



“被定义为



”,而应译为主动语态



“界定



译文:一般来说,当所需要测 定的特征能被精确界定时,测试最为有效



的东西不能被明确界定时,测试效果最差。



;


而当所测定或预测



4.


For example




they do not compensate for gross social inequality



and thus do not tell how able an


underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



they do not compensate


?




and thus do not tell how



?


and


连接两个



并列分句,



第二


个并列分句中由



how


引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句,



其中



had he grown up


?


(


=If he had


grown up


?


)


是省略了连词



if


的非真实条件句。主句主



语的



they


,在此代指上文提到的



tests; able


在句中作



might have been


的表语。



underprivileged


在此不能译为



“没有特权的



”,而译为



“没有地位的



”或“物质条


件差的



”。



译文:例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公



;


因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻



人,如果在较好的环境中成长的话,会有多大才干。



leads the discussion to extremes at the outset




it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the


consideration humans extend to other humans




or with no consideration at all.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that

?


。冒号后的复合


句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句 中



that


引导宾语从句,从句



中有



either


?


or


?


引 导的两个并列的介词结


构作状语,修饰动词



be treated


,其中第一个



with


介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词



that




which


的定语从句



humans extend to other humans


,修饰



the


consideration



it


代指上文的观点,



即如果对人权没有达成一致看法,



而谈



论动物的权利是徒劳的。



介词短语



at the outset


译为



“从一开始



”。动词



invites


应转译为



“使



”、



“让”或



“促使



”。动宾结构



extend


consideration to


意为



“给予关怀或关心



”,



consideration


不应



译为



“考虑



”。



译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物

< p>


类自身一样关怀体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。



:


要么像对人



6.


But even more important




it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past




for what they


were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



it was the farthest that


。但


?


It was


?



that


?


在本句中不是强调句型。



it


是指上句中所提到




150


亿年前形成的巨大云团


(


a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth


)


;that



导的应是一个定语从句,修饰先行词



the farthest



for




导的是表示原因的分句,分句中还有



that


引导的定语从句,修饰



the patterns and structure




译文:



但更重要的是,



这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象,



因为他们看



到的是



150


亿年


前宇宙云的形状和结构。



7.


Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor


search of work



and any work



under any condition



that would keep them alive.




tens of


thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers



with their wives and children




were forced into the cities in


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



it happened that



?


it


做形式主语,



that


引导的从句做真正的主语。



主语从句中,




有一个由



when


引导的时间状语从句,



主句为



tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers


?



were fo



rc



ed


间状


?


语从句中从句主语



the new factories


又带



有一个定语从句



that were springing up; that would keep them alive




work


的定语从句。



spring up


意为



“发生,


出现,建立



”。



译文



:


于是就出现了这样的情况



:


正当新办的工厂纷纷建立,需要劳动力的时候,成千上万

< p>


无家可归、饥肠辘


辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家 带口,被迫进入城市



什么活儿,不论什么条件,只要不被饿死就行。



8.


As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable


in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments




she will answer


truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.


;


他们要找活干,不管



结构分析



:


句子的框架是



?



we have come to believe that



t


?


hat


引导的从句做



believe


的宾语从




;


此从句中有


一个



that


从句作



the sense


的同位语从句



;


同位语从句中又套嵌一个由



when




导的时间状语从句



;


此时间状语


从句又套嵌一个定语从句



“持久,持续



”不


,


要译为



“忍受,容忍



”。



译文



:


由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果,我们逐渐相信,如果运 用合适的观察和实验方



法向大自然探究问


题,



她会真心实意地给我们答复,



并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。





这个意义上来说,大自然是可以认


识的。



9.


These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical


understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for


reliable weather forecasting.


that endure


,修饰其先行词



discoveries



by way of


意为



“经由,通过


?


方法”


;reward sb. with


意为“以

< br>?


报答,酬劳




;enudre


此处应译为



结构分析



:


句子的框架是



These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details


?


后面紧跟


省略了



if


引导的虚拟条件句



were it not for the fact that


,即



if it we


?


re not for the fact that



?



;th



at the fact


的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句,修饰其



先行词



the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting


为过去分词短语修饰



the kind of measurements




simply


译为



“只不过,仅仅



”,不应译为



“简单地



”。



译文:理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段


< br>,


即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地



预报天气。如果做不到这一点,那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。



10.


The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes




namely that a solid body


when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces




has many different versions




of which


the following is one.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



The story


?



has many different versions



w


?


hat is now generally called the principle of


Archimedes


为名词性从句做介词



of


的宾语。



namely that a solid body




th


?


e principle of Archimedes


的同位




;when immersed in a liquid


是省略了主语的过去分词短语,



句子补充完整为



when the solid body is immersed in


a liquid


,修饰其主句



a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid


?


;idt isplaces


是省略了关系代词



that


的定


语从句修饰



the liquid



it


代指前面提到的



the solid body;


同时,



of which the following is one


又构成先行词



versions


的定语从句。



displace


意为



“排(水)




;version


不译为



“版本



”,此处指



“根据个人观点




(对事件等的)说法,看法



”句


;


尾的



one


代指



a version




译文



:


当固 体浸没到液体中时,固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分重量,这就是现在通常



所谓的阿基米德原


理。有关这一发现的故事说法众多,下面的故事就是 其中之一。



11.


We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that


the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but


became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



We assumed that there were forces of attraction



that


?


引导宾语从句。



此宾语从句中套


嵌一个由



which


引导的定语从句修饰先行词



forces of attraction; so that the attraction between molecules


?




so


that


结构引导的结果状语从句



;


在此状语从句中,除主干



结构



the attraction


?



was very small but became


considerable


,又有


?



that were more than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart


做定语从句修饰先行词



molecules




when the molecules approached more closely


做状语从句,



修饰



?



but became considerable



considerable





“相当



大(或多的)



”。



译文:



我们曾经假定,



分子之间存在着引力,



这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的



变化,因而,在


间距为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的,但是分子靠 得很近时,



这种引力会变得相当大。



12.


This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development



which means that we must




for the benefit


of coming generations



leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their


needs and fulfill their aspirations.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development



?




后紧跟着一个



which


引导的定语从句,



修饰先行词



sustainable development


。此定语从句的谓



语动词



means


又套嵌一个



that


引导的宾语从句,即



we must


?



leave enough environmental space


。此宾语从句中又有



so that


结构做此从句的目


的状语。



be enshrined in


意为



“被深深地



珍藏(或铭记)在



?


”,此处转译为主动语态



“纳入到



”。



sustainable development


译为



“可持续



发展



”。



译文:这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指



利益,我们必须保留足够的生存环境空间,以满足他们的需要,施展抱负。< /p>



:


为了子孙后代的



13.


Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space




which is the special property of


sculpture and architecture




since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time




whereas sculpture


and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view




thus supplying movements in space and time.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



Painting lacks only the means


?


,since


?




since


引导的原因状语从句



修饰主句



;


关系代




which


引导的定语从句修饰



the means to represent movement in time and space; property


在此处应译为



“性




,


特性



”不


,


译为



“财产



,


资产



”。



译文:



绘画缺少的仅仅是表现空间与时间变化的手法,



而这正是雕塑与建筑的特性。



绘画时



只要求在某一时


刻,从空间的一点来欣赏,而雕塑和建筑的创造则要求从各个角度来欣赏,



这样就表现出了空间,时间的变化。



14.


Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes




and that they


might lose their heritage in regular classes




these women have since given voice



loudly and persuasively




to


what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country




their children


will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



these women have


?


given voice


?


to what they know from experience that


?




that


从句做



experience


的同位语从句



;


此从句中又套嵌一个



unless


引导的条件状语从




;Once intimidated by arguments


是过


去分词做状语修饰



these women


,其施动者



arguments


又有两个



that


引导的同位语从句修饰限定它。



intimidated by arguments


意为



“被论点搞得惊慌



害怕




;feel at home


不能直译为



“感到在家



”,而译为



“感到自在




;give voice to


意为



“表达,表



露”


;land jobs


译为



“找到工作



”。



译文:有人说,



孩子们在双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在,



而在正规班级会丧失其传统文化。



这 几位母亲曾被


这一论点搞得惶恐不安,



现在发表了最响亮,



最有说服力的意见。



从她们自



身的经验中,他们深知



:

< p>
如果孩


子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言,除了那些最简单的



体力活儿外,根本谈不上上大学,也谈不上找到理想

< br>的工作。



15.


The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells



though now specialized




still contain


exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is


found to switch them back on.




构分





:


句子



的框



架是



The presumption is that all these cells


?


contain genetic instructions


?



and can do



so


其中


?


介词



on




which


引导定语从句修饰主语



the presumption;


that


从句为表语从句



;


此表语从句中



contain




can do


并列做



all these cells


的谓语



;


表语从句中



又插入一个



though


引导的省略了主语



all these cells


的让步状语从句,



补充完整为



though these cells are now specialized;


needed to make an entire individual


为过去分词短语做



genetic instructions


的后置定语



;


并列谓语



can do so


又有



if


条件句修饰。



rest on


意为



“依赖



”。为避免



重复



do so


代替前文提到的



make an entire individual




译文:人类克隆赖以存在的假定是



:


虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化,但却仍然包含有发育为



完整个体所需的与母


体完全一致的全部遗传指令



复作用,这些细胞就能发育成为完整的个体。



16.


Thus



a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an


empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories.


;


如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢



结构分析:句子的框架是



a regularity


?



will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity



?


介词



for


加关系代词



which


引导定语从句修饰



a regularity



an empirical regularity


后又有定语从句



that cannot be


subsumed under more general laws or theories


修饰。



grounds




为“根据,理由



< br>;subsume


意为



“把



?



入,纳入



”。



译文:



因此,



与一条不能被归入更普遍的法 则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比,



一条具有普



遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。



17.


It is because of the close association in most people


'


s mindmsa onf


t


hoaotl ss pweitchi al


attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool




but it is important to realize that


this ability




on its own




does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



It is because of


?



tha



t


?


but it is important to realize that




but



?




两个并列句,



but


前的并列分句为



It is


?



that


?


强调结构,强调



because of


引导的状语。



but


后的并列分句又有



that


引导的宾语从


句做



realize


的宾语。


the close association in most people


密切联系)分隔开来。两个并列句中分别有



able to use an object as a tool




'


s


minds of tools with man


中注意



in most people


'


s m



indthse close association of tools with man


(工具与人类的


concerned


分别做其前面名词



animal




the creature


的后置定语。



man


根据上下文在此处指



“人



类”,而不是



“男人”


;not necessarily


译为“不一定、未必”


;on its own


意为“独立地,凭自己力量



”,



在此转译为



“就其


自身而言



”。



译文:



正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切,人类才特别关注有能力把物体当



工具使用的任何一种


动物。



但值得注意的是,



这种能力就其自身而言,



并不表明这种动物有



什么特别的智慧。



18.


The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt


its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes



and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a


brand- new problem that without the


would prove insoluble.


use of a tool


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



The point


?



is


?



when


?



and when


?


。两个



when


引导的从句为并列的



表语从句。



at


which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance


为定语从句修



饰主语



the point;


第二个



when



导的表语从句中也有



that


引导的定语从句修饰



a brand-new problem




ability to manipulate objects


译为



“操纵物


体的能力




;


?



ab rand-new problem that


without the use of a tool would prove insoluble




without




insoluble


为双重否定可译成肯定



句。



译文:当一种动物能够使自己操 纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围,



并且能够自发地使



用物体解决只有通


过工具才能解决的崭新问题时,



工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化



意义的阶段。



19.


It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wxdye of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century


when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



It was the desire


?


that brought about a wxdye



it is


?



?


that



?


强调句



型,强调主语



the


desire to be scholarly


。关系代词



which


引导定语从句



,


修饰



Latin terms;


关系



副词



when


引导定语从句



,


修饰



century


。句中



scholarly


做“博学多才



”讲



;humanist movement


译为



“人文主义运动



< br>;impetus


意为“动力



,


促进”。



译文:在



16

世纪的时候,人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动,人们都想显示自己的



博学多才,从而出现


了一股使用拉丁字词的潮流。

< br>


20.


So don


'


t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks; and


next time you hear somebody using a strange word you hxdyen



'


yout heard before


can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn


'


ktn ow it either.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



?



don


'


t be surprised if you


?



;and next ti



me


?



you can comfort yourself that


?


。分号连接两个并列分句。在 前面句子中,



if


引导状语从句



;


关系代词



that


引导定


语从句,修饰



expressions


。在后面句子中,



you hear


?


是省略了关系副





when


的定语从句,修饰



next time;


you hxdyen


'


th eard before


又是省略了关系代词



which


的定语从句,



修饰



strange word;


主句是



you can comfort


yourself that


,这


?


里的



that


引导宾语



从句,而关系代词



who


引导定语从句,修饰



native speaker




may




well


连用表示有充分的



理由,译为



“(完全)能,



(很)可能



”。



译文:



因此,如果在某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的,你不必惊讶。



如果下次



你听到有人用 一个


你以前从未听到过的新词,



你可以这样安慰自己说,



很可能在什么地方有



一个讲英语的本地人也不认识这个字




!



21.


Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him




a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming


and if quick enough




take protective action in time.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



a person can


?



feel the bolt and


?



take protective actio



n and



?


接两



个并列的谓语动


词。句首



despite


是介词引导介词短语作状语,此短语中



that


引导的名词性



从句做



saying


的同位语,此同位语从句中,



if lightning


?


是一个名词性从句,作



know


的宾



语,



if


在句中相当于



whether


。主句中



if quick enough


补充完整为



if he is quick enough


,是条



件状语从句,为



take action


的前提条件。句中



bolt


译为



“闪电



” 译文



:


尽管人们常说一个人从来不知 道是否


遭到闪电的袭击,但是一个人有时能感觉到闪电



的到来,如果动作快,就能及时采取保护措施。



22.


The



shareholder



as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the


company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



The



shareholder



as such had no knowledge


?



, and his influence


?



was not good.



and


连接两个并列的分句。



as such




The



shareholder


的定”语,



employed by the company in which he held


shares


是过去分词短语作定语,修饰



workmen


,分词短语中含有



in which he held shares


定语从句,修饰



company



< br>译文:这样的股东,对他拥有股份的公司里所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知,



而且他们对劳资双方


的关系,也不会产生积极的影响 。



23.


The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he


had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more


patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.


结构分析



:


句子的框架是



The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he


had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen




acting for


?



the company




the paid manager


的定语,



which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of


the old family business now passing away




that familiar personal knowledge


的定语,



now passing away




the old


family business


的定语。



译文



:


受聘 于公司并代表公司的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接,但是



,


就连他对工人们



也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。



而在现在,



正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式


< br>制度下的雇主们,


却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。


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