-
难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高,无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它
都由一些基本的成分
组成的。从结构来说,
英语句子中,
除了谓语之外,其它的成分均可以
由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。
从句子
本身是一个完整的句子,
因此,
从句与从句之间的关
系可能包孕、套
嵌,也可能并列,平行。从功能来说,英
语有三大复合句,即
:
①名词性从
句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句
;
②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说
的定语从句
;
③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态(过去分词除外)
,也可以跟
自己的逻辑主语、宾语、
状语等成分,构成一个非谓语动词结构。
由于非谓语动词和从句的
这些特点,
使英语
句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。
英语长句的分析方法:去枝叶,留主干。
1
)
划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句
;
2
)划出所有介词短语(位于
be
动词后的除外)
;
3
)
名词性从句看作一个整体
,
找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的
引导词
;
4
)
非谓语动词结构看作一个整体;
5<
/p>
)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干;
6
)
分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。
长难句分析的步骤举例:
经典例题(
2001
年考研完型填空第二段)
In a
significant tightening of legal controls over the
press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will
introduce a draft bill that
will
propose making payments to witnesses illegal and
will strictly control the amount of publicity that
can be given to a
case before a trial
begins.
分析
:
第一,划出定语从句和状语从句
:
that will propose making payments to witnesses
illegal and will strictly control the
amount of publicity /that can be given
to a case /before a trial begins.
第二,划出介词短语:
In a
significant tightening of legal controls over the
press
第三,句子的结构分析
:
1
)主干结构是主语
(
Lord Irvine
含同位语
the Lord
Chancellor
)
+
将来时谓
语
(
will introduce
)
+
宾语(
a draft bill
);
(
2
)
that
引导的定语从句修饰
draft
bill,
其中,
will
propose
是第一个谓语,
making
payments to witnesses
illegal
是一个动名词短语做宾语,在动名词短语内部,
payments to witnesses
做
making
的
宾语,
illegal
是宾补;
第二个谓语是
will
strictly control, the amount of publicity
是它
的宾语。
that can be
given
to a case before a trial begins
是孕含有一个时间状语从句
(
before a trial begins
)
的定语从句,修饰
publicity
。
请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下
可以解
决考研长难句问题。
70
个句子,并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过,则基本上
1.
This will be particularly
true since energy pinch will make it difficult to
continue agriculture in the high-energy
American fashion that makes it possible
to combine few farmers with high yields.
结构分析
:
句子的主干是
This will be
particularly
true
。
si
?
nce
引导原因状语从句。此从句中
又套嵌一个由关系代词
that
引导的定语从句,
修饰
the high-
energy American fashion
。在定语
从句中,
that
做
主语,
makes
做谓语,
it
做形式宾语,
不定式短语
to combine
few farmers with high yields
则是真正的宾语
(不定式短语内部
to
combine
是主干,
few farmers
是宾语,
with high yields
是状语),
possible
做宾语补足语。
this
指代前句中提到的这种困境。
energy pinch
译为
“能源的匮乏
”
;in
?
faoshni
译为
“用
?
方法、方式
”。
译文:
这种困境将是确定无疑的,
因为能源的匮乏,
高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在
农业中继续下
去,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2.
Now since the
assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter
,
we must be sure that the
scale with which we
are comparing our
subjects provides a
c
“
omvpalaidriso
”
n. or
“
fair
”
结构分析
:
句子的主干是
we must be sure
?
。
since
引导原因状语从句
the assessment of intelligence is a
comparative matter
。主句中又有
that
引导的宾语从句
that the
scale with which we are comparing our subjects
provides a
“
valid
”
or
“。
f
此
ai
宾
r
语”从
c
句
om
中
p
又
ari
套
so
嵌
n
一个
由介词
with+which
引导的定语从句
with
which we are comparing our subjects
修饰先行词
the
scale
。
scale
在此处
意为
“尺度、衡量标准
”。
译文:既然对智力的评估相比较
而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象进行比较时,
我们所用的尺度能够
提供
“有效的
”或“公平的
”比较。
3.
In general
,
the tests work most effectively when
the qualities to be measured can be most precisely
defined and
least effectively when what
is to be measured or predicted can be not well
defined.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
the tests work most effectively when
?
and least
effectively wh
。
eannd
连接两个并列分句,
每个并列分句中皆有一个
when
引导的时间状语从句分别说明
work most effectively
和
and
(
work
)
least effectively
。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句
what
?
predicted
。
the
tests
是主句的主
语,
work
为动词做谓语。
qualities
在此处是可数名词,
不译为
“质量
”,而译为
“特征
”。
defined
不能直译为
“被定义为
”,而应译为主动语态
“界定
译文:一般来说,当所需要测
定的特征能被精确界定时,测试最为有效
的东西不能被明确界定时,测试效果最差。
;
而当所测定或预测
4.
For
example
,
they do
not compensate for gross social inequality
,
and thus do not tell how
able an
underprivileged youngster might
have been had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
they do not compensate
?
,
and
thus do not tell how
。
?
and
连接两个
并列分句,
第二
个并列分句中由
how
引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句,
其中
had he grown
up
?
(
=If he had
grown up
?
)
是省略了连词
if
的非真实条件句。主句主
语的
they
,在此代指上文提到的
tests; able
在句中作
might have been
的表语。
underprivileged
在此不能译为
“没有特权的
”,而译为
“没有地位的
”或“物质条
件差的
”。
译文:例如,测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公
;
因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻
人,如果在较好的环境中成长的话,会有多大才干。
leads the discussion to extremes at
the outset
:
it
invites you to think that animals should be
treated either with the
consideration
humans extend to other humans
,
or with no
consideration at all.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
It leads the discussion to extremes at
the outset: it invites you to think that
?
。冒号后的复合
句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句
中
that
引导宾语从句,从句
中有
either
?
or
?
引
导的两个并列的介词结
构作状语,修饰动词
be treated
,其中第一个
with
介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词
that
或
which
的定语从句
humans extend to other
humans
,修饰
the
consideration
。
it
代指上文的观点,
即如果对人权没有达成一致看法,
而谈
论动物的权利是徒劳的。
介词短语
at the
outset
译为
“从一开始
”。动词
invites
应转译为
“使
”、
“让”或
“促使
”。动宾结构
extend
consideration to
意为
“给予关怀或关心
”,
consideration
不应
译为
“考虑
”。
译文:这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物
类自身一样关怀体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
:
要么像对人
6.
But even more important
,
it was the
farthest that scientists had been able to look
into the past
,
for what they
were seeing
were the patterns and structures that existed 15
billion years ago.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
it was the farthest that
。但
?
It was
?
that
?
在本句中不是强调句型。
it
是指上句中所提到
的
150
亿年前形成的巨大云团
(
a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some
15 billion light-years from earth
)
;that
引
导的应是一个定语从句,修饰先行词
the farthest
。
for
引
导的是表示原因的分句,分句中还有
that
引导的定语从句,修饰
the patterns and
structure
。
译文:
但更重要的是,
这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象,
因为他们看
到的是
150
亿年
前宇宙云的形状和结构。
7.
Thus it happened that
when the new factories that were springing up
required labor
search of work
,
and any work
,
under any condition
,
that would keep them alive.
,
tens of
thousands of homeless and hungry
agricultural workers
,
with
their wives and children
,
were forced into the cities in
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
it happened that
。
?
it
做形式主语,
that
引导的从句做真正的主语。
主语从句中,
又
有一个由
when
引导的时间状语从句,
主句为
tens of
thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural
workers
?
were fo
,
rc
时
ed
间状
?
语从句中从句主语
the new factories
又带
有一个定语从句
that were
springing up; that would keep them alive
做
work
的定语从句。
spring up
意为
“发生,
出现,建立
”。
译文
:
于是就出现了这样的情况
:
正当新办的工厂纷纷建立,需要劳动力的时候,成千上万
无家可归、饥肠辘
辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家
带口,被迫进入城市
什么活儿,不论什么条件,只要不被饿死就行。
8.
As a result of two or
three centuries of scientific investigation we
have come to believe that nature is understandable
in the sense that when we ask her
questions by way of appropriate observations and
experiments
,
she
will answer
truly and reward us with
discoveries that endure.
;
他们要找活干,不管
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
?
we have come to
believe that
。
t
?
hat
引导的从句做
believe
的宾语从
句
;
此从句中有
一个
that
从句作
the sense
的同位语从句
;
同位语从句中又套嵌一个由
when
引
导的时间状语从句
;
此时间状语
从句又套嵌一个定语从句
“持久,持续
”不
,
要译为
“忍受,容忍
”。
译文
:
由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果,我们逐渐相信,如果运
用合适的观察和实验方
法向大自然探究问
题,
她会真心实意地给我们答复,
并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。
从
这个意义上来说,大自然是可以认
识的。
9.
These new observational capabilities
would result in simply a mass of details were it
not for the fact that theoretical
understanding has reached the stage at
which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind
of measurements required for
reliable
weather forecasting.
that
endure
,修饰其先行词
discoveries
。
by
way of
意为
“经由,通过
?
方法”
;reward sb. with
意为“以
< br>?
报答,酬劳
”
;enudre
此处应译为
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
These new observational capabilities
would result in simply a mass of details
。
?
后面紧跟
省略了
if
引导的虚拟条件句
were it not for the fact that
,即
if it
we
?
re not for the fact that
从
?
句
;th
作
at the fact
的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句,修饰其
先行词
the stage;
required for reliable weather forecasting
为过去分词短语修饰
the
kind of measurements
。
simply
译为
“只不过,仅仅
”,不应译为
“简单地
”。
译文:理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段
< br>,
即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地
预报天气。如果做不到这一点,那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。
p>
10.
The story of
the discovery of what is now generally called the
principle of Archimedes
,
namely that a solid body
when immersed in a liquid loses a
portion of its weight of the liquid it
displaces
,
has
many different versions
,
of which
the following is
one.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
The story
?
has many different versions
。
w
?
hat
is now generally called the principle of
Archimedes
为名词性从句做介词
of
的宾语。
namely that
a solid body
作
th
?
e principle of
Archimedes
的同位
语
;when immersed in a liquid
是省略了主语的过去分词短语,
句子补充完整为
when the
solid body is immersed in
a liquid
,修饰其主句
a solid
body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid
?
;idt
isplaces
是省略了关系代词
that
的定
语从句修饰
the liquid
,
it
代指前面提到的
the solid
body;
同时,
of which
the following is one
又构成先行词
versions
的定语从句。
displace
意为
“排(水)
”
;version
不译为
“版本
”,此处指
“根据个人观点
的
(对事件等的)说法,看法
”句
;
尾的
one
代指
a version
。
译文
:
当固
体浸没到液体中时,固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分重量,这就是现在通常
所谓的阿基米德原
理。有关这一发现的故事说法众多,下面的故事就是
其中之一。
11.
We
assumed that there were forces of attraction
between molecules which varied rapidly with the
distance so that
the attraction between
molecules that were more than a few ten millionths
of a millimeter apart was very small but
became considerable when the molecules
approached more closely.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
We assumed that there were forces of
attraction
。
that
?
引导宾语从句。
此宾语从句中套
嵌一个由
which
引导的定语从句修饰先行词
forces of attraction; so that the
attraction between molecules
?
是
so
that
结构引导的结果状语从句
;
在此状语从句中,除主干
结构
the attraction
?
was very small
but became
considerable
,又有
p>
?
that were more
than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart
做定语从句修饰先行词
molecules
和
when the molecules approached more
closely
做状语从句,
修饰
?
but became
considerable
。
considerable
译
为
“相当
大(或多的)
”。
译文:
我们曾经假定,
分子之间存在着引力,
这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的
变化,因而,在
间距为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的,但是分子靠
得很近时,
这种引力会变得相当大。
12.
This need is enshrined
in the concept of sustainable development
,
which means that we must
,
for the benefit
of coming generations
,
leave enough environmental
space so that these generations will be able to
address their
needs and fulfill their
aspirations.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
This need is enshrined in the concept
of sustainable development
。
?
其
后紧跟着一个
which
引导的定语从句,
修饰先行词
sustainable
development
。此定语从句的谓
语动词
means
又套嵌一个
that
引导的宾语从句,即
we
must
?
leave
enough environmental
space
。此宾语从句中又有
so
that
结构做此从句的目
的状语。
be enshrined in
意为
“被深深地
珍藏(或铭记)在
?
”,此处转译为主动语态
“纳入到
”。
sustainable
development
译为
“可持续
发展
”。
译文:这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指
利益,我们必须保留足够的生存环境空间,以满足他们的需要,施展抱负。<
/p>
:
为了子孙后代的
13.
Painting lacks only the
means to represent movement in time and space
,
which is the
special property of
sculpture and
architecture
,
since a painting is designed to be seen
from one point at one time
,
whereas sculpture
and
architecture are created to be seen from various
points of view
,
thus supplying movements in space and
time.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
Painting lacks only the means
?
,since
?
。
since
引导的原因状语从句
修饰主句
;
关系代
词
which
引导的定语从句修饰
the means to represent movement in time
and space; property
在此处应译为
“性
质
,
特性
”不
,
译为
“财产
,
资产
”。
译文:
绘画缺少的仅仅是表现空间与时间变化的手法,
而这正是雕塑与建筑的特性。
绘画时
只要求在某一时
刻,从空间的一点来欣赏,而雕塑和建筑的创造则要求从各个角度来欣赏,
这样就表现出了空间,时间的变化。
14.
Once intimidated by
arguments that their children would feel more at
home in bilingual classes
,
and that they
might lose
their heritage in regular classes
,
these women
have since given voice
,
loudly and persuasively
,
to
what they know from experience that
unless they are fluent in the language of their
adopted country
,
their children
will never
attend college or land any but the most menial of
jobs.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
these women have
?
given voice
?
to what they know from
experience that
?
。
that
从句做
experience
的同位语从句
;
此从句中又套嵌一个
unless
引导的条件状语从
句
;Once intimidated by
arguments
是过
去分词做状语修饰
these women
,其施动者
arguments
又有两个
that
引导的同位语从句修饰限定它。
intimidated by arguments
意为
“被论点搞得惊慌
害怕
”
;feel at home
不能直译为
“感到在家
”,而译为
“感到自在
”
;give voice to
意为
“表达,表
露”
;land jobs
译为
“找到工作
”。
译文:有人说,
孩子们在双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在,
而在正规班级会丧失其传统文化。
这
几位母亲曾被
这一论点搞得惶恐不安,
现在发表了最响亮,
最有说服力的意见。
从她们自
身的经验中,他们深知
:
如果孩
子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言,除了那些最简单的
体力活儿外,根本谈不上上大学,也谈不上找到理想
< br>的工作。
15.
The
presumption on which human cloning rests is that
all these cells
,
though now
specialized
,
still contain
exact copies
of the original set of genetic instructions needed
to make an entire individual and can do so if a
way is
found to switch them back on.
结
构分
析
:
句子
的框
架是
The presumption is that all these cells
?
contain genetic
instructions
?
and can do
。
so
其中
?
介词
on
加
which
引导定语从句修饰主语
the presumption;
that
从句为表语从句
;
此表语从句中
contain
和
can do
并列做
all these cells
的谓语
;
表语从句中
又插入一个
though
引导的省略了主语
all
these cells
的让步状语从句,
补充完整为
though
these cells are now specialized;
needed
to make an entire individual
为过去分词短语做
genetic
instructions
的后置定语
;
并列谓语
can do so
又有
if
条件句修饰。
rest on
意为
“依赖
”。为避免
重复
do so
代替前文提到的
make an
entire individual
。
译文:人类克隆赖以存在的假定是
:
虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化,但却仍然包含有发育为
完整个体所需的与母
体完全一致的全部遗传指令
复作用,这些细胞就能发育成为完整的个体。
16.
Thus
,
a regularity
for which there are general theoretical grounds
will be more readily called a natural law than an
empirical regularity that cannot be
subsumed under more general laws or theories.
;
如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢
结构分析:句子的框架是
a
regularity
?
will
be more readily called a natural law than an
empirical regularity
。
?
介词
for
加关系代词
which
引导定语从句修饰
a regularity
。
an
empirical regularity
后又有定语从句
that cannot be
subsumed
under more general laws or theories
修饰。
grounds
意
为“根据,理由
”
< br>;subsume
意为
“把
?
归
入,纳入
”。
译文:
因此,
与一条不能被归入更普遍的法
则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比,
一条具有普
遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。
17.
It is because of the
close association in most people
'
s mindmsa onf
t
hoaotl ss pweitchi al
attention has always been focused upon
any animal able to use an object as a tool
,
but it is
important to realize that
this ability
,
on its
own
,
does not
necessarily indicate any special intelligence in
the creature concerned.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
It is because of
?
tha
,
t
?
but it is important to
realize that
。
but
连
?
接
两个并列句,
but
前的并列分句为
It is
?
that
?
强调结构,强调
because of
引导的状语。
but
后的并列分句又有
that
引导的宾语从
句做
realize
的宾语。
the
close association in most people
密切联系)分隔开来。两个并列句中分别有
able to use an object as a tool
和
'
s
minds of tools with man
中注意
in most
people
'
s
m
把
indthse close association
of tools with man
(工具与人类的
concerned
分别做其前面名词
animal
和
the creature
的后置定语。
man
根据上下文在此处指
“人
类”,而不是
“男人”
;not
necessarily
译为“不一定、未必”
;on its
own
意为“独立地,凭自己力量
”,
在此转译为
“就其
自身而言
”。
译文:
正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切,人类才特别关注有能力把物体当
工具使用的任何一种
动物。
但值得注意的是,
这种能力就其自身而言,
并不表明这种动物有
什么特别的智慧。
18.
The point at which tool using and tool
making acquire evolutionary significance is surely
when an animal can adapt
its ability to
manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes
,
and when it can use an
object spontaneously to solve a
brand-
new problem that without the
would
prove insoluble.
use of a tool
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
The point
?
is
?
when
?
and
when
?
。两个
when
引导的从句为并列的
表语从句。
at
which tool using and tool making
acquire evolutionary significance
为定语从句修
饰主语
the point;
第二个
when
引
导的表语从句中也有
that
引导的定语从句修饰
a brand-new problem
。
ability to
manipulate objects
译为
“操纵物
体的能力
”
;
?
ab rand-new problem that
without the use of a tool would prove
insoluble
中
without
和
insoluble
为双重否定可译成肯定
句。
译文:当一种动物能够使自己操
纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围,
并且能够自发地使
用物体解决只有通
过工具才能解决的崭新问题时,
工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化
意义的阶段。
19.
It was the desire to be scholarly that
brought about a wxdye of Latin terms which
appeared in the 16th century
when the
humanist movement brought new impetus to learning
throughout Europe.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
It was the desire
?
that brought about a
wxdye
。
it
is
?
?
that
是
?
强调句
型,强调主语
the
desire to be scholarly
。关系代词
which
引导定语从句
,
修饰
Latin terms;
关系
副词
when
引导定语从句
,
修饰
century
。句中
scholarly
做“博学多才
”讲
;humanist
movement
译为
“人文主义运动
”
< br>;impetus
意为“动力
,
促进”。
译文:在
16
世纪的时候,人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动,人们都想显示自己的
p>
博学多才,从而出现
了一股使用拉丁字词的潮流。
< br>
20.
So don
'
t be surprised if you never encounter
some of the expressions that still appear in
school textbooks; and
next time you
hear somebody using a strange word you hxdyen
,
'
yout heard
before
can comfort yourself that there
may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn
'
ktn ow it either.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
?
don
'
t be surprised if you
?
;and next
ti
,
me
?
you can comfort
yourself that
?
。分号连接两个并列分句。在
前面句子中,
if
引导状语从句
;
关系代词
that
引导定
语从句,修饰
expressions
。在后面句子中,
you hear
?
是省略了关系副
词
when
的定语从句,修饰
next
time;
you hxdyen
'
th eard before
又是省略了关系代词
which
的定语从句,
修饰
strange word;
主句是
you can
comfort
yourself that
,这
?
里的
that
引导宾语
从句,而关系代词
who
引导定语从句,修饰
native
speaker
。
may
和
well
连用表示有充分的
理由,译为
“(完全)能,
(很)可能
”。
译文:
因此,如果在某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的,你不必惊讶。
如果下次
你听到有人用
一个
你以前从未听到过的新词,
你可以这样安慰自己说,
很可能在什么地方有
一个讲英语的本地人也不认识这个字
呢
!
21.
Despite the saying that one never knows
if lightning strikes him
,
a person can sometimes feel the bolt
coming
and if quick enough
,
take protective
action in time.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
a person can
?
feel the bolt and
?
take protective
actio
。
n and
连
?
接两
个并列的谓语动
词。句首
despite
是介词引导介词短语作状语,此短语中
that
引导的名词性
从句做
saying
的同位语,此同位语从句中,
if
lightning
?
是一个名词性从句,作
know
的宾
语,
if
在句中相当于
whether
。主句中
if quick enough
补充完整为
if he is
quick enough
,是条
件状语从句,为
take
action
的前提条件。句中
bolt
译为
“闪电
”
译文
:
尽管人们常说一个人从来不知
道是否
遭到闪电的袭击,但是一个人有时能感觉到闪电
的到来,如果动作快,就能及时采取保护措施。
22.
The
“
shareholder
”
as
such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or
needs of the workmen employed by the
company in which he held shares, and
his influence on the relations of capital and
labor was not good.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
The
“
shareholder
”
as such had no knowledge
?
, and his
influence
?
was
not good.
。
and
连接两个并列的分句。
as
such
做
The
“
shareholder
的定”语,
employed by the company in which he
held
shares
是过去分词短语作定语,修饰
workmen
,分词短语中含有
in which he held shares
定语从句,修饰
company
。
< br>译文:这样的股东,对他拥有股份的公司里所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知,
而且他们对劳资双方
的关系,也不会产生积极的影响
。
23.
The paid
manager acting for the company was in more direct
relation with the men and their demands, but even
he
had seldom that familiar personal
knowledge of the workmen which the employer had
often had under the more
patriarchal
system of the old family business now passing
away.
结构分析
:
句子的框架是
The paid manager was in more direct
relation with the men and their demands, but even
he
had seldom that familiar personal
knowledge of the workmen
。
acting for
?
the company
做
the paid manager
的定语,
which the
employer had often had under the more patriarchal
system of
the old family business now
passing away
做
that familiar personal knowledge
的定语,
now passing
away
做
the old
family business
的定语。
译文
:
受聘
于公司并代表公司的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接,但是
,
就连他对工人们
也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。
而在现在,
正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式
< br>制度下的雇主们,
却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。
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