-
英汉翻译复习题
Roman
jakobson
三种翻译类型
?
?
?
语内翻译
：指同一个语言当中用一些语言符号解释另一些语言符号。（例如古文翻译成
现代文）<
/p>
语际翻译
:
两
种语言之间的翻译。用另一种语言的语言符号来解释一种语言的符号。
（英汉、汉英）
符际翻译
：通过非语言的符号系统解释另一种语言符号或用语言符号解释非语言符号
Alexsander traser
tytler
论翻译的三项原则
?
译文应完全腹泻出原作的思想
?
译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同
?
译文应和原作同样流畅
第一章翻译的基础知识篇
?
If
you
say
that
someone
has
a
skeleton
in
the
closet,
or
in
British
English
a
skeleton
in
the
cupboard, you mean that they are
keeping secret a bad or embarrassing fact about
themselves.
我昨天才听说他们家大儿子坐过两
次牢。真不知道他们家还有多少见不得人的事情。（意译）
?
Dear Mark,
New
York is finally getting a real sales manager.
Congratulations on your new promotion.
Your marketing ability has
put you well above everyone else in the company,
and probably
everyone else in the
industry.
The company will benefit from the
enthusiasm and intelligence
you
’
ve always shown, and I
imagine that before long
you
’
ll be moving the whole
firm into the number-one position.
[Version]
亲爱的马克
:
纽约终于有了位真正的
销售
(
部
)
经理，
祝贺你
(
的
)
又一次高升。
你所具
有的市场营销知识
(
能力）使你
在公司里出人头地，很可能
在整个营销业中
你也
高人一筹。
你一贯表现出来的
热情
及
聪明才智将会
使你的公司受益匪浅，
我想
不久你就会使你的
公司名列同行之首。
[Original]
第二章翻译的理解篇
?
I love my love
with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with
an E, because she's engaged; I
took her
to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with
an elopement; her name's Emily, and
she
lives in the east.
(Dickens, David Copperfield)
译文
4
：
我爱我
的心上人，因为她那样地叫人入迷（
enticing
）；我恨
我的心上人，因为她已
订婚将作他人妻（
engaged
）；她花容月貌无可比拟（
exquisite
），我劝她私奔跟我在一起
（
elopement
）；她的名字叫埃米莉（
Emily
），她的家就
在东城里（
east
）。我为我的心上
人呀，一切都因为这个
E
！（
陆乃圣<
/p>
）
1
专有名词先天性歧义
1 A
succulent desert catcus ...native to tropical and
subtropical America.
一种多沙漠仙人掌，
...
原产美洲热带、亚热带地区。
2. The majority of the population is of
Indian and mixed descent, with monorities of
Africa descent,
East Indians, and
others
居民以印第安人和混血人为主，有少数非洲后裔、东印度人
.
first permanent Anglo- American
settlement was established in 1821.
第一个
永久定居点建立与
1821
年。
the
skin
has
become
thoroughly
wet
or
one
has
perspired
a
great
deal,
sunscreens
should
be
applied as often as every
30 to 60 minutes to maintain a reasonably high
degree of effectiveness
如果浑身湿透，或者大量排汗，应每隔
30
分钟到
60
分钟涂用一次
防晒油
，以保持理想的防晒
< br>效果。
was prominent in
the ragged schools movement
.
他在推动
贫民免费学校运动
中表现出色。
?
普通词语先天性歧义
?
普通词语结合后产生歧义
?
普通词语与专业术语的词易混淆
5
典型词语的翻译
6
语境下词语翻译
United
States exhibits
the
qualities
of an individual going
through a nervous breakdown.
美国表现了患神经衰弱
症病人的
症状
。
e of this
explosive
progress, today’s machines are millions
of times more powerful than
their crude
ancestors.
有了这种
突
飞猛进的
进步，今天的机器比起原始期的机器不知强了好几百万倍。
is always politically
incorrect.
他讲话总是
不合时宜
。
?
That was not a
very happy
remark.
那么说
很不得体
。
is the bedroom I
shared
with John.
那是我和汤姆的卧室。
friendship Nancy and I
shared
with Kay is one of
the legacies of my government service.
我和南希与凯的友谊是当年我为政府服务的一个收获。
elt launched into a vast
but
impressionistic
description
of his plans for a world liberated
from
the fear of Nazi Germany.
罗
斯福滔滔不绝、大而化之地描绘了他为纳粹德国恐怖的世界所制定的蓝图。
翻译的理解篇
-
句法
?
2
费解句：
指某些词法句法不符合中国读者和译者思维模式、
句法模式而导致难以理解和
翻译。
?
3
修饰结
构疑难句：修饰结构是导致句子复杂而难以翻译的句子。
?
4
多枝共干结构：对修饰语理解偏差而产生的歧义句。
?
5
晦涩长
句：指原文中难度大、句子繁复、作者表达晦涩以及文化背景复杂的句子。
?
He sat there
and watched them, so changelessly changing, so
bright and dark, so grave and
gay.
（浓缩型思维）
?
他坐在那儿注视着，觉得眼前的景
象，既是始终如一，又是变化多端，既是光彩夺目，
又是朦胧黑暗，既是庄严肃穆，又是
轻松愉快。
（展开型思维）
?
相似句：看上去相似，但意义却大
相径庭的两个句子，这样的句子被称为相似句或形似
句。相似句对翻译的影响主要表现在
以下
8
种类型上。
?
You may as well
take this.
你还是收下这个的好。
?
You may take
this as well.
你可以把这个也收下。
?
He foolishly
spoke.
他竟然开口说话，实在很不聪明。
?
He spoke
foolishly.
他把话讲得很不聪明。
1
）语序
?
Anyhow, she
works.
你还是收下这个的好。
?
She works
anyhow.
你可以把这个也收下。
?
You may as well
take this.
你还是收下这个为好。
?
You may take
this as well.
你可以把这个也收下。
?
He foolishly
spoke.
他竟然开口说话，实在很不聪明。
?
He spoke
foolishly.
他把话讲得很不聪明。
2
）非限定动词
?
I regret to say
that you
’
ll be held
responsible.
?
遗憾的很，你要对此负责。
?
I regret saying
that you
’
d be held
responsible.
?
真抱歉，我上次不该对你说，你要对此负责。
?
They were engaged to carry out an
important piece of research.
?
聘请他们来进行一项重要的研究项目。
?
They were engaged in carrying out an
important piece of research.
?
他们忙于进行一项重要的研究项目。
3
）名词的数
?
An old car
problem may arise.
可能又引起历来已久的汽车问题。
?
An old cars
problem may arise.
可能引起旧车（处理）的问题。
?
She has an eye
for antique furniture.
她对古代家具具有审美眼光。
?
She has eyes
only for antique furniture.
她只看古代家具。
?
He is behind
time.
他迟到了。
?
He is behind
the times.
他落伍了。
?
His success is
out of question.
他必成功。
?
His success is
out of the question.
他必失败。
?
冠词
5
）形容词与副词
?
It has been
raining continually for two days.
断断续续的下了两天雨。
?
It has been
raining continuously for two days.
雨不停地下了两天
6
）介词
?
I swear at him.
我诅咒他。
?
I
swear by him.
我极相信他。
?
He has gone
into business.
他经商去了。
?
He has gone to
business.
他上班去了。
7
）否定词
?
He has no more
than 10 books.
他只有
10
< br>本书。
?
He has not more than 10 books.
< br>他至多不过
10
本书。
?
He is not a
little afraid of it. much
?
He is not a bit afraid of it. not at
all
8
）代词
?
His English is
anything but correct. far
from
他的英语错误百出。
?
His English is
nothing but correct.
only
他的英语只是不错而已。
?
His English is
all
but correct.
almost
他的英语差不多没有错误。
?
They saw him through.
他们对他帮助到底。
?
They saw through him.
他们看透他的为人。
?
It has been
raining continually for two days.
断续地下了两天的雨。
?
It has been
raining continuously for two days.
不停地下了两天的雨。
?
His
brother
’
s words are no more
true than his.
他哥哥的话和他的话一样靠不住。
?
His
brother
’
s words are not more
true than his.
两兄弟讲话的真实性不相上下。
wind blows south.
风从南边吹来。
river flows south.
河水向南流去
。
apples are
good and ripe.
那些苹果是很成熟了。
come home to roost.
害人终害己。
may be
drowned for all I care.
就算他会溺死，我也不在乎。
is a wise man that never makes
mistakes.
智者千虑必有一失。
is ignorant to a proverb.
他的无知是有名的。
is warm, not to say hot.
天气很暖和，甚至有点儿热。
9.I
would rather have his room than his company.
我宁愿他不在此。
said
nothing to that effect.
他没有说一点含有那种意思的话。
searched him to no purpose.
我们搜查过了他的身上，但一无所获。
of millions are possessed
with the idea.
百万富翁都具有这种思想。
my advice falls flat on him.
他把我的忠告当作耳边风。
got
married accepting a leap-year proposal.
他接受女方提出的求婚而结婚了。
doesn’t know any better.
他居然有这样笨。
observer believed Kissinger’s genius was an
ability to tell nine di
fferent stories
to nine people,
and keep them all
straight.
一位观察家认为，基辛格的天才就在于
对九个人讲九种不同的事，而且记得清清楚楚。
is so
easy now to see the irony of smoking: Children do
it to be like adults, who smoke but wish
they didn’t.
如今，
吸烟的讽刺意味是显而易见的
——
孩子们抽烟是为了模仿大人，
而吸烟的大人们却后悔
自己学会了吸烟。
?
Any
excuse will do for a picture of Audrey Herburn.
为了得到奥黛丽·赫本的一张玉照，什么借口都不为过。
She was very accommodating.
她在待人接物方面做到八面玲珑。
?
You are not
playing the game.
你不公平。
?
Truth lies at the bottom of the
decanter.
酒后出真言。
?
He has a yellow
streak in him.
他有胆小的气质。
I know he meant business.
我知道他不是开玩笑的。
?
Jack is a fair-
weather friend.
杰克是个不能共患难的朋友。
It
is the man behind the gun that tells.
胜败在人而不在武器。
?
Better not be
at all than not be noble.
宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。
He had
words with her.
他和她口角了。
?
翻译的
理解篇
-
修饰疑难句
?
The commission
of certain acts such as armed attacks, naval
blockades, support lent to
armed
gangs of
terrorists was considered as a form of aggression.
?
从事某
些诸如武装进攻、海上封锁、向恐怖分子的武装集团提供援助等行为，都被认为是
一种侵
略。
?
It was a tense meeting, but
in typically Arab fashion
the men who had been ready to kill one
another in the morning were kissing one
another in the evening.
?
这是一个气氛紧张的会议，但是那
些早上准备拼个你死我活的冤家，却在晚上以典型的阿
拉伯方式相互亲吻了。
?
Why does he say nothing about the total
absence
from his
list
of poems
about the Malayan
liberation struggle
going on since 1948?
他开列的单子中根本没有关于
1948
年以来一直在进行的马来亚解放斗争的诗歌，
他对此为
什么只字不提？
?
The
present
crisis
in
that
country
is
no
ordinary
economic
crisis
which
will
pass
away
in
time
leaving everything much
as it was before.
一般性经济危机过一
段时间就会结束，然后一切恢复如初，但该国的这场危机绝非一般性
危机。
?
< br>翻译的理解篇
-
多枝共干句
(
多枝共干：修饰语修饰多的成分
)
?
Intense
light
and
heat
in
the
open
contrasted
with
the
coolness
of
shaded
avenues
and
the
interiors
of buildings.
?
强烈的光线和露天场所的炎热跟林荫道上的凉爽和建筑物内部形成了对比。
?
The development of
labor and
national liberation movements
shows…
?
劳工与民族解放运动的发展表明……
?
Young Charles
made little progress in
Greek or Latin
composition.
?
年轻的查尔斯的希腊文和拉丁文作文进步不大。
?
The
Chinese
Revolution
produced
a
substantial
quantitative
change
and
soon
led
to
a
qualitative change
in the
world relationship of forces.
?
中国革命产生了巨大的量变，不久
对世界力量的对比引起了质变。
?
The U. S.
government waged the
“
dirty
war
”
in Korea
with 200, 000 and lost.
?
美国政府在朝鲜进行过一场
“
肮脏的战争
”
，死了二十万人。
?
翻译的理解篇
-
修饰疑难句
-
晦涩长句
?
Town
after
town
numbingly
demonstrated
to
him
that
his
life
was
a
paltry
thing,
roughly
duplicated by the
millions in settings where houses and porches and
trees mocking those in Mt.
Judge
fed
the
illusions
of
other
little
boys
that
their
souls
were
central
and
important
and
invisibly cherished.
看到了这些
千篇一律的
城镇他才意识到他的生活是多
么微不足道，
它们的众多街景差不多是
同一个模子造出来的，跟
贾基山的房屋、门廊和树木十分相似
，而
生活在贾基山的其他小
男孩看来却有一个错觉
，以为
他们便是
世界的中心，他们的生活是有声有色和令人神往的。
?
Though the view
from my door was still more contracted, I did not
feel crowded or confined in
the least.
There was pasture enough for my imagination.
虽然我的门口望出去，
风景范围要狭
隘
，我却一点不觉得它拥挤，更无
被囚禁
的感觉。
尽够
我的想象力在那里游牧的了
。
?
Eighty
poor
fellows perished.
不幸有八十人死亡。
?
He was not
amused by Pitt
’
s
unsophisticated
sense of
humor.
他对皮特那种
不到家
的
幽默感到难受。
?
Mark is a smart
and
sophisticated
young man.
马克是一个聪明
老成的
年轻人。
?
They enjoyed every bit of the
Communists
’
simple,
unsophisticated
hospitality.
他们处处受到共产党的纯朴、
真心诚
意的
款待。
第三章：翻译的技巧
Division
（拆译法）
所谓分句法
——
就是把原文一个简单的句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合句法
——
就
是把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个句子
表达起来。
?
I.
分句法
短句拆译
1. They,
not surprisingly
,
did not respond at all.
(adv.
）
他们根本没有答复，
这是不足为奇的。
2. She wished she were at Kangding.
Ordinarily
, she would have
been here two hours ago. ( adv.)
她真愿意那时已在康定。
要是在平常的日子里
，她
早已到康定两个小时了。
3.
Characteristically,
Mr.
Smith concealed his feelings and watched and
learned.
史密斯先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察
言观色，心领神会，
这是他的特点。
crashed down on a
protesting
chair.
他猛然坐到一把椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱作响。
?
This
season
saw an
ominous
dawning
of the tenth of November.
这一季节看见十一月十日的不祥的破晓。
?
Darkness
released him from
his
last restraints
.
黑暗把他从最后的顾忌中解放出来。
?
People who value their privileges above
their principle soon lose both.
把利益看得比原则高的人很快就会把两者都失掉。
?
This season
saw an
ominous dawning
of the tenth
of November.
在这个季节，十一月十日黎明时分的景象是个不祥之兆。
?
Darkness
released him from
his
last restraints
.
在黑暗中，他就再也没有什么顾忌了。
?
People who value their privileges above
their principle soon lose both.
重利轻义，利义皆失。
?
This film is a
dramatic treatment of a threatened stoppage in a
factory.
本片用戏剧性手法，体现一家工厂是如何面临罢工威胁的。
?
She
was a tall silent woman with a long nose and grey
troubled eyes.
她个子挺高，沉默寡言，长
长的鼻子，一双灰眼睛，流露出忧郁的神情。
?
A new dignity
crept into his walk.
走起路来，不觉平添了几分尊严
?
Translating
consists in reproducing in the receptor language
the closest natural equivalent of
the
source-language message, first in terms of meaning
and secondly in terms of style (E. Nida,
1969/1982:12).
?
译文一：所谓翻译，是指在译语中
用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语
义上，其次是文体上。
--
孙致礼译文
长句拆译
?
They
represented
a
worthy
beginning
to
the
reshaping
of
the
United
Nations
concept
of
collective
effort
in international and national
economic development.
它们（这个
宣言和行动纲领）表明了一个可贵的开端，那就是在国际和国家经济发展方面，
联合国提
出了一个同心协力的新概念。
?
The thought
that she would be separated from husband during
his long and dangerous journey
saddened
Mrs Brown.
布朗太太一想到丈夫踏上那漫长而危
险的旅途，
而在此期间，她又不能跟他在一起，
心里不
禁难过。
?
Accident may
put a
decisive blunderer
in
the right, but
eternal
defeat and miscarriage
must
attend the man of the best parts, if
cursed with indecision.
容易出
错的人，若遇事果断，仍可取得意外的成功；哪怕是最有才干的人，若优柔寡断，也
定遭
屡屡失误。
?
II.
合句法
A.
把原文中两个或以上的简单句（
Simple
Sentence
）译成一个句子
1. There are men here from all over the
country. Many of them are from Sichuan.
从全国各地来的人中有许多是四川人。
2. He was very clean. His mind was
open.
他为人单纯而坦率。
B.
把原文中的主从复合句（
Complex
Sentence
）译
成一句
如例
3
3.
If we do a thing, we should do it well.
我们要干就干好。
4. It
was in mid-September, and the new students
attended the military training under the blazing
sun.
九月中旬，新生在骄阳下军训。
5.
Home after seven years. Home. The word had meant
so much to him.
家，阔别了七年的家，这个词对他是多么亲切啊！
?
Americans pride
themselves on their independence and their right
to make up their own minds.
美国人有独立的精神，有自主的权利，并为此感到自豪。
?
The popularity
of television and the serious problem of piracy
have contributed to the decline of
movie industry.
电视普及，盗版问题严重，导致了电影业的衰落。
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