20172018学年高中英语Unit2Theenvironment试题(含解析)牛津译林版必修5

由

世

行

联

手

西

雅

图

< br>健

康

指

标

和

评

估

研

究

所

(Institute

for

Health

Metrics

and

Evaluation)

进行 的这项研究显示，这些疾病及其造成的死亡还导致越来越高的经济成本。

In 1990 there were 2.6tn in welfare losses from air pollution globally (in 2011

dollar terms, adjusted for purchasing power parity), with east Asia accounting for

about a quarter.

1990

年，全球空气污染造成的福祉损失达到

2.6

万亿美元 （以

2011

年美元计算，经购买

力平 价调整）

，东亚占其中大约四分之一。

Since

then,

the

rise

of

China

has

contributed

to

a

surge

in

air

pollution

in

east

Asia

leading

to

a

more

than

quintupling

of

the

cost

for

that

region

to

2.3tn

in

2013.

自那以来，中国的经济崛起导致东亚空气污染激增，导致

2013< /p>

年该地区的损失增至

2.3

万亿美元，达 到原有水平的五倍。

This extracts a sizeable economic toll.

这造成了相当大的经济代价。

In both east Asia and south Asia, the cost of deaths from air pollution was

equivalent to more than 7 per cent of regional economic output in 2013.

在东亚和南亚，空气污染造成的死亡的成本在

2013

年相当于地区经济产出的

7%

以上。

Urvashi Narain, who

led

the World Bank team

that assembled the report, said that

while there had been some evidence of success globally in reducing household air

pollution, the problem of outdoor air pollution was growing.

编制报告的世行团队的负责人乌尔瓦 什﹒纳拉因

(Urvashi Narain)

表示，尽管有一 些证

据显示，全球在减少家庭空气污染方面取得了一些成功，但室外空气污染的问题越来 越大。

China has declared a war on pollution.

中国已经向污染宣战。

We’ve seen action from India as well.

我们也看到印度采取了行动。

But at the same time we also see mentions of London and Paris as cities where

this concern still exists, she said. It is such a widespread problem.

但与此同时我们也看到伦敦和巴黎被列入依然存在这种担忧的城市， 她表示，这是一个如

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此普遍的问题。

全球变暖可能会使人类变矮

Global

warming

could

make

humans

shorter,

warn

scientists

who

claim

to

have

found

evidence

that

it

caused

the

world

’

s

first horses to shrunk nearly 50 million

years ago.

In

fact,

a

team

from

the

universities

of Florida and Nebraska says it has found a link between the earth heating up and

the size of mammals

—

horses, in this case, the last time the world heated up. The

scientists

used

fossils

to

follow

the

evolution

of

horses

from

their

earliest

appearance 56 million years ago.

As temperatures went up their size went down, and vice versa; at one point they

were as small as a house cat, said Dr. Jonathan Bloch, curator of the Florida museum

of natural history, was quoted by the

＂

Daily Mail

＂

as saying. The scientists say

that the current warming could have the same effect on mammals

—

and could even make

humans smaller.

＂

Horses started out small, about the size of a small dog like a miniature

schnauzer. What

’

s surprising is that after they first appeared, they then became

even smaller and then dramatically increased in size, and that exactly corresponds

to

the

global

warming

event,

followed

by

cooling.

It

had

been

known

that

mammals

were

small

during

that

time

and

that

it

was

warm,

but

we

hadn

’

t

understood

that

temperature

specifically was driving the evolution of body size,

＂

Dr. Bloch said in the

＂

Science

＂

< br> journal.

科学 家警告说，全球变暖可能会使人类变矮。科学家宣称已经找到证据：近

5

，

000

万年

前全球变暖就曾 让世界上最早的马个头变小。

< /p>

事实上，来自佛罗里达州和内布拉斯加州的大学的一支研究团队称，他们已经找到地球

变暖和哺乳动物个头之间的联系。这一案例中马变矮的现象是上一次全球变暖时发生的。科< /p>

学家用化石来追溯马从

5

，

600

万年前诞生至今的进化历程。

随着气温的上升，马的个头变小， 反之马的个头就变大。

《每日邮报》援引佛罗里达自然

历史博物 馆馆长乔纳森﹒布洛赫博士的话说，它们曾一度像家猫那么小。科学家称，当前的

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全球变暖可能也会对哺乳动物产生同样的影响，甚至可能会让 人类的个子也变小。

布洛赫博士在《科学》杂志中写道：＂马 最初的个头很小，和一只小狗的个头差不多，

大约也就像一只迷你型雪纳瑞犬那么大。令 人惊讶的是，在马诞生后过了一段时间，它们的

个子变得更小，之后个头又显著变大，而 这些变化与全球变暖和变冷正好是相对应的。我们

已经知道哺乳动物在那个时期个头较小 ，而那个时期气候也较暖，但我们还未意识到正是温

度驱动着身体大小的进化。＂

【试题导读】环境是人类生存和发展的基 本前提。它为我们生存和发展提供了必需的

资源和条件。随着社会经济的发展，环境问题 已经成为了一个不可回避的重要问题。保护

环境，减轻环境污染，遏制生态恶化趋势是我 们每一个人的责任。

近几年高考试题对环境这一话题的考查从 下面的几道高考题中可见一斑。

I.

阅读理解

A

体裁

说明文

话题

鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领

词数

337

难度

★★★☆☆

建议时间

7

分钟

（< /p>

2017

﹒江苏）

Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds

and voices. They can even distinguish their mother

’

s voice from that of a female

stranger.

But

when

it

comes

to

embryonic

learning(

胎教

),

birds

could

rule

the

roost.

As

recently

reported

in

The

Auk:

Ornithological

Advances,

some

mother

birds

may

teach

their young to sing even before they hatch(

孵化

). New-born chicks can then imitate

their mom

’

s call within a few days of entering the world.

This

educational

method

was

first

observed

in

2012

by

Sonia

Kieindorfer,

a

biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Femake

Australian

superb

fairy

wrens

were

found

to

repeat

one

sound

over

and

over

again

while

hatching

their

errs,

when

the

errs

were

hatched,

the

baby

birds

made

the

similar

chirp

to their mothers

—

around that served as their regular

＂

feed me!

＂

call.

To find out

if the

special quality was more

widespread in birds, the researchers

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sought

the

red- backed

fairy

wren,

another

species

of

Australian

songbird.

First

they

collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after

hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of

notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks,

ranking them by similarity.

It turns out that baby red- backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their

moms.

And

the

more

frequently

mothers

had

called

to

their

errs,

the

more

similar

were

the babies’ begging calls. In addition, the tea

m set up a separate experiment that

suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were

rewarded with the most food.

This

observation

hints

that

effective

embryonic

learning

could

signal

neurological(

< br>神经系统的

)

strengths

of

children

to

parents.

An

evolutionary

inference

can

then

be

drawn.

＂

As

a

parent,

do

you

invest

in

quality

children,

or

do

you

invest

in

children

that

are

in

need?

＂

Kleindorfer

asks.

＂

Our

results

suggest

that

they

might

be going for quality.

＂

58. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means

＂

_____________

＂

.

A. be the worst

C. be the as bad

B. be the best

D. be just as good

59.

What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?

A. Similarities between the calls moms and chicks.

fairy wrens across Australia.

C. The data collected from Queensland’s locals.

experiments on wrens and other birds.

60.

Embryonic

learning

helps

mother

birds

to

identify

the

baby

birds

which

______________.

A. can receive quality signals

C. fit the environment better

B. are in need of training

D. make the loudest call

D.

Controlled

B. The observation of

【文章大意】文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超 凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣

叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而 挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。

58. B

< br>词义猜测题。根据画线部分所在句子中的＂

But

＂可知 ，上下句是转折关系，婴儿虽然

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能辨别妈妈的声音，转而谈到胎教，根据第二段的＂

when

the

errs

were

hatched,

the

baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers

候的鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵 化后也能发出类似的声音，说明鸟儿

很擅长胎教。说明鸟儿在胎教方面的能力是很好的。

59. A

细节理解题。根据第二段的＂

Femake Australian superb fairy wrens were found to

repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their errs

＂可知，研究

< br>发现是对澳大利亚两种会鸟鸣的鸟儿进行了记录，根据第三段的＂

the researchers

sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird.

可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查；未对其他鸟类进行记录研究 ，排除

D

项。

根据倒数第三段＂

A

computer

analysis

blindly

compared

calls

produced

by

mothers

and chicks, ranking them by similarity.

＂可知，

A

项正确。

B

（

2017

·江苏卷）

Old Problem, New Approaches

While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warning will

continue for some decades after CO

2

emissions(

排放

) peak. So even if emission were

to begin decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate.

Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.

When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change

is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to

a

constantly

shifting

set

of

conditions.

This

is

why

in

part

at

least,

the

US

National

Climate

Assessment

says

that:

＂

there is

no

‘one

-

size

fit

all’ adaptation

.

＂

Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.

Around

the

world,

people

are

adapting

in

surprising

ways,

especially

in

some

poor

countries,

Floods

have

become

more

damaging

in

Bangladesh

in

recent

decades.

Mobammed

Rezwan

saw

opportunity

where

others

saw

only

disaster.

His

not-for-profit

organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schoods, and

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health

clinics,

and

are

equipped

with

solar

panels

and

other

communicating

facilities.

Rezwan

is

creating

floating

conmetivity(

连接

)

to

replace

flooded

roads

and

highways.

But he is also working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how

to make floating gardens and

fish ponds

to

prevent starvation during the wet

season.

Elsewhere

in

Asia

even

more

astonishing

actions

are

being

taken.

Chewang

Norphel

lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss

of glaciers(

冰川

) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to

agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it

can damage crops. Norphel’s inspiration come from seeing the waste of water over

winter,

when

it

was

not

needed.

He

directed

the

wasted

water

into

shallow

basins

where

it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed

irrigation(

灌溉

) water. Having created nine such ice reserves. Norphel calculates

that he has stored about 200, 000m

of

water.

Climate change is a

continuing

process,

so Norp

hel’s ice reserves will not last foreve

r. Warming will overtake them. But

he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find

other means of adapting.

Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the

sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the

warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is

heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example

should act as an inspiration

for

all cities. By

painting

buildings white, cities may

slow down the warming process.

In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen

victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the

hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is

still far from clear, But the World Bank has included the project on its of

＂

100

ideas to save the planet

＂

.

More

ordinary

forms

of

adaptation

are

happening

everywhere.

A

friend

of

mine

owns

an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet

for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allows him to plant

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highly

profitable

crops.

Farmers

in

many

countries

are

also

adapting

like

this

—

either

by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common

sense.

But

some

suggestions

for

adapting

are

not.

When

the

polluting

industries

argue

that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to

adapt, it’s

a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.

Human beings

will continue to adapt

to the

changing climate in both

ordinary

and

astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our

energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in the way, we

may avoid the need to change in so many others.

65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .

A. adaptation is an ever-changing process

varies with time

C. global warming affects adaptation forms

change is challenging

66.

What is special with regard to Rezwan’s project?

A. The project receives government support.

B. Different organizations work with each other.

C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.

D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.

67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?

A. Storing ice for future use.

from melting.

C. Changing the irrigation time.

the glaciers.

68. What do we learn from the Peru example?

A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.

B. The global warming tread cannot be stopped.

C. This country is heating up too quickly.

D.

Postponing

the

melting

of

B.

Protecting

the

glaciers

D.

adaptation

to

climate

B. the cost of adaptation

D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.

69. According to the author, polluting industries should .

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A. adapt to carbon pollution

crops

C. leave carbon emission alone

pollution

70.

What’s the author’s

preferred solution to global warming?

A. setting up a new standard.

emission.

C. Adapting to climate change.

industries.

【文章大意】文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些

应 对气候变暖的新途径。

65. A

推理判断题。

one-size fit all

意为＂通用的，万全之策＂，句意：不存在通用的适

应性方法。下句

Nevertheless

表转折，再根据＂

t here are some actions that offer

much and carry little risk or cost

＂可知，没有放之四海 而皆准的方法，即适应

是需要根据情况不断做出调整，而非一成不变的。

66.

C

细节理解题。根据第四段的＂

Mohammed

Rezwan

saw

opportunity

where

others

saw

only < /p>

disaster.

＂可知，

Rezwa n

会从危机中看到机遇，会充分利用现有条件。

67. A

细节理解题。根据第五段的＂Norphel’s inspiration come from seeing the waste

of

water

over

winter,

when

it

was

not

needed.

He

directed

the

wasted

water

into

shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring.

＂可知，把

冰川融化后的水储存起来以备不时之需，是减少气候变暖危害的方法之一。

D.

Monitoring

polluting

B.

Reducing

carbon

D.

fight

against

carbon

B.

plant

highly

profitable

69.

D

推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的＂When

the

polluting

industries

argue

that

we’ve

lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt,

it’s a nonsense＂可知 ，作者不赞成＂我们已经在与碳污染的斗争中失败了＂这样

的说法，说明作者建议污染企 业行动起来。

70.

B

推理判断题。根据最后一段的＂

But

the

most

sensible

form

of

adaptation

is

surely

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to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.

＂可知，作者认为，

< br>最合理的方法仍然是减少二氧化碳的排放。

C

体裁

说明文

话题

减少温室气体排放的目标和做法

词数

262

难度

★★★☆☆

建议时间

6

分钟

（< /p>

2016

﹒上海卷）

Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This

question

was

first

studied

in

the

early

1900s.

Since

then,

many

scientists

have

thought

that

our

actions

do

make

a

difference.

In

1997,

the

Kyoto

Protocol

explained

our

role

in

the

Earth’s

changing

atmosphere

and

set

international

limits

for

gas

emissions

(

排

放

)

from

2008

to

2012.

Some

countries

have

decided

to

continue

these

reductions

until

2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims

to

limit

global

warming.

But

just

now

how

much

warmer

it

will

get

depends

on

how

deeply

countries cut carbon emissions.

3.5℃

This

is

how

much

temperatures

would

rise

by

2100

even

if

nations

live

up to the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise

could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all

species to extinction.

2℃

To

meet

this

minimum

goal,

the

Agreement

requires

countries

to

tighten

emissions

targets

every

five

years.

Even

this

increase

could

sink

some islands, worse

drought

(