-
get
的被动用法(
get-
passive
)
作者:
阮一峰
日期:
2006
年
6
月
26
日
(
“
英
语学习
”
系列笔记之二)
1.
今天,
我看书的时候,
看到了下面这句很普通的句子,
“How Do We Get
Started on These
Programs?”
。
我突然感到有一点糊涂,
什么叫
“Ge
t started”
?这句话同
“How do we
start
on these
programs?”
又有什么区别呢?
我查了词典里关于
“get+
动词分词
”
结构的解释,发现这种常见结构其实很复杂,既可以
表示
主动
(
We Get Started on These P
rograms
)
,又可以表示被动(
I got invited to her
party
yesterday
)。
下面就是我整理的笔记。
2.
p>
首先,
“get+
过去分词
”
是一种被动形式。
我们都
知道,英语中表示被动的方法是
“be+
过去动词
”
,但是其实还有第二种方法,
那就
是
“get+
过去分词
”
p>
,这两者的意思基本上是类似的。但是,后者用得比较少,尤其少用
于正式的书面文体。
请对比下面三句话:
a) The
bus hit John.
b) John was hit by the
bus.
c) John got hit by the bus.
上面这三种说法都是对的。被动的含义除了可以用
“be +
过去分词
”
表示以外,还可以用
“got +
过去分词
”
< br>来表示。
请看下面的例句:
* It is upsetting when a person gets
punished for a crime that he didn't commit.
* The picture got damaged
(= was damaged) when we were moving.
* If they make such criticisms they
will get treated with the contempt they deserve.
* I don't want to get mixed
up with the police again.
* After
working here selflessly for several years,Mr. Li
got promoted at last.
*
They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.
3.
“get+
过去分词
”
和
过去分词
有几个区别。
(
1
)在
过去分词
p>
的结构中,
be
是
助动词
(
auxiliary
),可以
用来独立构成否定
句和疑问句;
get
不是助动词,在否定句和疑问句,必须增加助动词。
请看下面的例句。
* Was
Kim attacked by a tiger?
* Kim was not
attacked by a tiger.
* Did
Kim get attacked by a tiger?
* Kim did
not get attacked by a tiger.
以上四句话都是正确,下面两句则是错误的。
* Got Kim attacked by a tiger?
(×
)
* Kim got not attacked
by a tiger. (×
)
(
2
)
“get+
过去分词
”
结构可以用于进行时态,
过去分词
结构就不行。
请看下面的例句
* You
will be getting cursed.
*
My brother has been getting examined
(<
/p>
3
)
“get+
过去分词
”
结构通常不带
“by+
p>
动作主体
”
的部分,但这不是绝对的。
p>
请看下面两句话,其中第二句话是错误的。
* I got caught in the rain.
* I got caught by the rain.
(
×
)
p>
但是,在下面的例句中可以使用
by
:
p>
* He got caught by the
police.
* He got hit on the
head by the burglar.
*
Raghu got kicked in the shin by a donkey.
* He got punched in the
nose by his opponent.
(
4
)
“get+
过去分
词
”
结构极少用于无生命的物体。
请看下面两句话,其中第二句话是错误的。
* Gunfire was heard in the auditorium.
* Gunfire got heard in the
auditorium.(×
)
4.
除了表示被动以外,
“get
+
过去分词
”
结构还可用于谈论为自
己做的事,表示主动的行
为而不是被动的行为,即起到了强调主语、加重语气的作用。<
/p>
请对比下面两句话:
a) Joe was dressed [by someone]
b) Joe got dressed.
a
句表示其他人帮助
Joe
穿衣服,
b
句则表示
Joe
自己穿衣服。<
/p>
除了
get
dressed
(穿衣服)
以外,
类似
的常用短语,
还有以下这些:
get
divorced
(离婚)
、
get
engaged
(订婚)、
get
confused
(迷惑不解)、
get
lost
(迷路)、
get
washed
(洗
脸)
、
get
married
(结婚)等。
5.