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高考阅读理解试题中的逻辑思维训练
第一部分
概括思维训练
Passage 1:
Do you always understand the direction
on a bottle of medicine? Do you know
what is meant by “Take only as
directed?” Read the following directions and see
if
you understand them.
“To
reduce
pain,
take
two
tablets
(
药片
)
with
water,
followed
by
one
tablet
every
eight
hours,
as
required.
For
night-time
and
early
morning
relief
(
缓解疼痛
)
take two tablets at bedtime. Do not
take more than six tablet twenty-four hours.
For children six to twelve years old,
give half the amount (
量
) .
For children six
years old, ask your
doctor’s advice.
Reduce the
amount if you suffer from restlessness or
sleeplessness after taking
the
medicine.”
练习：
This text is
most probably taken from a __________ .
A. textbook
B.
newsreel
C.
doctor’s notebook
D. bottle of
medicine
Passage2
：
The
soybean(
大豆
)
is
one
of
the
world
useful
crops.
It
is
already
used
in
many different foods and in many
industrial products. And scientists continue to
find
more uses for it.
American farmers grow about one
thousand nine hundred million bushels (
容量
单位
)
of
soybean
each
year.
They
earn
eleven
thousand
million
dollars
for
their
crops.
In the United States, about twenty
three million tons of soybean were fed to farm
animals
last
year.
More
than
five hundred sixty-five million
bushels
were exported.
Soybeans are
also used in different kinds of food eaten by
humans.
Soybean oil is used to make
cooking oil. It is the main substance
(
物质
) used in
salad
oil.
The
soybean
is
used
to
make
some
baby
foods,
some
meats,
a
kind
of
ice-cream, and beer.
Six
years
ago,
American
scientists
developed
a
new
kind
of
ink
for
use
in
printing
newspapers.
Traditional
newspaper
ink
is
made
from
petroleum(
原油
)
oil.
The traditional ink
easily rubs off onto your hands and clothes. The
new ink contained
thirty percent
soybean oil, and it did
not
rub off easily.
But,
it cost
seventy
percent
more than the old
ink. So, few painters used it
Scientists
now
have
developed
another
newspaper
ink.
This
new
ink
contains
only
soybean oil and color dyes. It costs less than ink
made from petroleum and the
ink made
from a petroleum and soybean mixture.
A
government agriculture scientist said he believes
the printing industry will use
about
one
hundred
million
bushels
of
soybeans
each
year
to
make
the
new
ink.
1
Another team
of government scientist is experimenting with
another use for soybeans.
The soybean
food would be less costly than the food that
farmers now feed to fish.
练习：
The best
title for this passage is ________ .
A. Soybean and
Our Life
B. Soybeans
C. Soybean and
Newspaper Ink
D. The Use of Soybean
Passage 3:
（
2010
年浙江卷
C
篇）
The term
“
multita
sking
”
originally referred
to a computer
’
s ability to
carry out
several tasks at one time.
For many people, multitasking has become a way of
life and
even
a
key
to
success.
In
fact,
some
excellent
mental
aerobic
exercises
(
大脑训练
)
involve engaging the brain in two or
more challenging activities at a time. Although
checking e-mail while talking on a
phone and reading the newspaper may be second
nature for some people, many times
multitasking can make us less productive, rather
than more. And studies show that too
much multitasking can lead to increased stress,
anxiety and memory loss.
In order to multitask, the brain uses
an area known as the prefrontal cortex
(
前额
叶脑皮层
). Brian
scans of volunteers performing multiple tasks
together show that as
they shift from
task to task, this front part of the brain
actually takes a moment of rest
between
tasks.
You
may
have
experienced
a
prefrontal
cortex
“
moment
of
rest
”
yourself if
you
’
ve ever dialed
(
拨电话
) a phone number and
suddenly forgotten who
you
dialed
when
the
line
is
answered.
What
probably
occurred
is
that
between
the
dialing and the answering, your mind
shifted to anther thought or task, and then took
that
“
moment
”
to come back. Research has also
shown that for many volunteers, job
efficiency (
效率
)
declines while multitasking, as compared to when
they perform only
one task at a time.
Multitasking is easiest
when at least one of the tasks is habitual, or
requires little
thought. Most people
don
’
t find it difficult to
eat and read the newspaper at the same
time. However, when two or more
attention-requiring tasks are attempted at one
time,
people sometimes make mistakes.
We
often
don
’
t
remember
things
as
well
when
we
’
re
trying
to
manage
several
details at the same
time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough
attention to
new information coming in,
so it never makes it into our memory stores. That
is one
of the main reasons we forget
people’
s names---even
sometimes right after they have
introduced
themselves.
Multitasking
can
also
affect
our
relationships.
If
someone
checks
their
e-mail
while
on
the
phone
with
a
friend,
they
may
come
off
as
absent-minded or disinterested. It can
also cause that person to miss or overlook key
information being passed on to them.
练习：
What is the main idea of
the passage?
A.
Multitasking has become a way of life.
B. Multitasking often leads to
efficiency decline.
2
C. Multitasking exercises
need to be improved.
D.
Multitasking enables people to remember things
better.
Passage
4:
（
2010
< br>年天津卷，
D
篇）
To
err is human. To blame the other guy is even more
human.
Common sense is not all that
common.
Why tell the truth when you can
come up with a good excuse?
These three
popular misquotes(
戏谑的引语
)are
meant to be jokes, and yet they
tell us
a lot about human nature . To err, or to make
mistakes, is indeed a part of being
human, but it seems that most people
don’t want to accept the responsibility for the
problem. Perhaps it is the natural
thing to do .The original quote about human nature
went like this:
“
To err is human, to forgive,
divine(
神圣的
).”
This saying mirrors an
i
deal
people
should
be
forgiving
of
others’
mistakes.
Instead,
we
tend
to
do
the
opposite
–
find
someone else to pass the blame on to. However,
taking responsibility
for something
that went wrong is a mark of great maturity.
Common
sense
is
what
we
call
clear
thought.
Having
common
sense
means
having a good general plan that will
make things work well, and it also means staying
with the plan. Common sense tells you
that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm,
but
you
leave
the
umbrella
home
when
you
hear
a
weather
forecast
for
sunshine
．
Common
sense
does
not
seem
to
be
common
for
large
organizations,
because
there
are
so
many
things
going
on
that
one
person
cannot
be
in
charge
of
everything. People say that in a large
company,
“
the right hand
does not know what
the left hand is
doing.”
And what is wrong
with a society that thinks that making up a good
excuse is
like creating a work of art?
One of the common problems with making excuses is
that
people, especially young people,
get the idea that
it’s okay not to be
totally honest
all
the time.
There is
a
corollary(
直接推论
)to that:
if good excuse is
“good”
even if it
isn’t honest, then where is the place
of the truth?
练习：
What would be
the best title for his passage?
A. A
Mirror of Human Nature
B.
To Blame or to Forgive
C. A Mark of
Maturity
D. Truth or Excuse
第一部分
推断思维训练
Passage1:
From
Stanford we turned your attention north and slight
west to San Francisco.
We
set
off
a
quarter
past
eleven
a.m.
and
before
long
a
car
travelling
the
35
miles
between the two places brought us
terrible news of a city in ruins, with fires
beginning
at
varies
points,
and
water
supply
interrupted.
I
was
fortunate
enough
to
board
the
only train that got up
to the city; fortunate enough also to escape in
the evening by the
only
train
that
left
it.
This
gave
me
and
my
brave
female
companion
four
hours
of
observation.
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