(完整版)“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案(1)

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期末考试

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考试题型、参 考问答题、课堂练习及其答案

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Examination Items

考试题型

上海外国语大学继续教育学院

2014

年第

1

学期

英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级

“语言学”期末试卷

考试时间：

60

分钟

班级

____________

学号

____________

姓名

____________

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)

II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)

III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)

Questions for Reference

参考问答题

1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?

(P6)

2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.

voicing and voiceless

(P16)

vowels and consonants

(P18)

aspirated and unaspirated

(P18)

phones and phonemes

(P23)

3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples.

(P33-36)

4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them?

(P66-68)

Exercises and Key

课堂练习及其答案

Practice 1

Introduction

1.

Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.

2.

__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time and

at various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one

particular point of time.

3.

The __________ study of language studies the historical development of language

over a period of time, and it is a historical study.

4.

__________

and

__________

are

the

two

major

media

of

linguistic

communication.

5.

The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.

de Saussure in

the early 20th

century

while the

distinction

between competence

and

_________

was

proposed

by

the

American

linguist

N.

Chomsky

in

the

late

1950s.

6.

Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a language

user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.

7.

Modern

linguistics

differs

from

traditional

grammar

in

several

different

ways.

Firstly,

linguistics

is

__________

while

traditional

grammar

is

__________;

Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the

written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it

does not force languages into a _________-based framework.

8.

As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually

use,

and

not

to

lay

down

rules

for

“correct”

linguistic

behavior,

it

is

said

to

be

__________.

9.

The

defining

properties

of

human

language

are:

creativity,

__________,

__________, __________, __________.

10.

The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good

proof that human language is __________.

11.

Generally

speaking,

three

main

functions

are

often

recognized

of

language:

the

descriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function.

12.

According to the British linguist Halliday

’

s simpler system of language functions,

the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer

’

s experience of the real

or

imaginary

world,

and

the

__________

function

is

to

indicate,

establish,

or

maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to

organize written or spoken texts

in

such a manner that they are coherent within

themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.

Practice 2

Introduction

1.

Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.

2.

Speech

and

writing

are

the

two

major

media

of

language.

All

languages

in

the

world today can be both spoken and written.

3.

The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;

thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but

not written.

4.

Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.

5.

With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and

performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract

structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.

6.

The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.

de

Saussure.

Langue

refers

to

the

abstract

linguistic

system

shared

by

all

the

members

of

a

speech

community

while

parole

refers

to

the

concrete

use

of

conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.

7.

An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in

their

study

of

language

is

that

the

former

tended

to

over-emphasize

the

written

form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language

usage.

8.

Language

can

be

studied

both

synchronically

and

diachronically.

The

two

approaches are equally favored by modern linguists.

9.

Language is entirely arbitrary.

10.

Human

capacity

for

language

has

a

genetic

basis,

i.e.

we

are

all

born

with

the

ability

to

acquire

language

and

the

details

of

a

language

system

are

genetically

transmitted.

Practice 3

Phonetics

1.

Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:

__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.

2.

The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of

great interest to those working in __________ phonetics.

3.

The

articulatory

apparatus

of

a

human

being

contains

three

important

areas

(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.

4.

Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.

5.

V

oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .

6.

A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.

This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l].

7.

__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in their

study of speech sounds.

8.

In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] share

the feature __________.

9.

All

the

back

vowels

in

English

are

pronounced

with

rounded

lips

except

__________.

10.

__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through

intervening positions.

11.

The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally not

used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.

12.

V

oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.

13.

In

producing

a

vowel

the

air

stream

coming

from

the

lungs

meets

with

no

obstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in

one way or another.

14.

The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].

15.

All the English nasal consonants are voiced.

16.

With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.

17.

With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.

18.

In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long

vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.

19.

Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinations

of [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.

20.

If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [

], but as a

clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.

Practice 4

Phonology

1.

[p

], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.

2.

The

phonemic

features

that

occur

above

the

level

of

the

segment

are

called

suprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.

3.

The

tone,

defined

as

pitch

variation,

is

an

important

suprasegmental

feature

of

tone languages such as __________.

4.

The negative prefix “in

-

” in

English, when added to

the adjective

“possible”, is

actually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im

-

”. This is the result of the __________

rule at work.

5.

To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have

to add

“

-

es”, instead of just “

-

s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.

6.

A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused

on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how

speech sounds distinguish meaning.

7.

A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.

8.

Clear [l] and dark [

] form the relation of complementary distribution for they

occur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.

9.

/p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.

10.

Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they can

be applied to all languages.

11.

In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.

12.

The

three

voiceless

stops

/p/,

/t/,

/k/

are

aspirated

when

preceded

by

/s/

and

followed by a vowel.

13.

Usually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable and

the corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.

14.

Stress

is

a

suprasegmental

feature

that

is

exclusively

used

with

words,

not

with

sentences.

15.

Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays an

important role in distinguishing meaning.