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判例阅读教程

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2021-02-19 05:59
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2021年2月19日发(作者:小圆点)


1



affirm (


自己宣誓并证实、


自我誓证


)



To state or allege a matter


of


fact


affirmatively


.To


make


a


solemn


and


formal


declaration


(asseveration) that a testmony or statement is true (or the affirmant


will tell the truth) ,this being substituted for an oath before a notary


public in certain cases .affirmation



affidavit


都可以指书面宣誓证< /p>


词,


只不过


affirmation


并未经过公证人员监督并签字证明,


而是


由 誓证人本人自己宣誓其证词为真


(因而会为此承担更为严重的


伪 证法律后果)




2

< br>、


aver


(确认。


确证)



To allege or assent a matter of fact formally


and positively.


3.



depose


(被书 面记录的口头宣誓作证)


:做口头宣誓证词并被


当场笔录的证人 被称为


deponent.


4



oath


(誓言、


宣誓)

< br>:


An affirmation of truth of a statement,which


renders


one


willfully


asserting


untrue


statements


punshiable


for


perjury.


5



swear


(宣誓、发誓)



To declare on oath the truth of a pleading.

< p>
6



verify


(宣誓 证词、郑重声明)



To confirm or subst antiate


(证


明。


< p>
。有根据、证实)


by oath. The word



verified



,wh en used in a


statute,


ordinarily


imports


a


verity


(表明真实性)


attested


by


the


sanctity



庄严、

< br>神圣)


of an oath;it is frequently used interchangeably


with


(等同于、互换使 用)


sworn.



Statute of limitations:


(立法规定的)诉讼时效




It is the statutory


period within which a lawsuit must be commenced. latches


(因疏忽


懈怠而致诉权 丧失、而非立法规定的诉讼时效)


is


a


doctrine


rooted in equity.


传统国际法领域的诉讼时效一般涉及


laches


而非


statute


of


limitations


,这是因为习惯国际法上缺乏立法规定的


statute of limitiations.


< p>
Jurisdiction


:管辖权、司法管辖权




The power and authority of a


court to hear and determine a judicial proceeding


(听审并裁定一起


司 法诉讼)



it exists when the court has congizance of


(对。



。有


审理权)


the class of cased involved, proper parties are present

< p>
(在


法院管辖区内)


and duly served, and the issue


(争议焦点)


to be


decided is within powers of the court.


(注意与下区别)



1



in personam jurisdiction or personal jurisdiction


(属 人管辖权、


对人管辖权)



in


personam


相当于


directed


toward


a


particular


person



表示


“对人或与人有关的”


相对于< /p>


in rem



相当于


against


a particular property



表示


“对物”


法院对被告实施属人管辖权的


前提是对被告进行有效的送达。法院起初虽对被告无属人管辖


权,


但如果被告到庭全面应诉,


法院也可以因此取得对被告人的

< p>
属人管辖权。



2



in


rem


jurisdiction


( 对物管辖权)


:法院对其管辖地域内的所


有财产一般都拥有对物 管辖权。



3



quasi in rem ju risdiction


(准对物管辖权)


The power of a court


over the defendents



s interset in a property, real or personal


(不动产

或动产)


,within the jurisdiction of the court , it is used in order to


compel an absent


(不在法院管辖区内)


defendants to submit to the


court



s

jurisdiction


(接受法院的管辖)


.Beca use


the


defensant


is


absent and the property is not the real subject matter of the action




因、诉由、诉讼标的)


,there


must


be


a


connection


involving


minimum contact


(有最低联系的关联)


between the property and the


subject matter of the action for a court to properly exercise quasi in


rem jurisdiction.


法院实施对物管辖的目的 在于强迫不在法院辖区


内的物主到庭应诉(以便法院取得对物主的属人管辖权)


,由于


诉物并非真正的诉讼对象,故此称为准对物管辖权。


Minimum


contact


(最低联系)是美 国长臂管辖权中的概念,它的存在使法


院对非辖区内居民


(且无 财产在辖区内)


实施属人管辖权成为可


能。

美国法院对被告实施属人管辖权的基本思路是:


可否直接实


施属人管辖权?如不能,


被告在辖区内是否有财产以便法院可以


通过准对物管辖权取得对被告的属人管辖权?如不能,


被告和法


院辖区地是否存在其他最低联系以便法院可通过长臂管辖取得


对其的属人管辖权?



4



territorial jurisdiction


(地域管辖权、属地管辖权)



5



jurisdiction by submission


(服从管辖、


管辖权认可、


授权管辖)



It refers to a jurisdictional power acquired by a court over the person


of


a


defendant,


upon


whom


the


court


has


no


original


personal


jurisdiction, but who impliedly consents to the personal jurisdiction


of


the


court


by


appearing


in


court


(到庭应诉)


or


otherwise


answering a complaint


(对起诉做出答辩)


.


6



jurisdiction by agreement


(协议管辖权)



A common mistake is


to mix the govering law clauses


(法律选择条款)


with jurisdiction


clauses


(管辖选择条款)


.While



jurisdiction


clasues


determine


which country



s court will hear a dispute and therefore the procedual


rules, the govering law clause in an agreement will determine which


country



s


substantive


law


applies.


Remember:it


is


the


law


that


confers


jurisdiction,


not


the


parties



consent;


the


parties


must


stipulate jurisdiction within the boundary as delineated by law.


7



subject matter


jurisdiction


(对事管辖权、诉因管辖权)


:法院


实施管辖权的前提是其对按键争议本身(


subject


matter


of


the


case


)和诉讼当事人(或 诉讼标的)同时具有管辖权。同一地区


的法院可能分管不同类型的案件,


此类称为有限管辖法院;


一个


地区的普通法院一般同时 具备对绝大多数民事和刑事案件的管


辖权,


这类被称为普遍管辖 权法院



court of general jurisdiction





8



federal question juridiction


(联邦法律专属管辖权)



9



diversity

< p>
jurisdiction


(州籍多样管辖权)



It


is


s


concurrent


jurisdiction

< p>
(平行管辖权、


共同管辖权)


shared between U.S. federal


courts and state courts.


10



exclusive juri sdiction


(排他管辖权、


专属管辖权)



It refers to


statutory power that a court enjoys and exercises over an action or


over a person to the exclusion of all other courts; no other forum can


entertain


(受理)


the case.


11



universal juri sdiction


(国际法上的普遍管辖权、共同管辖权)



12



long-arm juris diction


(长臂管辖权、越境管辖权)



It refers to


that personal jurisdiction, obtained via substituted service of process


(替代送达)


,over


absent


nonresidents


or


foreign


corporations


having minimum contacts


(最低联系)


with the forum state


(法院


地州)


,such that maintenance of suit against them does not offend


traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice



违反传统 的程


序公平和实体正义的理念)


。其目标是针对不在法院管辖地 的外


州居民和公司,


其目的是通过寻找其和法院管辖地之间的最 低联


系以取得对其的属人管辖权。


长臂管辖权的核心是最低联系 ,



限制标准


是传统

< br>的程序公


平和实


体正义的


理念(


traditional


notions of fair play and substantial justice






Pre-trial proceeding


:审前程序




motion


:动议、请求



Motions


are


not


pleading


but


are


requests


for


the


judge


to


make


a


leagal ruling.


动词形式是


move


(请求。



。做某事、提起动议)


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