-
1
、
affirm (
自己宣誓并证实、
自我誓证
)
:
To state or allege a matter
of
fact
affirmatively
.To
make
a
solemn
and
formal
declaration
(asseveration)
that a testmony or statement is true (or the
affirmant
will tell the truth) ,this
being substituted for an oath before a notary
public in certain cases .affirmation
和
affidavit
都可以指书面宣誓证<
/p>
词,
只不过
affirmation
p>
并未经过公证人员监督并签字证明,
而是
由
誓证人本人自己宣誓其证词为真
(因而会为此承担更为严重的
伪
证法律后果)
。
2
< br>、
aver
(确认。
确证)
p>
:
To allege or assent a matter
of fact formally
and positively.
3.
、
depose
(被书
面记录的口头宣誓作证)
:做口头宣誓证词并被
当场笔录的证人
被称为
deponent.
4
、
p>
oath
(誓言、
宣誓)
< br>:
An affirmation of truth of a
statement,which
renders
one
willfully
asserting
untrue
statements
punshiable
for
perjury.
5
、
swear
(宣誓、发誓)
:
To declare on oath the truth of a pleading.
6
、
verify
(宣誓
证词、郑重声明)
:
To confirm or subst
antiate
(证
明。
。
。有根据、证实)
by oath. The word
“
verified
”
,wh
en used in a
statute,
ordinarily
imports
a
verity
(表明真实性)
p>
attested
by
the
sanctity
(
庄严、
< br>神圣)
of an oath;it is frequently used
interchangeably
with
(等同于、互换使
用)
sworn.
Statute
of limitations:
(立法规定的)诉讼时效
It is the statutory
period within which a lawsuit must be
commenced. latches
(因疏忽
懈怠而致诉权
丧失、而非立法规定的诉讼时效)
is
a
doctrine
rooted in equity.
p>
传统国际法领域的诉讼时效一般涉及
laches
而非
statute
of
limitations
,这是因为习惯国际法上缺乏立法规定的
statute of limitiations.
Jurisdiction
:管辖权、司法管辖权
The power and authority of
a
court to hear and determine a
judicial proceeding
(听审并裁定一起
司
法诉讼)
,
it exists when the
court has congizance of
(对。
。
。有
审理权)
the class
of cased involved, proper parties are present
(在
法院管辖区内)
and duly
served, and the
issue
(争议焦点)
to be
decided is within powers of the
court.
(注意与下区别)
1
、
in personam
jurisdiction or personal jurisdiction
(属
人管辖权、
对人管辖权)
:
in
p>
personam
相当于
directed
toward
a
particular
person
,
表示
“对人或与人有关的”
相对于<
/p>
in
rem
,
相当于
against
a particular property
,
表示
“对物”
法院对被告实施属人管辖权的
前提是对被告进行有效的送达。法院起初虽对被告无属人管辖
权,
但如果被告到庭全面应诉,
法院也可以因此取得对被告人的
属人管辖权。
2
、
in
rem
jurisdiction
(
对物管辖权)
:法院对其管辖地域内的所
有财产一般都拥有对物
管辖权。
3
、
quasi in rem ju
risdiction
(准对物管辖权)
:
The power of a court
over the
defendents
’
s interset in a
property, real or personal
(不动产
或动产)
,within the jurisdiction of the
court , it is used in order to
compel
an
absent
(不在法院管辖区内)
defendants
to submit to the
court
’
s
jurisdiction
(接受法院的管辖)
.Beca
use
the
defensant
is
absent and the property
is not the real subject matter of the action
(
诉
因、诉由、诉讼标的)
,there
must
be
a
connection
involving
minimum
contact
(有最低联系的关联)
between the
property and the
subject matter of the
action for a court to properly exercise quasi in
rem jurisdiction.
法院实施对物管辖的目的
在于强迫不在法院辖区
内的物主到庭应诉(以便法院取得对物主的属人管辖权)
,由于
诉物并非真正的诉讼对象,故此称为准对物管辖权。
Minimum
contact
(最低联系)是美
国长臂管辖权中的概念,它的存在使法
院对非辖区内居民
(且无
财产在辖区内)
实施属人管辖权成为可
能。
美国法院对被告实施属人管辖权的基本思路是:
可否直接实
施属人管辖权?如不能,
被告在辖区内是否有财产以便法院可以
通过准对物管辖权取得对被告的属人管辖权?如不能,
被告和法
院辖区地是否存在其他最低联系以便法院可通过长臂管辖取得
对其的属人管辖权?
4
、
territorial
jurisdiction
(地域管辖权、属地管辖权)
5
、
jurisdiction by
submission
(服从管辖、
管辖权认可、
授权管辖)
:
It refers to a
jurisdictional power acquired by a court over the
person
of
a
defendant,
upon
whom
the
court
has
no
original
personal
jurisdiction, but
who impliedly consents to the personal
jurisdiction
of
the
court
by
appearing
in
court
(到庭应诉)
or
otherwise
answering a
complaint
(对起诉做出答辩)
.
6
、
jurisdiction by
agreement
(协议管辖权)
:
A common mistake is
to mix the govering
law clauses
(法律选择条款)
with
jurisdiction
clauses
(管辖选择条款)
.While
jurisdiction
clasues
determine
which
country
’
s court will hear a
dispute and therefore the procedual
rules, the govering law clause in an
agreement will determine which
country
’
s
substantive
law
applies.
Remember:it
is
the
law
that
confers
jurisdiction,
not
the
parties
’
consent;
the
parties
must
stipulate jurisdiction within the
boundary as delineated by law.
7
、
subject matter
jurisdiction
(对事管辖权、诉因管辖权)
:法院
实施管辖权的前提是其对按键争议本身(
subject
matter
of
the
case
)和诉讼当事人(或
诉讼标的)同时具有管辖权。同一地区
的法院可能分管不同类型的案件,
此类称为有限管辖法院;
一个
地区的普通法院一般同时
具备对绝大多数民事和刑事案件的管
辖权,
这类被称为普遍管辖
权法院
(
court of general
jurisdiction
)
。
8
、
federal
question
juridiction
(联邦法律专属管辖权)
9
、
diversity
jurisdiction
(州籍多样管辖权)
:
It
is
s
concurrent
jurisdiction
(平行管辖权、
共同管辖权)
shared
between U.S. federal
courts and state
courts.
10
、
exclusive juri
sdiction
(排他管辖权、
专属管辖权)
:
It refers to
statutory
power that a court enjoys and exercises over an
action or
over a person to the
exclusion of all other courts; no other forum can
entertain
(受理)
the
case.
11
、
universal juri
sdiction
(国际法上的普遍管辖权、共同管辖权)
12
、
long-arm juris
diction
(长臂管辖权、越境管辖权)
:
It refers to
that personal
jurisdiction, obtained via substituted service of
process
(替代送达)
,over
absent
nonresidents
or
foreign
corporations
having minimum
contacts
(最低联系)
with the forum
state
(法院
地州)
,such
that maintenance of suit against them does not
offend
traditional notions of fair play
and substantial justice
(
违反传统
的程
序公平和实体正义的理念)
。其目标是针对不在法院管辖地
的外
州居民和公司,
其目的是通过寻找其和法院管辖地之间的最
低联
系以取得对其的属人管辖权。
长臂管辖权的核心是最低联系
,
其
限制标准
是传统
< br>的程序公
平和实
体正义的
理念(
traditional
notions of fair
play and substantial
justice
)
。
Pre-trial
proceeding
:审前程序
motion
:动议、请求
Motions
are
not
pleading
but
are
requests
for
the
judge
to
make
a
leagal ruling.
动词形式是
move
(请求。
。
。做某事、提起动议)
,
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