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第一章
Computer
competency refers to acquiring computer-related
skills
—
indispensable tools
for today (P4).
当今，计算机能力是指获得计算机相关的不可或缺的
技能的一种工具。
They
filled out computerized forms, took computerized
tests, and
paid computerized bills
(P4).
他们填写电脑化的表格
,
做计算机化的测试
,
和支付电脑化的账单。
Microcomputers
are
common
tools
in
all
areas
of
life.
Writers
write,
artists
draw,
engineers
and
scientists
calculate
—
all
on
microcomputers.
Students and businesspeople do all
this, and more.
在生活的各个领域里，微型计算机都是通用的工具。
作家写作，艺术家画画，工
程师和科学家所有在微型计算机上计算。
学生和商人用微型机做事，
微型机还有
很多其他应用。
New forms of
learning have developed. People who are homebound,
who
work
odd
hours,
or
who
travel
frequently
may
take
online
courses.
A
college
course need not fit
within a quarter or a semester
.
学习的新形式已经发展。闲居家中的、工作多个小时的、或是经常出差的人，可
以参加网上课程。一个大学课程不需要在一个季度或一个学期内完成。
New ways to communicate, to
find people with similar interests, and to
buy
goods
are
available.
People
use
electronic
mail,
electronic
commerce,
and the Internet
to meet and to share ideas and products.
沟通的新方法是找到有类似的兴趣的人，
并购买商品是可用的。
人们使用电子邮
件、电子商务和互联网来接触和分享想法和产品。
< br>
Yet this is what
microcomputers are all
about
—
making people, end
users like you, more productive (P5).
（多产的，
fruitful
）
这就是微型计算机，它使人们，像是你一样的终端用户，更加多产，效率
更高。
A
program
consists
of
（
由??构成，
组成，
composed
of
）
the
step-by-step
instructions
that tell the computer how to do its work (P6).
程序是由告诉计算机如何工作的一步步指令组成的。
a
payroll
program
would
instruct
the
computer
to
take
the
number
of
hours
you worked in a week
(data) and multiply it by your pay rate (data) to
determine how much you are paid for the
week (information) (P6).
一个工资单程序就是指示计算机
采取你在一个星期工作的小时数
(
数据
)
乘以
你的工资率
(
< br>数据
)
这样的方法来确定你一周的工资
< br> (
信息
)
。
Almost
all
of
today
’
s
computer
systems
add
an
additional
part
to
the
information system. This part, called
connectivity, typically uses the
Internet
and
allows
users
to
greatly
expand
the
capability
and
usefulness
of
their information systems (P6).
几乎现在所有的
计算机系统都给信息系统增加了一个额外的部分。这部分，
称为计算机互联
,
典型地使用因特网并且允许用户大大扩展了信息系统的性能
和用处。
Many
times the contact is direct and obvious, such as
when we create
documents using a word
processing program or when we connect to the
Internet. Other times, the contact is
not as obvious (P6).
很多时候接
触是直接和明显的
,
比如当我们使用文字处理程序创建文档或<
/p>
当我们连接到互联网的时候。其他时候，接触就不那么明显了。
Throughout this book you
will find a variety of features designed to
help you become computer competent and
knowledgeable (P6).
通过这本书，
你会发现各种各样专题
,
旨在帮助你更好地掌握计算机和成
为知识渊博的计算机高手。
（意译）
Each
of
the
following
chapters
highlights
a
specific
career
in
information
technology.
This
feature
provides
job
descriptions,
projected employment demands,
educational requirements, current salary
ranges, and advancement opportunities
(P8).
下面的每一章节突出在信息技术里一个特定的职业。
这个专题提供了工作描
述，预计就业需求，教育要求，目前的薪资范围和发展机遇。<
/p>
Throughout the
text you will find numerous text references to the
Computing Essentials Web site at . This
site is
carefully
integrated
with
the
textbook.
At
the
site,
you
’
ll
find
animations, career
information, tips, test review materials, and much
more (P8)
.
在整个课文，你会发现许多文本是参考
Computing E
ssentials
网站
的
:
。
这个网站仔细地整合了教材。在这个网站，
你会
发现动画、职业信息、小窍门、和测试复习材料，以及更多。
Software, as we
mentioned(
提到的
), is another
name for programs.
Programs
are
the
instructions(
指令
)
that
tell
the
computer
how
to
process
data
into
the
form
you
want.
In
most
cases,
the
words
software
and
programs
are
interchangeable(
可以互换的
).
There are two major kinds of software:
system software and application
software. You can think of application
software as the kind you use. Think of
system software as the kind the
computer uses (P9).
软件，正如我们所
提到的，它的另外一个名字叫程序。程序是告诉计算机如
何按照你的想法处理数据的一系
列指令集。
在大多数情况下，
软件和程序是可以
互换。
主要有两个不同种类的软件：
系统软件和应用程
序软件。
你可以认为软件
是你使用的那类，系统软件就是给电脑
使用的那类。
Operating
systems are programs that coordinate computer
resources,
provide
an
interface
between
users
and
the
computer,
and
run
applications
(P9).
操作系统是整合计算机资源的一个程序，提供一个用户和计算机之间的界
面
,
并运行应用程序。
Utilities
perform
specific
tasks
related
to
managing
computer
resources. For example, the Windows
utility called Disk Defragmenter
locates and eliminates unnecessary file
fragments and rearranges files
and
unused disk space to optimize computer operations
(P9).
实用程序执行与管理计
算机资源相关的特定任务。例如
,Windows
实用程序
称为磁盘碎片整理程序，
查找和消除不必要的文件碎片并且重新排列
文件和未使
用的磁盘空间来优化计算机操作。
Basic applications are
widely used in nearly all career areas. They
are the kinds of programs you have to
know to be considered computer
competent. One of these basic
applications is a browser to navigate,
explore,
and
find
information
on
the
Internet.
The
three
most
widely
used
browsers
are
Mozilla
’
s
Firefox,
Microsoft
’
s
Internet
Explorer
and
Google
’
s Chrome.
For a summary of the basic applications, see
Figure 1-7 (P9).
基本的应用程序被广泛应用于几乎所有的职业领域
。
您必须知道各种程序
被认为是掌握了计算机。
其中一个基本的应用程序是浏览器。
它用来浏览
,
探索
,
并且找到在互联网上的信息。
(
参见图
1-6)
。
三个最广泛使用的浏览器是
Mozilla
的火狐浏览器，微软的
Internet
Explore
r
和
Google
浏览器
。基本应用程序的
概述
,
见图
1 -
7
。
Computers are electronic devices that
can follow instructions to
accept
input, process that input, and produce
information. This book
focuses
principally
on
microcomputers.
However,
it
is
almost
certain
that
you
will
come
in
contact,
at
least
indirectly,
with
other
types
of
computers (P10).
计算机是可以按照指令接
受输入、处理输入并产生的信息的一种电子设备。
这本书主要集中讲微型计算机。
然而，
几乎可以肯定，
你会接触到其他类型的
电
脑，至少是间接地
。
Although
not
nearly
as
powerful
as
supercomputers,
mainframe
computers are capable of great
processing speeds and data storage. For
example,
insurance
companies
use
mainframes
to
process
information
about
millions of
policyholders (P11).
虽然没有超级计算机那么强大，
大型计算机具有很强大的处理速度和数据存
储。例如，保险公司使用大型
机处理数以百万计的投保人的信息
For example, production departments use
minicomputers to
monitor
certain manufacturing processes and
assembly-line operations (P10).
例如，生产部门
使用微机监控特定的生产流程和装配流水线操作。
Notebook computers, also known as
laptop computers, are portable,
lightweight, and fit into most
briefcases (P11).
笔记本电脑，也称
为膝上型轻便电脑，是便携式的、轻量级的、适合装入
大多数公文包。
< br>
Input
devices
translate
data
and
programs
that
humans
can
understand
into a form that
the computer
can process.
The most common
input
devices
are the keyboard and the mouse.
Output devices translate the processed
information
from
the
computer
into
a
form
that
humans
can
understand.
The
most common output devices are monitors
(see Figure 1-12) and printers
(P12)..
输入设备把人类可以理解的数据和程序转换成一种计算机可以处理的形式。
最常见的输入设备是键盘和鼠标。
输出设备将从电脑处理过的信息转换成人类
可
理解的一种形式。最常见的输出设备是显示器
(
见图
1 -
12)
和打印机。
Communication:
At
one
time,
it
was
uncommon
for
a
microcomputer
system
to communicate with
other computer systems. Now, using communication
devices, a microcomputer can
communicate with other computer systems
located as near as the next office or
as far away as halfway around the
world
using the Internet. The most widely used
communication device is
a
modem,
which
modifies
telephone
communications
into
a
form
that
can
be
processed
by a computer. Modems also modify computer output
into a form
that can be transmitted
across standard telephone lines (P14).
通信：曾经，对于微型计算机系统使用其他计算机系统来通信是不常见的。
现在，
使用通信设备，
微型计算机能够与其他近在隔
壁办公室或远在半个地球那
么远的微型计算机都通过电脑进行通信。最广泛使用的通信设
备是调制解调器，
它将电话通讯改成使用计算机处理的一种通讯方式。
< br>也可以将电脑输出改为标准
电话线传输的一种形式。
When
stored
electronically
in
files,
data
can
be
used
directly
as
input
for the
system unit (P15).
当以电子形式存储在文件中时，可以直接使用
数据作为输入用于系统单元。
Database
files,
typically
created
by
database
management
programs
to
contain highly structured
and organized data. For example, an employee
database file might contain all the
workers
’
names, Social
Security
numbers, job titles, and other
related pieces of information (P15).
数据库文件，通常由数据库管理程序创建，它包含高度结构化的和有组织的
< br>数据。例如
,
一个雇员数据库文件可能包含所有工人的名
字、社会保险号码、职
称和其他相关的信息。
Connectivity
is
the
capability
of
your
microcomputer
to
share
information
with
other
computers.
The
two
most
dramatic
changes
in
connectivity
in
the
past
five
years
has
been
the
widespread
use
of
mobile
or
wireless
communication
devices
and
cloud
computing.
For
just
a
few
of
these mobile devices, see
Figure 1-15. Many experts predict that these
wireless
applications
are
just
the
beginning
of
the
wireless
revolution,
a
revolution
that
will
dramatically
affect
the
way
we
communicate
and
use
computer
technology (P16).
计算机互联就是你的计算机和其他计算机分享信
息的能力。
在过去的五年里
计算机互联两个最戏剧性的变化就是
已经广泛使用手机或无线通讯设备和云计
算。对于其中一些移动设备，见图
1 - 15
。许多专家预测，这些无线应用程序
只
是无线革命的刚刚开始，
一场革命将极大地影响我们交流和使用计算机技术的
方式。
The
Web provides a multimedia interface to the
numerous resources
available on the
Internet (P17).
该网站提供给在互联网上可用的大量资源一个多媒体界面。
第二章
The Internet was launched in 1969 when
the United States funded a
project
that
developed
a
national
computer
network
called
Advanced
Research Project
Agency Network (ARPANET).(P32)
互联网是
1969
年开始发展的，起源于美国资助的一个发展国家计算机网络
的项目，项目名称是美国高级研究计划局网络（阿帕网）
The Web was introduced in
1992 at the Center for European Nuclear
Research (CERN) in Switzerland. (P32)
万维网，
1992
年在瑞士欧洲核子研
究中心
(CERN)
诞生（推出）
Prior
to
the
Web,
the
Internet
was
all
text
–
no
graphics,
animations , sound, or video. (P32)
万维网出现之前，
互联网上所有的信息是文字——没有图形、
动画、
声音或
视频。
It
’
s
easy
to
get
the
Internet
and
the
Web
confused,
but
they
are
not
the same thing.(P32)
人们很容易把互联网和
Web<
/p>
混淆
,
但他们是不一样的东西。
The Web is a
multimedia interface to the resources available on
the
Internet.(P32)
万维网是对互联网可用的资源一个多媒体接口。
What are the Internet and
Web doing? p32
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