-
第六讲
副
词
一、分类
在意义上
,
副词可以分为时间副词
( now, late ) ,
地点副词
( here, up) ,
程度副词
( very,
so) ,
频率副词
(often
, rarely) ,
方式副词
( fast ,
easily) ,
态度副词
(maybe,
honestly)
和逻辑
连
接副词
(hence,
however)
等。
在功能上
,
副词可以分为一般副词
( there) ,
疑问副词
(when) ,
连接副词
( how, where) ,
关系副词
( as ,
why)
和解释性副词
( namely, for
example, i . e .
那就是
, e . g
.
例如
, viz
即
)
等。
关系副词引导定语从句
,
连接副词引
导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或不定式等。本书对
关系副词和连接副词不作区分。
Why she committed suicide is still a
mystery . (
主语从句
)
I..d like to know how she did it .
(
宾语从句
)
This is where you are mistaken .
(
表语从句
)
That is the place where he was ar
rested . (
定语从句
)
Ask her when to open it .
问她
什么时候把它打开。
(
不定式
)
二、构成
1 .
大部分副词由相应的形容词加上后缀
-ly
构成
,
但注意有变化
1)
一般情况
slow
→
slowly dear
→
dearly
cool
→
coolly
bad
→
badly
final
→
finally exact
→
exactly
2) -y
结尾的词
happy
→
happily
angry
→
angrily
..
但
shy
→<
/p>
shyly(
或
shily) , ga
y
→
gayly(
或
< br>gaily) , dry
→
dryly(
或
drily)
3)
-le
结尾的词
,
省去
-e
再加
-y
subtle
→
subtly
noble
→
nobly
single
→
singly
idle
→
idly
able
→
ably
..
但
:
supple
→
supplely,
sole
→
solely,
pale
→
palely,
vile
→
vilely,
stale
→
stalely,
whole
→
wholly
4) -ue
结尾的词
,
去掉
-e,
再加
-ly
t rue
→
truly
due
→
duly
5) -e
结尾的词
,
直接加
-ly
complete
→
completely
wise
→
wisely
wide
→
widely
lone
→
lonely
loose
→
loosely
definite
→
definitely
6) -ic
结尾的词
,
加
-ally
economic
→
economically
historic
→
historically
新
/
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/
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/
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/
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/
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/
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268
第六讲
副
词
t
ragic
→
t ragically
phonetic
→
phonetically
automatic
→
automatically
democratic
→
democratically
fantastic
→
fantastically
energetic
→
energetically
fanatic
→
< br>fanatically
..
但
:
public
→
publicly,
political
→
politically
7) -ly
结尾的词
,
去掉
-y,
加
-ily
melancholy
→
melancholily
manly
→
manlily
chilly
→
chillily
8) -ll
结尾的词
,
只加
-y
full
→
fully
dull
→
dully
9)
其他词类
+ -ly
构成的副词
first (
序数词
)
→
first
ly over(
介词
)
→
overly
most (
< br>不定代词
)
→
mostly a
ccording(
现在分词
)
→
accordingly
determ
ined(
过去分词
)
→
determinedly matter-of-fact(
短语
)
→
matter-of-factly
kind-hearted(
形容词
)
→
kind-heartedly
ill-natured(
形容词
)
→
ill-naturedly
ma
rked(
过去分词
)
→
markedly lingering(
现在分词
)
→
lingeringly
2 .
有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后缀
< br>-ward(s)
构成的
,
意
为“向
..
”
forward( s) , backward( s)
, downward ( s ) , northward ( s) , upward( s ) ,
stationward ( s ) ,
leftward( s) , homeward( s) , onward(
s) , inward( s)
3 .
有些副词是由名词加后缀
-wise
构成的
,
表示位臵、方向、状态、有关等意义
sidewise, clockwise, crabwise, money-
wise, saleswise, taxwise, lengthwise,
educationwise,
weatherwise,
corkscrew-wise
Note:
①有少数副词加后缀
-ways , -long,
-ling( s)
构成。例如
:
sideways, lengthways , headlong,
sideling( s)
②有些副词是加
a-, here-, there-,
where-
构成的。例如
:
away, ashore, aside
herein( in this) , hereby, hereafter
therein( in that) ,
thereby, thereafter
wherein( in which
或
in what ) , whereby,
whereon
4 .
某些以名词
+ -ly
构成的词和其他结构的词
,
既可作副词
,
也可作形容词
下面名词
+ -ly
构成的词既是副词又是形容词
:
1) hourly
Their
average hourly earnings are 20 yuan .
他们每小时的收入是
20
元。
(
形容词
)
The guards shifted hourly .
卫兵每小时换一次岗。
(
副词
)
2)weekly
a weekly payment of 100
yuan
每周
100
元的报酬
(
形容词
)
They met weekly .
他们每周碰一次面。<
/p>
(
副词
)
3)yearly
a
yearly meeting
年会
(
形容词
)
The
interest is normally paid once yearly .
利息通常每年付一次。
(
副词
)
4) leisurely
He often takes a leisurely walk in the
garden in the evening .
晚间
,
他常常在庭院里轻松
地散散步。
(
形容词
)
He walked leisurely along the road .
他在路边悠闲地走着。
(
副词
)
大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二版
)
269
二、构成
..
其他如
:
daily paper
日报
publish daily
每天出版
quarterly
review
季刊
meet
quar terly
每季开会一次
the nightly skies
夜空
appear nightly
夜间出现
fortnightly
publication
两周一次的刊物
perform fortnightly
每两周表演一次
monthly
salary
月薪
come
monthly
每月来一次
ghostly laugh
可怕的笑声
ghostly
pale
鬼一般地苍白
worldly knowledge
人情世故
worldly wise
善于处世
jolly life
舒心愉快的生活
jolly
good
非常好
cleanly
room
清洁的房间
cut
cleanly
干净利落地切
deadly poison
烈性毒药
deadly
serious
极为认真
kindly heart
慈悲心肠
speak kindly
亲切地说
lively girl
活泼的女孩
step lively
轻快地走
Note:manly, costly
等名词
+ -ly
构成的词只用作形容词
,
参阅第五讲。另外
, monthly(
月
刊
) ,
daily(
日报
) ,
weekly(
周报
) , quar
terly(
季刊
) , bimonthly(
双月刊
)
等还可作名词
用
,
如
Beijing
Weekly
《北京周报》
。
5 . alike
是形容词也是副词
英语中有些副词带有前缀
a-,
这类词有些同时也是形容词。例如
:
alone, adrift , astray
迷路
, aslant
倾斜
, afoot
徒步
, aboard
在船上
, abroad, askew
歪
斜
,
ahead
等。
They
think alike .
他们有同样想法。
The boy has gone astray .
She went to the station af oot .
6 .
具有两种形式的同根副词
有些副词具有两种形式
,
一种与形容词同形
,
一种是形容词加后缀
-ly
构成的。这两种形
式的副词有时含义相同或略有不同
,
有时则意义完全不同。比较下面几组词。
1) hard
和
hardly
It is raining hard .
(
猛烈地
)
He works very hard .
(
努力地
)
She listened hard .
(
仔细地
)
I can hardly understand you .
(
几乎不
)
2) clean
和
cleanly
I clean forgot about it .
(
完全地
,
彻底地
)
The man got clean away .
那人逃得无影无踪。
He is
clean out of food .
他完全没有东西吃了。
He
pulled one cork cleanly, but the other crumbled .
(
利索地
,
顺利地
)
Note: cleanly
作
“清
楚地”
解时
,
读作
< br>?
..klinli
?
,
也可用作形容词
,
作
“
爱清洁的”
解
,
读
作
?
..klenli
?
,
如
a cleanly
cat
。
3) late
和
lately
Very late at night , I got a phone call
. (
晚
,
迟
)
I
have lately received a number of letters about
this . (
最近
)
4)most
和
mostly
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
270
第六讲
副
词
The head is the most
sensitive par t of the body .
(
最
)
The snake hunts mostly at night .
(
主要地
)
The guests are mostly friends of the
bride . (
大多数地
)
5) close
和
closely
He stood close to the wall
. (
靠近
)
He was following close behind .
(
近
)
Watch what I do closely .
(
细心地
)
The prisons were closely guarded .
(
严密地
)
6) dead
和
deadly
dead sure
(
的确
)
dead tired (
极其
)
dead ahead
(
正好
)
dead drunk (
完全地
)
stop dead
(
突然地
)
He was deadly pale .
(
死一般地
)
She is deadly sleepy .
(
非常
)
7) sharp
和
sharply
We arrived at the station
at ten o..clock sharp . (
准时
)
look sharp
注意
sing sharp
用升半音唱
At the
crossroads , we turned sharp ( sharply) to the
left . (
急剧地
)
(
作“急剧地
,
突
然地”解时
,
用
sharp
和
sharply
均可
)
8) slow
和
slowly
The workers decided to go
slow . (
怠工
) ( slow
通常与
go, drive,walk
等动词连用
,
臵
于动词之后
,
其他动词多同
slowly
连用
, slowly
在句中的位臵较灵活
)
Speak slowly, please .
(
慢
)
She awakened slowly .
She slowly awakened .
Slowly she awakened .
..
但在下面几句中
,
用
slowly
和
slow
均可
:
How slowly/ slow time passes !
Go slow/ slowly, we..re
coming to a sharp turn .
You..d better go slow/ slowly in
reaching a decision .
9)
right
和
rightly
All went right .
(
好
)
He went right away .
(
立即
)
Go right home at once !
(
直接
)
I haven..t read the book right through
. (
完全地
)
The book is right in front of her .
(
恰好
)
I rightly guessed that he wasn..t
coming . (
正确地
)
He rightly guessed it .
(
正确地
)
(
注意
, rightly
通常放在动词前
,
但也可以说
: He guessed
rightly(
或
right ) . )
10) firm
和
firmly
< br>大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二版
)
271
二、构成
Always hold
f irm to your beliefs .
Stand f irm .
但
: He f irmly believes that
. (
坚定地
)
Fix the nail f irmly in the wall .
(
牢固地
)
11) fair
和
fairly
We must play f air .
(
公正地
)
She hit him fair on the nose .
(
恰好
)
They..ve dealt fair and square with him
. (
公平地
)
但
:
She told the facts fairly .
(
不感情用事或不带偏见地
)
He was f airly beside himself with joy
. (
相当地
,
非常
)
fairly well (
非常好
)
fairly good
12) easy
和
easily
Take it easy . (with sth .
or on sb .
省着用
,
慢慢来
)
Go easy . (
别急
)
Easy said, easy go .
轻诺者往往失信。
get off
easy
没受多大惩罚
Stand
easy !
休息
!
Easier said than done .
做比说难。
但
:
I
can easily finish it today .
(
容易地
)
He is easily satisfied .
(
容易地
)
It is easily the best hotel .
(
无疑
)
13)wide
和
widely
He stands with legs wide
apart . (
宽阔地
,
张得很开
)
Her mouth is wide open .
(
完全地
)
The ball went wide ( far away) f rom
the right point . (
偏斜地
)
Canning is the most widely
used method of food preservation .
(
广泛地
)
They differed widely in opinion .
(
很大地
,
在很多地方
)
He is widely known .
(
到处
)
14) sure
和
surely
“
Can I sit here
?
”
“
Sure .
”
(
< br>当然可以
)
It sure
was a mystery . (
的确
)
He will surely succeed .
(
一定
)
You don..t want to hurt his feelings
surely . (
当然
)
15) loud
和
loudly
Don..t speak so loud . (
loud
指音量的大小
,
常同
talk, speak, sing, laugh
等连用
)
He is snoring loudly .
Tell the children not to speak so
loudly . ( loudly
指发音时用力的强度
,
具有“大叫
,
呼号”等含义
,
有时相当于
noisily,
常指“令人不快的噪音”
)
She is loudly dressed .
(
花哨地
)
Please read out loud ( aloud) .
(
“朗读”不可用
loudly)
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
272
第六讲
副
词
..
但下面两句均正确
:
He spoke loud and clear .
(
口语
)
He spoke loudly and clearly .
(
书面语
)
16) deep
和
deeply
(1)
表示静止状态的具体深度一般
用
deep ,
修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用
deeply
。
例如
:
She stood there, her feet deep in the
grass .
I enjoy it deeply .
She was deeply grateful to
you for your help .
(2)
在
work deep
into the night , go deep into the matter
(
深入探讨
) , drink
deep(
痛饮
) ,
deep-rooted eyes(
深陷的眼睛
)
等词组中
,
不用
deeply
。
..
有时两者可以换用。例如
:
She is deep in love .
She is deeply in love .
dig deep
dig deeply
17)
near
和
nearly
The holiday is drawing near .
(
接近
,
指时间和空间
)
He was nearly run over by a car .
(
几乎
,
差不多
)
18) round
和
roundly
Turn your chair round and face me .
(
转过来
)
He was roundly criticized by the
teacher . (
狠狠地
)
..
下面两组句子都是正确的
,
第一句用于口语
,
第二句用于书面
:
She was sleeping sound .
She was sleeping soundly .
He lay quiet until the danger was over
.
He lay quietly until the
danger was over .
Note:
①在句首或动词前面时
,
应用带
-ly
的副词。例如
:
Slowly she walked towards the graveyard
. (
不用
slow)
②与形容词同形的单个副词不可在强调句中作被强调部分。例如
:
It was clear that she spoke
. (
误
)
It was clearly that she spoke .
(
正
)
It was loud and clear that she spoke .
(
正
)
③
greatly
通常被用来修饰动词
,
除有时修饰形容词比较级或类似的词如
superior ,
inferior
等外
,
一般不修饰形容词。例如
:
The book is greatly interesting .
(
误
)
The book is very( fairly) interesting .
(
正
)
This car , manufactured at a price
greatly higher than that car , is greatly superior
in many respects .
(
正
)
I
greatly appreciate your suggestions .
She was greatly frightened of him .
④有些这类副词
,
修饰动词有时不需加
-ly,
但在修饰形容词、介词、现在分词或过去
分词时
,
却要加
-ly,
常见的有
high( ly) , direct( ly)
, wide( ly) , tight (
ly)
。当然
,
这
些副词另外还各自有其特定的用法
,
参阅本章其他部分。比较
:
He will communicate with you direct .
He was directly affected by
the disaster . (
不用
direct )
大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(<
/p>
第二版
)
273
二、构成
19) f ree
和
f
reely
The dog ran f ree on
the farm . (
无约束地
)
The horse broke f ree .
(
松开着
)
He admitted the mistake f reely .
(
直率地
)
They walked f reely in the park .
(
自由地
)
The books are given away f ree .
(
免费
)
The books are given away f reely .
(
大量地、慷慨地
)
20) large
和
largely
write large (
很大地
)
sail large
(
顺风地
)
It is stupid to talk large .
(
夸大地
,
自夸地
)
His success is largely due to luck .
(
主要地
,
基本上
)
He drinks largely .
(
大量地
)
21) clear
和
clearly
He climbed clear to the top of the t
ree . (
一直地
,
完全地
)
Stand clear of the doors of the t rain
. (
避开
,
不碰上
)
The incident remained very clearly in
her mind . (
清楚地
,
清晰地
)
The time is clearly ripe for it .
(
显然
)
Note: clear
也可以表示“清楚地”
,
但前有程度副词修饰时
,
只能用
clearly,
比较
:
Speak loud and clear .
(
正
)
He speaks very clear .
(
误
)
He speaks very clearly .
(
正
)
22) short
和
shor
tly
You..d better cut short
your talk . It..s late .
(
简短
)
He said he would be back short .
(
不久
)
..
但也可以说
: She
answered him short
(
或
shortly) when he asked him
.
23) flat
和
flatly
knock sb . down flat
(
平直地
)
They went f lat against orders .
(
断然地
)
He..s f lat broke .
(
完全地
)
He finished writing the letter in
twenty minutes f lat . (
正好
)
He kept singing f lat .
(
用降调
)
She f latly refused his demand .
(
坚决地
)
He told her f latly that he wouldn..t
pay the cost . (
坦率地
)
24) cheap
和
cheaply
He bought it cheap and sold it dear .
(
便宜地
)
I never thought he would act so cheap .
(
卑鄙地
)
The bike was cheaply bought .
(
便宜地
)
He escaped cheaply . ( easily)
Note: cheap
和
cheaply
都可以表示“便宜地
,
廉价地”
,
但
cheap
只能用于动词之后
,
不
可用
于动词前
,
并常同
sell, buy
连用
,
而
cheaply
则可用于动词前面或后面。比较
:
The train takes you to the city cheaply
. (
正
)
The train takes you to the city cheap .
(
误
)
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
274
第六讲
副
词
It
was cheaply sold . (
正
)
It was cheap sold .
(
误
)
25) first
和
firstly
You..d better phone her f irst .
(
先
)
I
f irst met her in a small village .
(
初次
)
She said she would resign f irst .
(
宁可
)
the first three days
(
最初的
,
开始的
)
Firstly he explained some sentences;
secondly he gave a brief comment on the whole
essay
.
(
第一、首先
,
用于列举
)
26) rough
和
roughly
treat sb .
rough(
粗暴地
)
live rough (
简陋地
)
sleep rough
(
露宿
)
travel rough
(
因陋就简地旅行
)
They roughly treated the prisoners .
(
粗暴地
)
Roughly speaking, he earned about 200
dollars last month . (
大致地
)
Note: rough
只能用在动词后面
, roughly
则可以用在动词前面或后面。
27)
pretty
和
prettily
The wind blew pretty hard .
(
相当
,
十分
,
相当于
rather )
She was prettily dressed .
(
漂亮地
)
He was prettily punished .
(
合宜地
)
He answered the teacher prettily .
(
有礼貌地
)
Note:
注意下面短语的含义
:
pretty much( well , nearly)
差不多
< br>(
几乎
) , sit pretty
处于极有
利的地位。例如
:
It..s pretty well impossible to climb
the mountain in winter .
在冬天要爬那座山几乎
是不可能的。
28) false
和
falsely
He played her f alse .
他欺骗了她
。
(
不忠实地
,
背信弃义地
)
judge sb . falsely
(
错误地
)
The man was f alsely accused .
(
冤枉地
)
He treated me f alsely .
(
虚伪地
)
29) new
和
newly
new-fallen snow
(
新
,
新近
)
It is a newly built factory .
(
新近地
)
They are a newly mar ried couple .
(
最近
)
It is a newly-painted door .
(
重新
,
再一次
)
Note: new
作副词用时
,
表示“新
,
新近”
,
常用于复合词中
,
同过去分词构成复合形容词
,
中间一般有连字符
,
再如
: new-laid eggs
新下的蛋
, new-found land
新发现的大陆
,
new-born baby
新生婴儿
, new-planted crops
新种的庄稼
, a new-found friend
新交
的朋友。
30) last
和
lastly
< br>大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二版
)
275
二、构成
last-born
(
最后
)
He came last .
(
最后地
)
When did you see her last ?
(
上一次
,
最后一次
)
Lastly, I want to thank the hostess for
her consideration . (
最后一点
,
最后。常位于
句首
,
表示列举的最后一点
)
31) even
和
evenly
Even a child can say it .
(
甚至
,
即使
)
It is an even worse mistake .
(
甚至更
)
The goods are evenly distributed among
them . (
平均地
)
He spread the butter on the bread
evenly . (
均匀地
)
32) express
和
expressly
You..d better send the letter express .
(
用快件寄运
)
He came here express to see her .
(
特意地
)
I expressly told him what to do .
(
明确地
,
清楚地
)
The book is expressly written for
college students . (
专门地
)
33) bright
和
brightly
The stars shine bright .
(
明亮地
,
只能同
shine
连用
,
并放在
shine
后面
)
The lamps are shining brightly .
(
明亮地
)
The floor is brightly painted .
(
鲜艳地
)
34) full
和
fully
sit full in the
sun(
直接地
)
hit sb . full on the nose
(
正好
)
He is f ully aware of it .
(
完全地
)
The children are f ully fed .
(
充分地
)
I can..t fully describe her face .
(
确切地
)
Note:
注意下面的习惯用法
:
full ripe
全熟了
, full many
很多
, full well
很好
, turn full
around
直转过来
, look full at sb .
直盯着某人
, full in the cent re
正当中
, know full
well
非常了解。
35) just
和
justly
He did it just for fun .
(
只是
,
仅仅
)
They just caught the bus .
(
勉强地
,
差一点就不
)
The moon has just come out .
(
刚刚
)
He lived just in this room .
(
正好
,
恰恰正是
)
She was t reated justly .
(
公正地
)
He was justly punished for the crimes .
(
应得地
)
36) dear
和
dearly
He paid dear for the
computer . (
昂贵地
)
She sells her proper ty very dear .
(
高价地
)
He loves her dearly .
(
深情地
)
Victory was dearly bought .
(
昂贵地
)
He..d dearly like to see you .
(
非常
)
Note:
①
dear
作“昂贵地”解时
,
用其字母意义
,
常同
sell , buy, pay, cost
等连用
,
只能放
在
动词后面。
dearly
作“昂贵地”解时
,
用其比喻意义。
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
276
第六讲
副
词
②
hold something dear (
cheap)
珍视
(
轻视
)
某物
,
这里
dear
和
cheap
为形容词。
37) sound
和
soundly
The boy is still sound asleep .
(
酣畅地
)
Their football team was soundly beaten
by ours . (
痛打
,
大败
)
Note:
既可以说
sleep
sound,
也可以说
sleep
soundly
。
38)
direct
和
directly
He flew direct to New York .
(
径直地
,
表示路程或时间
)
They are not directly affected .
(
直接地
)
He answered me very directly .
(
直截了当地
)
The bookstore is directly opposite the
shop . (
正好地
)
He will come directly .
(
马上
,
立刻
)
Note:
既可以说
Answer
me direct .
也可以说
Answer me
directly .
39) inward
和
inwardly
The door opened inward, not outward .
(
向内
,
向中心
,
只可放在动词后
)
bleed inwardly
内出血
(
在内部
)
Inwardly, he doesn..t like her .
(
在内心
)
He spoke inwardly .
(
小声地
,
暗自地
)
40) fine
和
finely
The coat suits me f ine .
(
很好
)
He cut up the vegetable very f ine .
(
细小地
)
She is a f inely dressed woman .
(
雅致地
)
You did f inely .
(
极好地
)
The prices have been f inely calculated
. (
仔细地
)
Note:
比较不同的用法
:
fine-spoken
说得好
, fine-drawn
画得好
, fine-spun
纺得细
; finely
ground pepper
磨得很细的胡椒粉
, finely chopped
meat
切得很细的肉。
41)
foul
和
foully
He played f oul .
(
违反规则地
)
He was f oully murdered .
(
卑鄙地
)
7 .
可用作副词的名词
有些名词在一些固定词组中可用作副词
,
作状语。例如
:
bottle feed
人工喂养
day dream
做白日梦
pitch black
漆黑的
icecold
冰冷的
stone deaf
全聋的
dog tired
累极的
dir t cheap
便宜透了
skeleton thin
骨瘦如柴
8 .
可用作副词的形容词
有些形容词有时可用作副词
,
常见的有
good , rare, pretty,
right , plenty, damned ,
precious ,
dead, right
等。例如
:
dark red
深红的
white
hot
白热化的
devilish
cold
极冷
tight-fitting
紧身的
nice and fast
(very fast ) real good
真好的
icy(bitter) cold
冰冷的
mighty clever
非常聪明的
pretty wise
十分聪明的
precious good care
倍加小心
right glad
非常高兴
amazing fine girls
很漂亮的女孩
大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二版
< br>)
277
二、构成
..
其他如
: burning hot , biting
cold, soaking wet , pale blue, greyish green,
awful sorry , run
clear
through , stop cold (
突然停止不动
)
, play it cool (
保持冷静
) ,
play fair , do fine,
travel
f ree, mighty fine, plain stupid, plumb crazy
等。
The wind is
blowing pretty hard .
She
pays her rent regular . ( = regularly)
Slice the ham thin .
把火腿切得薄薄的。
Don..t
spread the butter too thick .
别把黄油抹得太厚。
First
think and then speak .
先想后说。
Please send it airmail .
请寄航空。
They charge
extra for wine .
酒另收费。
..
再如一些习惯表达法
:
talk big
说大话
, buy something
duty-free
免税买某物
, bend low
低
垂
,
live overseas
在海外居住
, lie
quiet
静静地躺着。
9 .
与介词同形的副词
1)
英语中大部分介词同时也可用作副词
,
其区别是
,
作介词时接宾语
,
作副词时不接宾语
The bird
hopped o f f the branch .
鸟从树枝上跳下。
(
介词
)
The paint was peeling of f .
油漆在脱落。
(
副词
)
There is peak beyond peak .
层峦叠嶂。
(
介词
)
On the distant horizon
is a range of mountains . What is beyond ?
遥远的天际是群山。
山那边是什么
?
(
副词
)
2)
这类副词可用作表语、定语、状语
,
宾语补足语等
The birds
flew of f .
鸟儿飞走了。
The clouds above began to disperse .
上方的云开始消散了。
He
slept out last night .
他昨晚睡在外面。
I..ll be
along in a minute .
我一会儿就来。
The tire is down .
车胎瘪气了。
The water
is down .
水退了。
The milk is of f .
牛奶坏了。
The
conference was on .
会在开着。
You..re out this time .
这次你错了。
What..s on
?
现在有什么节目
?
The t reaty is of f .
协定失效了。
Everybody
was down on him then .
当时大家都看不起他。
When I
got there, I found nobody about .
我到那儿时发现那一带没人。
What kept you up so late ?
什么使你这么晚还没睡
?
10 .
形、副同形的词
有些词既可作形容词
,
又可作副词
,
现例示如下
:
1) clean
She is
so clean and tidy .
He is
clean from misdeeds .
他没有劣迹。
The thief got clean away .
(
意为
completely)
She clean forgot to switch the oven on
.
2) late
late spring
暮春
, a
late mar riage
晚婚
, late in
life
晚年
, in one..s late thir
ties
三十七八岁
,
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
278
第六讲
副
词
the
latest news
最新消息
, the late
President Nixon
已故的尼克松总统
,
late premier
前
任总理
He kept late
hours .
他睡得很晚。
He
sometimes came late to class .
Roses flowered late this year .
今年玫瑰花开得晚。
3)wide
wide shoulders
肩膀宽阔
a man of
wide information
知识面广的人
She sat there looking up, her eyes wide
with pleasure .
His guess
is wide of the fact .
他的猜测同事实相差甚远。
He
left the office door wide open .
(
固定词组
)
She is wide awake .
(
醒透了
,
机警
)
(
固定词组
)
The bullet went wide of the mark .
子弹打飞了。
.. widely
意为“在很大程度上
,
范围广阔地”
,
用法较灵活
,
参阅上文。例如
:
He has travelled widely .
他见
闻很广。
(
不可说
travel
wide,
但可以说
travel far and
wide
。
far and wide
为习惯用语
)
The widely known
man(
名人
) was widely read
(
博览群书
) and so the
conversation
between
him and the President ranged widely .
4)well
She is very well .
(
为
ill
的反义词
,
意为“身体好”
,
但不能说
a well person ,
要说
a
healthy person)
Everything is well with him .
(
顺利的
,
良好的
)
It is all very well to leave now, but
who is to look after the girl ? ( It is all very
well +
不
定式意为“固然很
好
..
但”
,
是一种反语
,
表示不赞同、不满意
)
He booked the room well in advance .
(
程度
)
Clean the house well before you move in
. (
彻底地
,
好好地
)
He took the joke well .
他对这笑话不介意。
Well
done !
做得
(
干得或写得
)
好
!
think well of sb .
对某人有好感
5) tight
My shoes are too tight .
The joint is completely
tight . (
不漏水气
)
My chest feels rather tight .
(
难受的
)
He has a tight schedule today .
(
时间排得满满的
)
He could conceal his nervousness in
tight situations ( in a tight corner ) .
(
困难的
,
危险
的
)
That is a tight game .
(
势均力敌
)
The girl sat tight until her mother
came back . (
坐着不动
,
不可用
tightly)
The two sides sat tight with each other
. (
坚持目标、意见等
,
不可用
tightly)
Note:
在动词和过去分词前要用
tightly,
在动词后面
,
可用
tight
代替
tightly
。比较
:
The clusters of houses tightly packed
together .
The clusters of
houses are packed tight together .
6) slow
大学英语语法——
—讲座与测试
(
第二版
)
279
二、构成
the slow
movement , a slow book
一本索然无味的书
, a slow poison
慢性毒药
, slow
music
曲调舒缓的音乐
,
slow fire
文火
, a slow town
落伍的市镇
, a slow night
过得很
缓慢的夜晚
, be slow of speech
说话慢
, be slow of hearing
重听
, be slow at maths
不擅
长数学
, be slow in
understanding
领悟力不强
, be slow
to learn sth .
学得慢
She is slow o f comprehension .
她的理解力很迟钝。
He is
slow at accounts .
他不善于算账。
He is slow to show his anger .
他不轻易动怒。
How slow
you like me to play ?
You
should go slow in what you are doing .
你应该谨慎从事。
(go slow
意为“小心地
,
谨
慎地”
;
也表示“慢慢地走”
)
7) sharp
the
sharp teeth(
锋利的
) , sharp
footprints (
清晰的
) , sharp
eyes(
锐利的
) , a sharp nose
(
尖的
)
, a sharp pain(
剧烈的
) , a
sharp desire (
强烈的
) , a
sharp appetite (
迫切的
) , a
sharp
turn(
突然的
) , a sharp crack of
a twig(
清脆的
) , a sharp cont
rast (
鲜明的
) , the C
sharp minor prelude (C
小调序曲
, sharp
指半高音
, minor
指小调
)
She arrived at seven o..clock sharp .
(
准
,
正
)
The road turned sharp left
. (
急速地
)
She sang sharp .
(
唱高半音
)
We..ll have to look sharp or we..ll
never get there in time .
(
赶快
)
Look sharp ! The train is coming .
(
当心
)
She looked sharply at him .
(
目光锐利地看———不用
sharp)
He spoke sharply to the old
woman . (
说话很厉害———不用
sharp)
8)quick
be quick at work ( in movement)
(
快的
) , a quick
reply(
即刻的
) , a quick temper
(
急的
) ,
quick eyes
慧眼
,
quick ears
耳朵灵
, a quick wit
(mind)
急智
(
头脑转得快
) , a quick boy
(
伶俐的
) , be quick
of sight( hearing)
眼睛尖
(
听觉灵敏
)
He
got rich quick .
他很快就发财了。
Please come quick !
(
动词后
)
Tell me quick .
(
宾语后
)
The events moved as quick as some
people thought .
Note:
quick
和
quickly
均可作副词
,
与表示动作的动词连用时
,
常可换用
,
尤其是在口语
中。但在下面一句中
,
须用
quickly
与
accurately
连用
,
以便谐和
:
He works quickly and accurately .
..
在
speak quickly , quickly
open the window
中要用
quickly
。
9) high
the high cliffs of the
island (
程度高的
) , high social
status(
地位高的
) , high-quality
products(
质量好的
) , the high
wind
劲风
, the high voice
尖声
, have a high opinion of
sb .
高
度评价某人
(
器重某人
) , high living
奢侈的
, high summer
盛夏
, high anxiety
极度悲伤
,
be in high spirits
兴高采烈
.. high
和
highly
均可作副词
, high
表示具体的高度
,
但与某些动词搭配也可表示抽象的高
,
如
: aim high
目标远大
, live high
过富裕生活
, run high
激昂
, play high
下高赌注
,
常位于
动词或宾语之后
;
而
highly
则只表示程度
,
指抽象的高。例如
:
He can jump as high as two metres .
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
280
第六讲
副
词
He held his head high .
People..s enthusiasm is
running high .
人们的热情在高涨。
The case is highly complex in detail .
(
极复杂
)
It..s highly amusing .
(
极有趣
)
He spoke highly of her .
(
高度赞扬
)
They are highly-educated people .
(
受过高等教育的
)
He is highly paid .
(
薪俸优厚
)
She is highly delighted at the news .
(
非常高兴
)
10) flat
the
flat surface(
平整的
) , a flat
basket (
浅的
) , a flat lie
弥天大谎
, a flat tire
没气的车
胎
, a flat denial
断然否认
, feel flat
感觉无聊
, knock a man flat
把某人打倒在地
, lay a
town flat
把一个城市夷为平地
, a flat market
市面萧条
, fall flat
不
成功
(
不理想
) , fall
flat on the floor
直挺挺地倒在地板上
, the flat writing
不尽人意的作文
..
作副词用时
, flat
意为“绝对地
,
断然地
,
降半音地
,
平直地
,
正好”
。
flatly
也是副词
,
意
为
“断然地
,
绝对地
,
完全地”
( positively) ,
常同
oppose, refuse
等连用。参阅上文。例如
:
The general went f lat against the
order . (
断然抗命
)
He is now f lat broke .
(
完全破产
)
She told him f lat she would go her own
way . (
斩钉截铁地
)
He was told to sing f lat .
(
低半音唱
)
He fell f lat on the floor .
他直挺挺地倒在地上。
She
ran the 80-metre in 10 seconds f lat .
她
80
米跑了
10
秒整。
He f
latly(
或
flat ) rejected my
demand . (
断然地
)
11) fine
a fine
musician(
优秀的
) , a fine
view(
美好的
) , fine hair
(
细的
) , fine details
(
精微的
) ,
fine
features(
娇美的
) , not to put
too fine a point on it
坦率地说
The coat fits me f ine .
(
很
)
He is doing f ine .
(
干得不错
)
.. finely
也是副词
,
参阅上文。再如
: a finely moving
girl
举止优雅的少女
, a finely
restored
temple
修复得很好的寺庙。
12)
dead
dead water
死水
, dead
laws(
已废除的
) , dead
letters(
无法投递的
) , be dead to
all reason
不可理喻
,
the dead phone(
失去效能的
) , a
dead cigar (
熄灭的
) , the dead
silence
万籁俱
寂
.. dead
作副词用时
,
意为
exactly,
completely(
完全
,
绝对
)
。参阅上下文。例如
:
You are dead wrong .
你全错了。
You are
dead right . (
完全正确
)
He is dead tired .
(
极为疲倦
)
The boy is dead asleep .
(
在酣睡
)
The man is dead drunk .
(
酩酊大醉
)
I am dead sure( certain) .
(
完全可以肯定
)
.. deadly
既是副词也是形容词
,
作副词时
,
意为“死一般地
,
非常地
,
严重地”
;
作形容词
用
时
,
意为“致命的
(
fatal)
。例如
:
He went deadly pale at the news .
(
死一般地
)
大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二版
< br>)
281
二、构成
The matter
is deadly serious . (
非常严重
)
a deadly poison
剧毒
, a deadly enemy
死敌
, a deadly weapon
凶器
, a deadly man
毒辣
的
人
13) fast
fast
communications(
快速的
) , fast
colours (
不褪色的
) , a fast life
(
放荡的
) , take a fast
hold of
握紧
It is raining
fast .
在下大雨。
He
is f ast asleep .
他睡得很熟。
Don..t make friends with those who live
f ast .
勿同生活放荡之人交友。
He is a man holding f ast to principles
.
他是一个坚持原则的人。
Don..t play fast and loose with her
affections .
不要玩弄她的感情。
14) hard
hard
rocks
坚硬的岩石
, hard questions
难题
, a long and hard day
漫长而繁忙的一天
,
have a hard time
经历一段困难时期
, hard attack
猛烈的攻击
, be hard on sb .
对某人严
厉或苛刻
, a hard heart
冷酷的心
, a hard teacher
严师
, a hard line
强硬路线
, be hard
behind
sb .
紧跟在某人的后面
, hard evidence
铁证如山
hold sth .
hard
紧握某物
, breathe hard
呼吸困难
, drink hard
狂饮
, snow hard
雪下得很
大
, hit sb ./ sth . hard
猛击某人
(
某物
)
15) low
low income
低收入
,
talk in a low voice
低声谈话
, a
man of low bir th
出身低微的人
,
low
taste
低级趣味
, be in low spirits
情绪低落
, have a low opinion of
sb .
对
..
评价甚低
(
瞧不起某人
) ,
a low fellow
下流的人
, play low
tricks
耍手腕
, low thoughts
不建康的思
想
, the low lights
昏暗的灯光
, entertainment of low
sor t
低级娱乐
She
bent low in front of the photo .
她在那照片前默默地鞠躬。
The
candle is burning low .
蜡烛快要燃尽了。
As the
stock of money is running low , he has to play low
.
由于存款即将用完
,
他只能小
赌了。
.. lowly
作形容词意为“低下的
,
谦卑的”
,
作副词意为“低声地
,
谦恭地
,
低下地”
。例如
:
A number of t rades ,
previously thought of as lowly ones , began to
receive more attention
.
很多以前被认为是低下的行当
,
开始引起越来越多的注意了。
She
has a lowly opinion of herself .
她很自谦。
They are
lowly paid .
他们收入微薄。
The two men were talking lowly .
那两个人在低声谈话。
16) st
raight
a long and straight
road
又长又直的路
, a straight
answer
直截了当的答复
, a straight
conduct
正直的行为
, get the house
straight
把房子收拾整齐
, keep
straight
洁身自好
, go
straight ahead
一直向前
, come straight to the
point
开门见山
, fly straight to
Paris
直飞
巴黎
, tell sth . straight out
把
..
直说出来
, live straight
清白地做人
17) sound
the
sound wall
坚固的墙壁
, be
mentally sound
心理健康
, the
sound advice
中肯的劝告
,
a sound argument
理由充足的论据
, a sound investment
稳妥的投资
, a sound sleeper
酣
睡的人
,
a sound beating
痛打
, a sound
manager
一位判断力强的经理
, a sound
friend
诚
实可靠的朋友
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
282
第六讲
副
词
He
is sound asleep .
(
固定说法中用
sound)
He is sleeping soundly . ( soundly
用法较灵活
)
18) short
a shor
t speech
简洁的发言
, a shor t
temper
爱耍脾气
, be shor t of
sleep(men , money)
睡
眠不足
(
缺少人手
,
缺钱
) , be a year shor t of
fifty
差一年不到五十岁
, the shop
giving
shor t weight
骗秤头的商店
, fall short of one..s
expectations
未达到所期望的目标
, be
shor t with sb .
对某人粗鲁
(
无情无义
)
,Maddy for short
简称
Maddy ,
take a shor t cut
走
近路
, be shor t of humour
缺少幽默感
, short of
robbery(murder )
除了抢劫
(
杀人
)
外
He wanted to cut short the lecture .
他想缩短讲演的内容。
Don..t
tell Henry short .
不要小看享利。
He stopped short .
他突然停了下来。
19)
right
a right decision
正确的决定
, the right person for
the work
做这项工作的合适人选
, the
right side of the street
街道的右边
The hotel
is right on the beach .
旅馆就坐落在海滨。
The
pistol..s right there near the bed .
手枪恰好在床边。
The ball
hit him right on the nose .
球正打在他的鼻子上。
The
party began right after her arrival .
她一到晚会就开始了。
Turn
right at the corner .
在拐角处朝右转。
Note:
作“正确地”解时
, right
和
rightly
均可用
, right
只能放在动词后
, rightly
放在动词
前
后均可。例如
:
I rightly guessed his meaning .
(
不可用
right)
You guessed right .
(
可用
rightly)
20) pretty
a
pretty garden
漂亮的庭院
, a
pretty face
姣美的面容
, pretty
music
动听的音乐
, a pretty
boy
清秀而有气质的男孩
, a pretty state of
affairs( a pretty mess)
一团糟
..
作副词用时
, pretty
作
quite, rather
解
,
参阅上文。再如
:
I..m pretty certain she enjoys it .
我确信她会喜欢它的。
She is
pretty well .
她身体很好。
21) loud
a loud
voice
嗓音洪亮
, loud music
吵人的音乐
, a loud denial
断然的否认
He is
thinking out loud .
他一边想着
,
一边自言自语地说着。
She
laughed out loud at the thought .
那个念头使她不禁大笑起来。
Note:
在同
laugh ,
shout , speak, talk
连用时
,
一般用
loud,
较少用
loudly
。
22)
just
a just price
公平的价格
, a just man
公正
(
正直
)
的人
, a just reward
正当的报酬
, just
claim
正当的要求
, just
weights
精确的砝码
, just
suspicions
有理由的怀疑
She had just moved in .
她刚刚搬进来。
( a very short time
ago)
The telephone rang
just as he entered the room . ( at this/ that very
moment )
That is just what
l wanted to hear . ( exactly, precisely)
He just caught the train .
他正好赶上那班火车。
( barely)
She just passed the exam .
她考试刚及格。
( almost not )
Isn..t that just wonderful
! (very completely)
大学英语语法—
——讲座与测试
(
第二版
)
283
二、构成
.. justly
意为“正义地
,
公正地”
。例如
:
I believe l have acted
justly .
我相信我的行为是正当的。
He was justly punished for the crime .
他的罪行受到了应有的惩罚。
23)
fair
fair dealings
公平的交易
, fair play
公正的竞争
(
公平的手段
) ,
make a fair copy
誊清
We can trust him to play fair .
我们可以相信
,
他是不会失信的。
He told
me fair and square what her position was .
他直截了当地把她的立场告诉了
我。
They settled
the quarrel fair and square .
他们公平合理地解决了这一争端。
Note:
在固定词组
play
fair , fight fair , fair and square
中用
fair,
其他场合一般用副词
fairly
。
例如
:
He was fairly treated by the authority
.
She is a fairly good
singer . ( quite, rather )
24) clear
a
clear conscience
良心清白
, a
clear mind
清晰的头脑
, clear
morning air
清新的晨间空
气
, make clear sth . (make it
clear)
阐明
.. , make oneself
clear
把
..
说清楚
, a clear
voice
清亮的声音
, a clear colour
鲜亮的颜色
, the clear weather
晴好的天气
, a clear
afternoon
空闲的下午
, get a clear hundred
from the deal
那次交易净收入
100
元
, be clear
of the ground
离开地面
The children
were asked to stay clear of the fire .
孩子们被告知离火远一点。
( not
touching)
What is important is not to keep clear
of the difficulties, but to face them .
重要的不是
逃避困难
,
而是正视它们
(
隔开
)
。
The man threw her clear on the
floor .
那人一下子把她摔倒在地板上。
(
完全地
)
..
clearly
也是副词
,
意为
distinctly,
obviously
。例如
:
I hadn..t really ever thought clearly
about this division . (
清楚地
)
Clearly, they..ve got to
define their policies . (
显然
)
25) easy
easy job
轻松的工作
,
easy life
舒适的生活
, be easy on
the ear
悦耳
, an easy pace
从容
的步态
..
在一些习语中
,
常用
easy
作副词代替
easily
。例如
:
Take it easy . You..ll recover soon .
别急
,
你不久就会康复的。
(
亦作
take things easy)
Go easy on the salt , its
bad for your heart .
盐对心脏不好
,
少吃点。
Go easy on
him for a while, he..s got a lot of family
problems .
暂且饶了他
,
他有很多家
庭问题。
Easy come,
easy go .
来得容易去得快。
Easier said than done .
做比说难。
26) early
She is an early riser .
她是个早起的人。
She
always goes to bed early and gets up early .
她总是早起早睡。
27) ill
Ill news runs apace .
恶事传千里。
She never
spoke ill of others behind their backs .
她从不在背后说人家的坏话。
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
284
第六讲
副
词
28)
little
He had little spare
time .
他很少有空闲时间。
He rests too little .
他休息得很少。
She
little knows that the police were after her .
她一点也不知道警察在追缉她。
(
= not all all)
29)much
She wasted much money that
way .
她那样浪费了许多钱。
They did not talk much .
他们谈得不多。
30)only
He was the only man present .
他是唯一在场的人。
I can
only stay a little while .
我只能待一会儿。
31) half
I haven..t said hal f the things I
wanted to say .
我的话还没说完一半。
The house is hal f empty .
这房屋一半空着。
I
didn..t hal f like it .
我非常喜欢它。
32) long
等形、副同形的词
其他既可作形容词亦可作副词的词还有
:
long
→
a long walk , a long memory
live long, long-awaited
chances
enough
→
enough
proof
be old enough to
understand it
far
→
at the far
end of the room, a man of far sight , be far from
far gone, thus far, so far
so good, see far, look far into the future, go as
far as , so
far
sure
→
be sure of
oneself, be sure to do sth ., be sure of winning,
a sure proof, a sure
way to
success
get sth . for sure,
be sure bored(
在美国口语中常用
sure
代替
surely)
free
→
free time,
free medical care
公费医疗
, free
press
言论自由
, free trade
自由贸易
,
free from prejudice, a free seat
空位
, free of tax, the museum
f ree
免费参观的博
物馆
get sth .
free( free
作副词用时
,
意为
without payment , f reely
则意为
without limit
or restriction,
如
: eat free in a restaurant
, speak freely in front of the judge)
direct
→
direct
flight to London, the direct cont rol , a very
direct man
直爽的人
, a direct
tax
直接税
fly direct
from . . . to . . .
从
..
直飞
..(
在表示时间或旅途时
< br>,
可用
direct
替
代
directly,
参阅上文
)
close
→
in close
contact with , close friends , close relatives
stand close together, live
close by the wood
住在森林附近
wrong
→
a wrong
choice, the wrong accent , be in the wrong
go
wrong(
注意
,
在动词后面
,
可用
wrong
代替
wrongly,
但在动词前只用
wrongly,
如
: guess wrong/ wrongly, I
wrongly believed her . He was wrongly
accused .
他被诬告。
)
11 .
同根形容词和副词
大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二版
)
285
三、功能
1) eager
表示“着急的”
, eagerly
表示“急切地”
He looked eager .
他看上去很着急。
He
looked eagerly out of the window .
他急切地向窗外看。
2)open
表示“开着
(
的
)
”
, openly
表示“公开地
,
公然地”
The thief forced the window open .
小偷把窗户撬开了。
The
thief forced the window openly .
小偷竟公然撬窗户。
3)
loose
表示“松
(
开
)
的”
, loosely
表示“灵活地”
The chains worked loose .
链条松开了。
The chains
worked loosely .
链条转动很灵活。
12 . any
和
some
等可以用作副词
有些不定代词和指示代词也可用作副词。
any
用作副词时
,
相当于
at all ,
常用于疑问句、
条件句和否定句中
; some
用作副词时
,
相当于
to some extent ,
常用于肯定句。例如
:
That didn..t help her any .
那对她没有任何帮助。
Did he
work any last night ?
他昨晚做什么工作了吗
?
Does our talk disturb you any ?
我们的谈话对你有什么妨碍吗
?
My experience in doing the work helped
me some .
我做这项工作的经验对我有些帮助。
The patient..s condition has improved
some .
病人的情况有些好转了。
I..ll buy it if it is any good .
The water is none too hot .
It something surprised her
. ( = somewhat )
He cares
nothing for the slander . ( = not at all)
She slept none the whole
night . ( = never )
The
story is that interesting . ( = so)
She has some fifty dollars . ( = about)
I like baseball some .
三、功能
1 .
作状语
,
< br>修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词
(
短语
< br>)
、连词或整个句子
He
runs fast .
他跑得快。
The book is very interesting .
这本书很有趣。
The bus
came quite early .
公共汽车到得很早。
She left shortly after the meeting .
会议刚结束她就走了。
(
修饰介词
)
He is much against
the proposal .
他坚决反对这项计划。
(
修饰介词
)
She failed entirely through her own
fault .
她的失败完全是由自己的失误造成的。
(
修
饰介词
)
It is near by the bridge .
它就在离桥很近的地方。
(
修饰介词<
/p>
)
He lives f ar
beyond the tower .
他住在那座塔过去很远的地方。
(
修饰介词
)
He fell ill mainly because he ate too
much .
他病了
,
主要因为吃
得太多。
(
修饰连词
)
I heard of her long before
I met her .
在见到她之前
,
< br>我很早就听说过她。
(
修饰连词
)
They caught him exactly
when he got off the bus .
他刚下车就被他们就抓住了他
。
(
修
饰连词
)
Happily, he was not in the house then .
幸运的是
,
他当时不在那所房子里。
(
修饰句
子
)
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
286
第六讲
副
词
Frankly, I don..t agree with you .
说实话
,
我不同意你的意见。
(
修饰句子
)
2 .
作表语
表示位臵的副词作表语时说明主语的状态或特征
(
above, across , inside, upstairs)
表示
动作方向的副词作表语时是有动作意义
( up, down
, on , in, off, out ) well off, up to
等
副词短语亦可作表语。例如
:
Time is up .
时间到了。
(
指结束的时间
)
The book will be out soon .
这本书要出版了。
The
cruel man is up to anything .
那个残忍的人是什么都能干得出的。
Spring is in .
春天来了。
Jack was
down with a fever .
杰克因发烧卧床。
The meal was af terwards .
吃饭在后。
The
Democratic Party is now in .
共和党在执政。
Is the
fire still in ?
火还在烧吗
?
Oranges are now in .
桔子已经上市了。
Is the
TV on ?
电视机开着吗
?
A new film is in .
一部新影片正在上映。
The
Conservative Party is out .
保守党下台了。
This kind
of cap is out .
这种帽子已经不流行了。
What..s up ?
发生了什么事
?
He was up late last night .
他昨晚睡得很迟。
The gas
is of f .
煤气关上了。
The village is ten miles of f .
离那个村庄有
10
英里路。
One of the
types is down .
一只轮胎没气了。
3 .
作定语
,
修饰名词
副词修饰名词作定语时
,
常放在名词后。例如
:
The buildings around are of modern
style .
周围是一些具有现代风格的建筑。
The students there are f rom France .
那边那些学生来自法国。
I met
her on my way home .
我在回家的路上遇见了她。
This
is my first day of f .
这是我休假的第一天。
I saw
her the week be f ore .
Her
life abroad was colorful .
She looked at the lamp above .
Only she could come .
(
修饰代词放在代词前
)
..
但
:
He is regarded as rather a fool . ( =
rather foolish)
The up
train leaves at eight . ( = train that goes up)
She flied to a far count ry
.
We had quite a party .
我们玩得很开心。
Who was
the then Prime Minister ?
She had inside information about it .
Note:
副词作定语时
,
有时出现在
with
和另一名词之间。例如
:
The whole summer went past with
scarcely a drop of rain .
整个夏天过去了
,
几乎没
下一滴雨。
大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二版
)
287
四、位臵
The room was
in disorder, with here bottles , there books .
房间乱糟糟的
,
到处是瓶
子和书籍。
4 .
作介词宾语和宾语补足语
某些表示位臵的副词可以在
over, out , up,
under, from, in, near , on, around, down ,
along
等后作介词宾语
( near, from,
towards
→
home; f rom,
to
→
where)
某些时间副词
可以在
by, from, except ,
before, after, till , since
等后作介词宾语
;
副词还可作及物动
词的宾语补足语或介词
with
和
without
的宾语补足语。例如
:
You can leave the goods anywhere but
here .
She looked
everywhere except there .
I
did not know her until quite recently .
It was a quiet night , with
the moon high up in the sky .
The woman walked along the river with
her head down .
Please ask
her in .
I went to her room
only to find her out .
Note:
少数副词亦可作动词的宾语。例如
:
see above
见上文
consult below
参阅下文
see over
见下文
see below for reference
参见下文
四、位臵
1 .
程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词前面
如果实义动词前有情态动词或助动词
,
程度副词要放在二者之间
;
如果是
be
动词
,
程度
副词要放于其后。常用的这类词有
: just , too,
fairly, nearly , awfully, frightfully ( =
very) , utterly,
enormously, slightly, exactly, absolutely,
perfectly, thoroughly, scarcely,
hardly, almost , quite, extremely,
completely, deeply, greatly , hardly, definitely,
par tly, ter ribly,
considerably, comfortably, dreadfully, little,
rather, so, very, much
等。例如
:
I am very happy to be with you .
和你在一起我很愉快。
(
修饰形容词
)
He speaks English
pretty well .
他的英语说得相当好。
(
修饰副词
)
He
nearly got run over by a car .
(
行为动词前
)
I can hardly believe what he said .
(
情态动词和实义动词之间
)
He is terribly sor ry for his misdeeds
. ( be
动词后
)
The book is remarkably easy .
The room is comf ortably
warm .
It is dreadf ully
cold today .
She ran
incredibly fast .
I little
know that he is your father .
.. quite
同否定词连用时
,
位于
not
前后意义不同。例如
:
I quite don..t understand him .
我完全不了解他。
I don..t
quite understand him .
我不十分了解他。
We quite
didn..t believe Jim .
我们非常不相信吉姆。
We
didn..t quite believe Jim .
我们有点不相信吉姆。
Note:
副词及被修饰的副词不能同时都以
-ly
结尾
,
以避免语音上的不和谐。例如
:
不说
: She walked terribly
slowly .
要说
: She
walked terribly slow .
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
288
第六讲
副
词
2 .
频率副词通常放在行为动词前
当句中有情态动词、
助动词或
be
动词时
,
则放在这类动词后。
常用的有
:
ever, rarely, often
,
sometimes , seldom, never , constantly ,
frequently, occasionally, always , usually
等。例
如
:
I of ten see her walk in
the park .
我常看见她在公园里散步。
(
行为动词前
)
We
must always remember this .
我们必须永远记往这一点
。
(
情态动词后
)
He has never been late .
他从不迟到。
(
助动词后
< br>)
She is seldom late .
她很少迟到。
( be
动词后
)
..
考察下面一句
:
A:My husband bought a
Scrabble game .
B: How nice
we .
A . play often that
game too B . often play that game, too
C . also that game play often D . play
also that game often
(
根据
often
的位臵
,B
项正确
)
Note:
①
still,
almost , nearly, never , already, just , always
等程度副词或频率副词可以放
在
be, have,
助动词和情态动词之前
,
表示强调
,
要重读
,
但被强调的不是
still
等副
词
,
而是
be, have,
助动词或情态动词。例如
:
He never can understand it .
She already has done her
best .
He really is unaware
of it .
Jane still is in
the shoe factory .
He
always has been prudent , and always will be .
②当程度副词和频率副词在句中同时出现时
,
通常是程度副词修饰频率副词。例
如
:
They nearly always spend their holidays
in the mountains .
他们几乎总是在山里度
假。
3 .
方式副词———一般放在动词后
1)
遇到动词
+
介词
+
宾语结构时
,
方式副词既可臵于介词前
,
也可臵于宾语后
;
在动词
+
宾
语结构中
,
放在宾语后。常用的有
: fast , quickly,
quietly, slowly, carefully, angrily, well
等
The
girl danced beauti fully .
这姑娘的舞姿很美。
She
speaks French well .
她的法语说得很好。
He
looked at her angrily . (
或
:
He looked angrily at her .)
他怒视着她。
2)
在动词
+
宾语结构中
,
如果宾语较长
,
常把副词臵于动词之前
,
以免造成歧义
They
secretly decided to leave the town .
他们
秘密决定离开小镇。
(
“决定”是秘密的
)
They decided to leave
the town secretly .
他们决定秘密地离开小镇。
(
“离开”这一
行动是秘密的
)
< br>3)
还有一些方式副词放在动词前和放在动词后具有不同的含义。比较
:
He answered the
question foolishly .
他的回答是愚蠢的。
(
不着边际
)
He foolishly answered the question .
他愚蠢地回答了问题。
(
意即
:
他不该回答这
个问题
)
He behaved foolishly at the par ty .
他在晚会上表现不佳。
4)
人、动物或事物有各种各样的行为或变化
,
这就需要用不同的方式副词来加以表述。
大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(<
/p>
第二版
)
289
四、位臵
(1)
方式副词→表示状况、状貌
She danced grace fully .
她的舞姿优美。
He
refused her demand politely .
他有礼貌地拒绝了她的请求。
..
这类副词常用的还有
: bravely, gently
文雅的
, rudely, loudly, humbly,
graciously
谦
和地
, cour teously
谦恭地
, publicly, carefully,
violently, formally, skillfully, casually
漫不经心地
,
conscientiously, violently, thoroughly
彻底地
, perfectly, badly, st
rikingly
令人注目地
,
quietly, surprisingly
令人惊讶地
,
quickly, fast , well
等。
(2)
方式副词→表示情感、意愿。例如
:
He flung the book on the
floor angrily .
他气愤地把书扔在地板上。
She didn..t do it purposely .
她不是故意那样做的。
..
这类副词常用的还有
:merrily, proudly,
sadly , calmly, fervently
热烈地
, resentfully
忿恨地
, willingly, unwillingly,
deliberately
含蓄地
,
contentedly, cordially
真诚地
,
nervously
不安地
, warmly, mildly, coldly,
intentionally
有意地
,
unintentionally
无意
地
, willfully
故意地
, gratefully, excitedly,
bitterly
悲痛地
, determinedly
决意地
,
delightedly
高兴地
,
encouragingly
鼓励地
,
voluntarily
自愿地
(
自
发地
)
等。
(3)
方式副词→表示方法、手段。例如
:
He got the money illegally
.
他以非法手段弄钱。
She
told him the news telegraphically .
她用电报把这消息告诉他。
..
这类副词常用的还有
: legally,
medically
用医疗手段
,
microscopically
用显微镜
,
telescopically
用望远镜
, surgically
用外科手术
,
等。
4 .
逻辑连接副词和评注性副词
这两类副词通常位于句首
,
有时也位于句中或句尾。
1)
逻辑连接副词
However, not everybody agreed .
The composition is all
right; there is room for improvement , however .
2)
评注性副词→表示推断
Rightly, he refused her offer .
He wisely took his
friend..s advice .
..
这类副词既修饰全句
,
也修饰主语
,
常用的有
: artfully , cleverly,
cor rectly, justly,
cunningly
, incor rectly ,
reasonably, sensibly, unreasonably, shrewdly,
unwisely , prudently,
rightly, wisely
等。
3)
评
注性副词→表示怀疑或不怀疑、真实或非真实
Obviously, he tried to pervert the
truth .
He is undoubtedly
the greatest musician of the country .
She can possibly do it all by herself .
Actually, he is an ideal
teacher .
He is nominally
in charge of the company .
..
这类副词常用的有
:
likely, possibly , maybe, conceivably, reputedly,
doubtless ,
seemingly,
arguably, allegedly, supposedly,
obviously, undoubtedly, plainly, clearly,
manifestly,
definitely, cer
tainly, undeniably, decidedly, admittedly,
actually, nominally, formally,
officially, outwardly, superficially,
ostensibly, fundamentally, essentially, basically,
naturally
等。
4)
评注性副词→表示情感或方式
新
/
世
/
纪
/
英
/
语
/
丛
/
书
290
第六讲
副
词
Con f identially, he is not
qualified for the job .
Unf
ortunately, it rained hard the whole day .
Luckily, nobody saw her at
the moment .
..
这类副词常用的有
: briefly, seriously
, honestly, frankly, flatly, candidly, truthfully,
privately, bluntly,
broadly, roughly, simply, confidentially, unfor
tunately, funnily,
remarkably,
curiously, amazingly,
inevitably, unexpectedly, incredibly, regrettably,
annoyingly,
happily, sadly,
luckily, tragically, understandably, preferably,
amusingly,
thankfully,
conveniently, significantly, fortunately
等。
5)
评注性副词→表示方面
Personally, I don..t like the book .
Generally speaking , it is
wor th reading .
..
这类副词常用的有
: personally,
generally, literally, figuratively, technically,
theoretically,
financially,
metaphorically, generally speaking, st rictly
speaking, broadly speaking
等。
Note:
①有些评注性副词
,
既可以修饰整个句子
,
也可以修饰某一个具体的词
,
应加以区
别。例如
:
Clearly she didn..t understand what you
mean . (
修饰整个句子
)
We could see the distant hills clearly
. (
修饰谓语动词
)
She naturally replied at once .
(
修饰整个句子
)
She replied naturally .
(
修饰谓语动词
)
②有些评注性副词位臵不同
,
则含义不同。比较
:
Actually, he did not know it .
事实上
,
他不知道那件事。
He
actually did not know it .
他确实不知道那件事。
Hap
pily, she wasn..t there .
幸亏她不在那里。
The
letter was happily phrased .
这封信措辞妥当。
..
形容词短语
,
分词短语
,
介词短语
,
不定式短语和句子也可用作评注性状语。这时
,
形容
词短语
,
分词短语和不定式短语通常放在句首
,
用逗号隔开
,
句子则可放在句首或句尾
,
用逗号隔开
,
有时也可放在句中
,
用逗号隔开。例如
:
To be sure, she is the best student in
the class .
可以肯定地说
,
她是班上最好的学生。
(
不定式短语
)
He is , so to speak, very
suitable for the job .
可以这样说
,
他是很适合做这项工作的。
(
不定式短语
)
Sure enough, it began to
rain at noon .
果然
,
中午开始下雨了。
(
形容词短语
)
Worse still , he let out
the secret .
更糟的是
,
他泄露了秘密。
(
形容词短语
)
Strange, the book is
nowhere to be found .
真奇怪
, <
/p>
那本书哪里也找不到。
(
形容词有
时也可作评注性状语
)
See you next week , I hope
. (
句子
)
The man, I believe, is reliable .
(
句子
)
Putting it mildly , he isn..t suited to
be a teacher . (
分词短语
)
..
其他如
: I admit , I think, who
knows, they tell me, one hears , I..m sorry to say
, I..m
sure, it is claimed
, God knows, I..m pleased ( happy , delighted,
glad) to say, I fear, it
pains me to say, it grieves me to say,
there is no doubt , it may interest you to know,
it is
rumoured , it is
claimed, it is to be frank , calculating roughly,
speaking as a layman
说句
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