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【最高考】2017届高考语法填空非谓语动词常考点

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2021-02-18 16:09
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2021年2月18日发(作者:发动)


专题四



非谓语动词常考点




非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词一直是高考中的热点。解答非谓语动词的题目时 ,一


定要解析句子结构,确定所设空是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,以及非谓语动词在句子 中充当的功能


(


如状语、定语


或宾补< /p>


)


;找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系


(


主动还是被动


)

;搜索句子中相关的时间


信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。




非谓语



功能



主动式



动名词



具有名词功能,


常在句中作


主语,宾语



表主动和正在进行,



常在


句中作定语,



状语,宾补



表被动和已完成,


常在句中


作定语,状语,补语



被动式



完成式



一般式



完成式



一般式



进行式




完成式



一般式



进行式



完成式



形式



doing


being done


having done/having


been done


doing


having done


done


being done


having been done


to do/to be done


to be doing


to have done/to have


been done


现在



分词



过去



分词



表将来具体某一次,


常在句


动词



中作主语,定语,状语,补


不定式



语,宾语等



1




动名词和不定式作主语



①如果表语 是不定式,主语也是不定式;表语是动名词,主语也是动名词。如:



To see is to believe.



Seeing is believing.


②动名词作主语的句型。如:



It is no use/no good/useless doing sth.


It is a waste of time doing(


也可用


It is a waste of time to do)


③动词不定式和动名词的复合结构:



动词不定式的复合结构有两种:


It is difficult/easy/possible/necessary/...for sb. to do sth.



It is


kind/wise/foolish/considerate/...of sb. to do




动名词的复合结构是由 名词所有格或“物主代词+动名词”构成。在口语和非正式语体中,只要不是作主语,


动 名词复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格或人称代词宾格。如:



His coming made me happy.


I can't imagine his/him living there alone.

< br>④动名词被动式作主语


(


过去分词不可作主语

< p>
)


。如:



Being exposed to the sunlight for a long time does harm to your skin.



完成下列句子:




It's foolish ______________ ______________(


你相信他说的话


)

< p>




It's impossible ____________________________(


他做这样的事


)





Do you mind _______________ _____________(


我抽烟


)?



It's no use _______________ _____________(


你和他争辩


)

< br>.




________(go) abroad is an honour to me.



________(take) abroad is an honour to me.



________(devote) to his work made him succeed.


2




动名词和不定式作宾语



①下面的动词要求用不定式作宾语:



attempt(


企图


)


< p>
afford(


负担得起


)



demand(


要求


)

< p>


long(


渴望


)



desire(


渴望

)



expect



hope



wish



want



swear(

< br>发誓


)



volunteer(


自愿


)



of fer(


提供


)


fail(


未能


)



plan



care(


关心 ,


喜欢


)



h appen(


碰巧


)



prepare(




)



learn(


学习


)



choose(


选择

< p>
)



hesitate(


犹豫


)



claim(


要求


)



promise



undertake(


承接


)



appear(


似乎< /p>


)



seek(


寻觅


)



refuse(


拒绝


)



decide(< /p>


决定


)



det ermine(


决定


)



manage(


设法


)


,< /p>


pretend(


假装


)



agree(


同意


)



bother(


烦恼


)



intend(


想要

< p>
)



wait(


等待


)


②下面的动词只能用动名词作宾语:



acknowledge(


承认


)



admit(


承认


)



deny(


否认


)



mention(


说到, 讲到


)



tolerate/stan d/bear(


忍受


)



dislike(


不喜欢


)



advocate(


提倡,主张


)< /p>



appreciate(


感激,欣赏< /p>


)



avoid(


避免


)



enjoy(


享受


)



envy(


嫉妒


)



delay (


延迟


)



p ostpone(


延迟,


延期


)



escape(


逃跑,

逃避


)



excuse/pard on/forgive(


原谅


)



fancy(


幻想,


爱好

< br>)



imagine(


想象


)



favour(


造成,偏爱


)



mind(


介意


)



miss(< /p>


错过


)



fin ish(


完成


)


resist(


抵抗


)



risk(


冒险


)


,< /p>


involve(



< br>)



practise(




)



sugge st/advise/recommend(




)



prevent(


阻< /p>



)



keep (




)


,< /p>


quit/abandon(


放弃,停止


)



understand(


理解


)



include(

包括


)


③后接动名词作宾语的动词短语和句型有:



have(no/much/some/...)


difficulty/trouble/a


hard


time(in)



take


pleasure


in



spend


time/money


(in)



waste time(in)



be worth



be busy



feel like



be committed to



to


作为介词的短语有:



look forward to



pay attention to



object to



be opposed to



be devoted to



stick to



come close


to(


差一点


)



g et down to(


开始认真做


)



get/be accustomed/used to(doing), lead to



contribute to(sb.


doing/being done)


allow



permit



forbid



advise



recommend


的用法:


allow/permit/forbid/advise/recommend



doing


allow/perm it/forbid/advise/recommend



s b.



to do


如:



I don't allow smoking in my room.


I don't allow him to smoke in my room.



用所给词的适当形式填空:




We agreed ________(meet) here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.



The discovery of the new evidence led to the thief ________(catch)





Janey pretended __________(write) when her mother came in.



I can hardly imagine Peter ________(sail) across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.



The doctor advised him ________(stop) smoking.


3




注意区别下列动词后接不定式和动名词




forget to do sth.



忘记要去做某事


(

< br>此事未做


)


forget doing sth.



忘记做过某事


(

此事已做过或已发生


)


remember to do sth.



记得去做某事


(


未做


)


remember doing sth.



记得做过某事


(


已做


)



stop to do



停止


(


某件事


)


,目的是去做另一件事



stop doing



停止正在或经常做的事



go on to do



继续


(


去做另外一件事情


)


go on doing



继续


(


原先 没有做完的事情


)



regret to do sth.



对要做的事感到遗憾


(


遗憾地要去做某事


)


regret doing sth.


对过去做过的事或未做过的事感到后悔


(


后悔做过或未做过 某事


)



try to do



努力、企图做



try doing



试验、试一试某种办法




mean to do



(



)


打算,有意要… …



mean doing



(



)


意味着




can't help (to) do sth.



不能帮助做某事



can't help doing sth.



情不自禁做某事




用所给词的适当形式填空:




Don't you remember ________(see) the man before?



I regret ________(inform) you that the meeting has been cancelled.



Let's try ________(do) the work some other way.



I didn't mean ________(hurt) your feeling.



I'm so busy that I can't help ________(clean) the house with you.



After we finished our homework



we went on ________(review) the new lesson.


4




不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别



①不定式作表语,一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。



动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。


< br>②如果主语是以


aim



dut y



hope



idea



happiness


,< /p>


job



plan



problem



purpose



thing



wish


等为中


心的名词,或以


wh at


引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。



③过去分词作表语,


表示“感到,


觉得”,


现在分词作表语,


表示“令人……”。


此类词有:


embarrass


excite



interest



delight



disappoi nt



encourage



inspire



please



puzzle



satis fy



surprise


< p>
worry



convince

< br>等。




用所给词的适当形式填空:




His wish is ________(go) abroad.



His hobby is________(collect) stamps.



The most important thing is ________(negotiate) with them about the future of the plant.



What he should do is ________(work) hard.



He felt ________(embarrass)




5




分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别



①下面的动词要求用不定式作宾补


(


动词+宾语+动词不定式< /p>


)




ask(


请,叫


)



t ell(


告诉


)


get(


使,让


)



prefer(


喜欢,宁愿


)



like(


喜欢


)



force(


强迫


)



press(


迫使


)



require(


要求

< p>
)



request(


请 求


)



advise(


劝告


)



pray(


请求


)



remind (


提醒


)



b eg(


请求


)



invite(


吸引,邀请


)



command(


命令


)

< br>,


order(


命令


)



intend(


想要,


企图


)



drive(


驱赶


)



train(


训练


)



caus e(


引起


)



instruct(


指示


)



direct(


指导


)



warn(


告诫


)

< br>,


enable(


使能够


)



need(


需要


)



urge(


激励,力说

< p>
)



inspire(


鼓 舞


)



encourage(




)



want(


想要


)



lead(


引起,使得


)


teach(



)



wish(


希望


)




②感官动词,如:


see



watch



observe



notice


look at



hear



listen to


< br>feel


等。感官动词后可接不



to


的不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语。



使役动词


have



make


的用法


(


注意


have


作为“有”的用法


)



使役动词


have


可接不带


to


的不定式、


现在分词、

过去分词作宾语补足语;


make


后接不带


to


的不定式、过去分词、名词、形容词作宾语补足语。




用所给词的适当形式填空:




I often hear him ________(sing) the song.


I often hear the song________(sing)




I heard him ________(sing) the song when I passed by.


I heard the song ________(sing) when I passed by.



I'm leaving for Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything ________(take) to your son?


I won't have you ________(talk) to him like that!


I had him ________(repair) my bike.


I had my bike ________(repair)




You shouldn't have the light ________(burn) all the night.



His letter left me ________(feel) pretty bad.


He left the work________(unfinish)




You can leave him ________(finish) the work.


What she said set me ________(think)




The push sent him ________(fall) down.


6




分词和动词不定式作状语的区别



分词作状语,除表示伴随之外还表示时间、让步或条件。



动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的,还表示结果、情感或心理状态原因。尤其注意表示特性 的形容词


(comfortable



difficult



easy



)


后接的不定式要用主动形式表示被动意义。




用所给词的适当形式填空:




________(turn) to the right



you will find the hospital.



________(give) more time



I will finish the work.



________(wait) for a bus



I met a friend of mine.



He was excited ________(hear) the news.



He did all he could ________(help) people in need.



The place he referred to is hard ________(find)




7




不定式和分词作定语的区别



不定式 作定语,表示将来;现在分词作定语,表示正在发生或主动;过去分词作定语,表示过去或被动。



此外,在


warning



ability



failure



determination



wish



decision

< br>等词后面用不定式作定语;不定式


作定语还可用来修饰序数词、最高级或


no



all



any


等限定语。




用所给词的适当形式填空:




The meeting________(hold) tomorrow is important.



The meeting________(hold) now is important.



The meeting ________(hold) yesterday was important.


8




现在分词与过去分词的区别



现在分词作定语、宾语补足语、状语时,与它所补充说明的名词之间是主动关系;而过去分词 作定语、宾语补


足语、状语时,与它所补充说明的名词之间是被动关系。




用所给词的适当形式填空:




________(see) from the top of the hill



the people on the street look like ants.


________(see) the scene



the people on the street let out a cry of joy.



The room________(face) south is our classroom.


The room ________(paint) white is mine.



When I returned



I found the door ________(lock)




When I returned



I found him ________(watch) TV.


9




“疑问词+不定式”结构



疑问词< /p>


who



what



which



when

< p>


where



how< /p>


后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以作主


语、 宾语、表语和宾语补足语。




用所给词的适当形式填空:



When________(start) has not been decided.


10




only to do



never to do



only doing


only to do


意为“结果却”;



never to do


意为“结果却再没有”;



only doing


意为“只是做”。




用所给词的适当形式填空:




He was busy writing a story



only________(stop) once in a while to smoke a cigarette.



He hurried there



only ________(tell) the train had left.



He left home



never________(hear) from.


11




一致性



不定式和分词的逻辑主语必 须与主句的主语保持一致,否则只能用从句或独立主格结构。




完成下列句子:




______________ the film(


看电影的时候


)



h e cried.



________ the film(


看电影的时候


)


tears came down his face.


12




with


复合结构



with


后面的宾补可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词


(


表主动


)


、过去分词


(


表被动


)


、不定式


(


表将来


)



with


复合结构在句中作原因或伴随状语,还可以作定语。< /p>




用所给词的适当形式填空:




With a lot of homework ________(finish)



I can't go with you.



With a lot of homework ________(finish)



I went home and had a rest.



With a boy ________(help) us



we found the place easily.


13




独立主格结构



独立主格结构的构成:



①名词


(


代词


)


+现在分词


(


与前面构成主动关系


)




②名词


(


代词


)


+过去分词


(


与前面构成被动关系


)



③名词


(


代词

< br>)


+不定式


(


表将来

< p>
)




④名词

< p>
(


代词


)


+副词;



⑤名词


(


代词


)


+形容词;



⑥ 名词


(


代词


)


+介词短语;



⑦名词


(


代词


)


+名词。



Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.


The test finished, we began our holiday.


There being no bus, we had to walk home.


He came into the room, his ears red with cold.


He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.


The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night.



完成下列句子:




Many people were missing



most of ________ women.



Many people were missing



most of ________were women.



Time ________(permit)(



If time permits)



we will go there.



Time ________(give)(



If time is given)



I will finish it alone.


14




评注性分词



评注性分词有:


judging from/by(

< p>
按照……判断


)



con sidering(


就……而言


)


,< /p>


generally speaking(


总的来



)



talking/sp eaking of(


说起


)


。但是注 意区别


judge



consider


作为及物动词时的用法。




用所给词的适当形式填空:




________(judge) from his accent



he is from Hunan.


________(judge) to be the best



he was honoured.



________(consider) his age



he has done well.


________(consider) as one of the biggest cities in the world



Shanghai is very popular now.


15




被动形式表主动意义的几个动词



be


seated



sit



be


locate d



lie



be


dressed


in



wear



be


l eft



remain



be


devoted


to



devote


oneself


to





用所给词的适当形式填空:




Do you know the girl________(seat) under the tree?



There are many problems________(remain) to be solved.


There are many problems ________(leave) unsolved.



________(devote) to science



he will be remembered forever.

-


-


-


-


-


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-


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