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高中英语非谓语动词经典用法讲解
非谓语动词经典用法讲解
★命题规律
1.
考查立意较低,
主要考查的是非谓语的
一些最基本的用法。
但是,题目的设置
注重了情景化和结构复杂化,加大了考
生对题
干句的理解难度。
2
.设问的角度呈
现出多样化趋势,不仅
仅是非谓语间的互相干扰。
★命题趋势
不容置疑,高考将继续加
强对非谓语动
词的考查,
试题的特征将继续呈现出
―
情
景化
‖
和
―
设问角度的多样化
‖
p>
的趋势,但
试题的难度将会有所控制。
★解题思路
①
解析句子结构,
< br>确定设空在句子中充
当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补);
②
找准相关动词的逻辑主语,
确定该动
词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被
动);
③
搜索句子中相关的时间信息,
确定非
谓语动词的恰当形式;<
/p>
④
将该选项
置入空中,
看是否能够做到
字从意顺,或是否能传达有效信息、
完
成交际任务。
★分词、不定式作宾补用法要点
一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别
1
.感官动词
see, watch,
observe, look at,
hear, listen to,
notice
等和使役动词
have
后面的宾补有三种形式,
即原形动词
(不
带
to
的不定式)
、
现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词
表被动或完成,
动词原形表主动和完成。
如:
I heard her sing an English
song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
I
heard her singing an English song when I
passed by her room yesterday.
昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文
歌。
I heard the English song sung many
times.
我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。
注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表
完成和状态。如:
I looked down at my neck and found
my
necklace gone.
(
状态
)
I was
surprised to find my hometown
changed
so much. (
完成
)
2
.
leave
后接三种形式作宾补时,其中
的
leave
保留了原来之义
―
留下
‖<
/p>
,
但表达
的确切之义应是
―
使
……
处于某种状
态)。
leave sb. doing
sth.
让某人一直做某事
(宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系,表
示动
作正在进行。)
leave
sth. undone
留下某事未做
(宾语和
宾补之间是动宾关系,
表示被动和完成,
一般以
p>
undone, unfinished, unsettled,
untouched
为多)
leave sb. to do sth.
留下某人做某事
leave
sth. to be done
留下某事要做
(不定
式表示将来的动作。)
如:
It’s wrong of you to leave
the machine
running.
你让机器一直开
着是不对的。(主动,
正在进行)
The guests left most of the dishes
untou
ched, because they
didn’t taste
delicious.
客人们没
有动大部分菜,因为它们尝起
来不可口。(被动,完成)
He left, leaving me to do all the rest
work.
他走了,留下我一人去做剩余的工所有
工作。(主
动,将来)
We hurriedly ended our
meeting, leaving
many problems to be
settled.
我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很
多问
题等待解决。(被动,将来)
3
.
have, get
后接三种形式作宾补时,
其
中
have, get
表示
―
使、
让、叫
‖
之意。
①
have sth. done
= get sth. done ―
使
/
让
某事由别人去做
‖
(叫
/
让某人做某事)。
如
I’ll have /get my bike repaired
tomorrow.
此外,
have
sth. done
还表示
―
使遭<
/p>
受
……‖
之意。如
Tom had his leg broken while playing
football.
Mr. Smith had his
house broken into while
he was away on
holiday.
②
have
sb. / sth. doing
使
/
让某人
/
物持
续地做某事(现在分
词表示主动,正在
进行)
get
sb. / sth. doing
使某人
/
物开始行动起
来
如:
The peasants had the
tractor working
day and night at the
harvest time.
农忙时,农民们让拖拉机夜以继日地干
< br>活。
The captain got the
soldiers moving
toward the front after
a short rest.
休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝
< br>前线行进起来。
注意:
―have sb. doing‖
若用于否定句中,
其中
have
有
―
容忍
‖
之
意。如:
I won’t have you
speaking to your parents
like that.
我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话。
Don’t have the water running all the
time.
不要让水流个不停。
③
have sb. do
sth. (get sb. to do sth. )
使
/
让
/
叫某人去做某事
如:
Mother had me go to
the shop and buy
some salt.
I can’t get him to stop smoking. He
won’t
listen to me.
二、
下列动词后跟带
to
的不定式作补语:
advise,
allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage,
expect, forbid, force, get, intend,
invite,
like, love, order, persuade,
prefer, require,
teach, tell, want,
warn, wish,
等。如:
①
An army
spokesman stressed that all
the
soldiers had been ordered to issue clear
warning before firing any shots.
②
The teacher
asked us not to make so
much noise.
③
The flu is
believed to be caused by
viruses that
like to reproduce in the cells
inside
the human nose and throat.
三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带
to
的
不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上
to
< br>:
它们是
―
< br>吾看三室两厅一感觉
‖——
5
看
(
look at, see, watch,
notice, observe
);
3
使
(
make, let, have
)
;
2
听
(
listen to, hear
)
;
1
感觉(
fell
)。以上动词还可用现在分
词作宾语补足语(
5+3+2+
1-2+4
):即以
上动词除
let,
make
外都可以用现在分词
作宾语补足语,此外
find, catch, keep,
have
也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。
如:
At that time, I found him
crying in the
street.
He was
caught stealing. I’m sorry to have
kept
you waiting for such a long time.
The
missing boys were last seen playing
near the river.
★不定式、分词作定语用法要点
一、不定式作定语
1
.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,
或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定<
/p>
式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须
有相应的介词。如:
The Browns have a comfortable
house to
live in.
There is
nothing to worry about.
Please give me
a knife to cut with.
Here is some paper
for you to write on.
但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是
time,
place
或
way
时,
不定式后面的介词习惯
上省去。如:
He had no money and no
place to
live (in).
We found a way to solve this
problem (in).
2
.
当
作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代
词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既
可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但
其含义有所不同。试比较:
Have you anything to send ?
你有什么东
西要寄吗?
(不定式
< br>to send
的动作执行
者是
―
你
‖
)
Have you anything to be sent ?
你有什么
要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?
(不定式
to be sent
的动
作执行者是
―
我
‖
或
―
别人
‖
)
3
.用不定式作定语的几种情况:
不定式表将来:
I
borrowed some books to read during my
holiday.
用来修饰被序数词、
最高级或
no,
all, any
等限定的中心词。如:
He was the best man to do the job.
She was the first woman to win the gold
medal in the Olympic Games.
Women and children were the first to
get
into the lifeboats.
用来修饰
的词是抽象名词时,
常见的有:
ability,
chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise,
answer, reply, attempt, belief, way,
reason,
moment, time
等。如:
Do you have
the ability to read and write
English ?
I have a chance to go sight
–
seeing.
二、分词作定语
1
< br>.
作定语的及物动词分词形式为:
V
–
ing;
being +
过去分词;
当被修饰的名词与分
词为主动关系
时,用
V
–
ing
< br>;当被修饰
的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行
时,<
/p>
用
being +
过去分词;
当被修饰的名
词与分词为被动关系且表完成时,用过
去分词。例如:
The houses being
built are for the teachers.
The broken
glass is Tom’s.
I have never
seen a more moving movie.
2
.
作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:
V
–
ing
和过去分词。
V
–
ing
表示正在进
行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:
falling
leaves
正落的叶子
fallen
leaves
落下的叶子
boiling
water
正沸腾的水
boiled
water
沸腾过的水(白开水)
三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动
式作定语的区别
这三种形式作定语,主要是体现在动作
的发生
时间上。过去分词表示的动作或
是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是
< br>没有一定的时间性。如:
Have you read
the novel written by
Dickens ?
He is a man loved and respected by all.
Don’t use words, expressions, or
phrases
known only to people with
specific
knowledge.
现在分词的被动式
作定语时表示的动作
正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作
同时
发生。如:
Listen ! The song being
sung is very popular with the students.
不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个未
来的动作。
如:
The question to be
discussed at the
tomorrow’s meeting is
a very important
one.
★不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点
一
、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语,请
牢记下列小诗:
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。
Decide / determine, learn, want, expect
/
hope / wish, refuse, manage, care,
pretend,
offer, promise, choose, plan,
agree, ask /
beg, help
此外,
afford,
strive
(斗争)
等也要用不
定式作宾语。例如:
①
She pretended
not to see me when I
passed by.
②
We agreed to
meet here but so far she
hasn’t turned
up yet.
③
In order to gain a bigger share in the
international market, many state-run
companies are striving to make their
products more competitive.
二
、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语,请
牢记下列小诗:
考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避
免错过继续练,否认完成停欣赏,
不禁
介意准逃亡。
consider
/ suggest / advise, look forward to,
excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off,
fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on,
practise,
deny, finish, enjoy /
appreciate, can’t help,
mind, allow /
permit, escape, imagine,
forbid, risk
此外
be used to, look forward
to, lead to,
devote to, stick to,
object to, get down to,
pay attention
to, can’t stand (
无法忍受
),
give up, feel like, insist on, put off,
thank
you for, apologize for, be busy
(in), have
difficulty / trouble (in),
have a good /
wonderful /hard time (in)
等动词词组也要
用动名词作宾语。
①
The squirrels
was lucky that they just
missed being
caught.
②
I can
hardly imagine Peter sailing
across the
Atlantic Ocean in five days.
③
I would
appreciate your calling back
this
afternoon.
三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作
宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义
上有区别,要特别注意。
1. forget to do sth.
忘记去做某
事
forget doing sth.
忘记已经做过
某事
remember to do sth.
记住去做某
事
remember doing sth.
记得曾经做
过某事
regret to do sth.
后悔
< br>/
遗憾去做某
事
regret doing sth.
后悔做过某事
stop to do sth.
停下来去做另一件
事
stop doing sth.
停止做一件事情
try to do sth.
努力
/
试图做某事
try
doing sth.
尝试着做某事
mean to do sth.
意欲
/
想
/
企图做某
事
mean doing sth.
意味着做某事
go on to
do sth. (
做完某事
)
接着做
另一件
事
go on doing
sth.
继续做同一件事
(=go
on with sth.)
can’t help to
do sth.
不能帮助做某
事
can’t help doing sth.
情不自禁地做
某事
2
.动词
like, love,
prefer
后接不定式或
动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性
的行
为可用动名词,如表示具体的行为常用
动词不定式。但要注
意:如果
like, love,
prefer
前有
would /should
后面则应接动
词不定式。如:
I like swimming, but I don’t like to
swim
this afternoon.
I’d
like to go swimming this weekend.
3
.
在动词
allow,
advise, forbid, permit
后
直接跟动
名词形式作宾语,如果后面有
名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式
作宾语补足语。即:
allow / advise
/forbid / permit doing sth.
allow /
advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.
如:
We don’t allow smoking
here.
We don’t allow
students to smoke.
4
.动词
need,
require, want
作
―
需
要
‖
解
时,其后必须用动名词的主动形
式或不
定式的被动形式作宾语,表示事情需要
做。
这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。
be worth
后必须用动名词的主动形式表
示被动意义。此外,若动词
n
eed
表
―
需
要
‖
,
require
表
―
要求
‖
,
want
表
―
想要
‖
这些意义时,其后须接名词或代词作宾<
/p>
语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语。即:
need / require / want doing / to be
done
need / require / want sb. to do
sth.
be worth + n.
(
表示钱数或相当于钱数的
名词
)
be worth doing be
worthy of
being done
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