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1.
The History of
American literature
The literature of Colonial
American (1607-1765)
The literature of Reason
and Revolution(1765
—
18
世纪末）
The literature of Romantici
sm
（
1800
—
1865
）
The literature
of Realism
（
1865
—<
/p>
1918
）
The
literature of Modernism
（
1918
－
1945
）
The
contemporary literature
(1945
－
Now)
in Franklin
The Autobiography
That good fortune, when I
reflected on it, which is frequently the case, has
induced me
something to say that
were it left to my choice, I should
have no objection to go over the same
life from its beginning to the end,
only asking the advantage authors have of
correcting in a
second edition some
faults of the first.
Jefferson
The Declaration
of Independence
We hold these
truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are endowed
by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit
of Happiness.
Allan Poe
The Cask of Amontillado
I must not only
punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is
unredressed when retribution
overtakes
its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the
avenger fails to make himself felt as
such to him who has done the wrong.
gton Irving
Rip Van Winkle
(
The Sketch
Book
)
“
Every change of season,
every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the
day, produces
some change in the
magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and
they are regarded by all the
good
wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When
the weather is fair and settled, they are
clothed in blue and purple, and print
their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but,
sometimes,
when the rest of the
landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of
gray vapors about their
summits, which,
in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and
light up like a crown of
glory.
”
Interpretations of Rip Van Winkle
A
New Critical Approach
: A
peaceful village before Revolution Natural world
in the
mountains A noisy world after
revolution ------Irving was unwilling to accept a
modern
democratic America
------both Rip and Irving
prefer the past and a dream-like world
A Feminist
Approach
:
Rip is a good
person with more advantages than disadvantages,
and
readers always show sympathy on him
because he has such bad-tempered wife. It seems
that he
has good reason to go out from
his family. He was forced to go out .
In fact , Rip: a lazy ,foolish man,an
irresponsible father,a hard-hearted
wife :a hard-working ,thrift woman, a
kind ,responsible mother, an able, brave woman.
of
Romanticism
(
American
Transcendentalism
)
Emerson
Nature & Self-Reliance
Thoreau
Walden
Nature :
Standing on the bare ground,
-- my head bathed by the blithe air,
and uplifted into
infinite space, --
all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent
eye-ball; I am nothing; I see
all; the
currents of the Universal Being circulate through
me; I am part or particle of God.
The
name of the nearest friend sounds then
foreign and accidental: to be brothers, to be
acquaintances,
-- master or servant, is
then a trifle and a disturbance. I am the lover of
uncontained and immortal
beauty. In the
wilderness, I find something more dear and connate
than in streets or villages.
Self Reliance:
Whoso would be
a man, must be a nonconformist.
It is easy in the world to
live after the world's opinion; it is easy in
solitude to live after our
own; but the
great man is he who in the midst of the crowd
keeps with perfect sweetness the
independence of solitude.
Walden:
1 A man is rich
in proportion to the number of things which he can
afford to let alone.
2 I have frequently seen a
poet withdraw , having enjoyed the most valuable
part of a
farm, while the crusty
farmers supposed that he had got a few apples
only.
3 The hollow and lichen-covered
apple trees, gnawed by
rabbits, showing what kind of
neighbors
I should have.
4 But I would say to my fellows, once
for all, as long as possible live free and
uncommitted. It makes but little
difference whether you are committed to a farm or
the country
jail.
5 As I have
said , I do not propose to write an ode to
dejection, but to brag as lustily as
chanticleer in the morning, standing on
his roost, if only to wake my neighbors up.
6
The morning wind forever blows, the poem of
creation is uninterrupted; but few are the
ears that hear it.
7 The Harivansa
says,
“
An abode without birds
is like a meat without
seasoning.
”
such
was not my abode, for I found myself
suddenly neighbor to the birds, not by having
imprisoned
one, but
having caged myself near them
8
“
There was a shepherd that
did live, And held his thoughts as high .As were
the mounts
whereon his flocks. Did
hourly feed his by
”
What should we think of the
shepherd
’
s life if his
flocks always wandered to higher
pastures than his thoughts?
Purpose : 1.
escaping the
effects of the Industrial Revolution by leading to
a simpler life.
2.
simplifying life and
reducing expenditures, increasing writings time
g
into practice the Transcendentalist belief
Ideas
:
1. the inner virtue and inward,
spiritual grace of man.
2
.was very critical of modern civilization.
ual richness is real wealth
7.
Hawthorne
The Scarlet
Letter
Hester ses her
guilty, faces the future
optimistically
，
helps others
2. able to construct her
life, wins a moral success
3.
moral growth-----angel
his guilty first
oes the physical and
spiritual torments
Chillingworth--morally degrades by his
pursuit of revenge
Pearl----1, it
means treasure ( the treasure to her mother. )
2, Came out of an ugly shell but is
beautiful
Theme: 1
Don
’
t intend to tell a love
story
2 assumes the
universalityof guilty
3 explores the
complexities and ambiguities of
man
’
s choices
4
focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and
psychological effects of
the sin on the
people.
8.
Longfellow
A Paslm of Life / The Tide
Rises, the Tide Falls / I shot an Arrow / My Lost
Youth / The Rainy Day
The
tide rises,The Tide Falls
(1879)
The tide rises, the tide
falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls;
Along the sea-sands damp and brown, The
traveler hastens toward the town,
And the tide
rises, the tide falls.
Darkness
settles on roofs and walls,But the sea in the
darkness calls;
The little waves, with
their soft white hands,Efface the footprints in
the sands,
And the tide rises, the tide falls.
The morning breaks; the steeds in their
stalls, Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls;
The
day returns, but nevermore . Returns the traveler
to the shore,
And the tide rises, the tide falls.
My
Lost Youth
Often I think
of the beautiful town
That is seated by the sea;
Often in thought go up and
down
The
pleasant streets of that dear old town,
And my youth
comes back to me.
And a verse of a Lapland
song
Is
haunting my memory still
'A boy's will is the wind's will,
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