上海市浦东区2016学年第一学期质量监控试卷高三英语(含标准答案)

‖

or self-

driving. It’s a phenomenon that’

s

not as far off as one might think.

―

Autonomous

vehicles

have

the

potential

to

__32__

travel

behavior,

‖

Millard-Ball

says.

He

uses

game

theory

to

__33__

the

interactions

between

pedestrians

and

self-driving

vehicles,

with

a

focus

on

yielding

at

crosswalks.

Because

autonomous

vehicles

are

by

design

risk-averse,

Millard-Ball's

model

suggests

that

pedestrians

will

be

able

to

act

with

impunity,

and

he

thinks

autonomous

vehicles

may

facilitate

a

shift

towards

pedestrian-oriented

urban

neighborhoods.

However,

Millard-Ball

also

finds

that

the

__34__

of

autonomous

vehicles may be hampered by their strategic disadvantage that slows them down in urban traffic.

―

Pedestrians

routinely

play

the

game

of

chicken,

‖

Millard-Ball

writes.

Crossing

the

street,

even

at

a

marked crosswalk without a traffic signal, requires a probability calculation: what are the odds of survival?

The benefit of crossing the street __35__, instead of waiting for a gap in traffic, is traded off against the

probability of injury or even death. Pedestrians know that drivers are not interested in running them down --

usually. But there is the chance a driver may be __36__, or drunk.

Self- driving cars are __37__ to obey the rules of the road, including waiting for pedestrians to cross. They

could

provide

the

most

__38__

transformation

in

urban

transportation

systems.

Parking,

street

design,

and

transportation service networks are likely to be revolutionized. In his latest study, Millard-Ball suggests that the

potential benefits of self-driving cars -- avoiding __39__ of traffic and traffic accidents -- may be outweighed

by the drawbacks of an always play-it-safe vehicle that slows traffic for everybody.

―

From the point of view of a passenger in an automated car, it would be like driving down a street filled

with __40__ five-year-old children,

‖

Millard-Ball writes.

Alternatively, planners could seize the opportunity to create more pedestrian- oriented streets. Autonomous

vehicles could start a new era of pedestrian domination.

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III. Reading Comprehension (45%)

Section A

Directions:

For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B

，

C and D. Fill

in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

Everybody loves to hate invasive species. The international list of invasive species

—

defined as those that

were

introduced

by

humans

to

new

places,

and

then

__41__

—

runs

to

over

4,000.

In

Australia

and

New

Zealand hot war is fought against introduced creatures like

cane toads

(

蔗蟾蜍

) and rats.

Some things that are

uncontroversial

(

无争议的

) are nonetheless foolish. With a few important exceptions,

campaigns to __42__ invasive species are merely a waste of money and effort

—

for reasons that are partly

practical and partly philosophical.

Start with the practical arguments. Most invasive species are neither terribly successful nor very__43__.

Britons think themselves surrounded

by foreign plants. __44__, Britain’s invasive plants are not widespread,

not spreading especially quickly, and often less of a(n) __45__ than vigorous native plants. The arrival of new

species almost always __46__ biological

diversity

(

多样性

) in a region; in many cases, a flood of newcomers

drives no native species to extinction. One reason is that invaders tend to colonise __47__ habitats like polluted

lakes and post-industrial was

teland, where little else lives. They are nature’s opportunists.

The philosophical reason for starting war on the invaders is also __48__. Elimination campaigns tend to be

__49__ by the belief that it is possible to restore balance to nature

—

to return woods and lakes to the state

before

human

__50__.

That

is

misguided.

Nature

is

an

everlasting

mess,

with

species

constantly

emerging,

withdrawing

and

hybridizing

(

杂交

).

Humans

have

only

quickened

these

processes.

Going

back

to

ancient

habitats is becoming __51__ in any case, because of man-made climate change. Taking on the invaders is a(n)

__52__ gesture, not a means to an achievable end.

A

reasonable

attitude

to

invaders

need

not

imply

passivity.

A

few

foreign

species

are

truly

__53__

and

should be fought: the Nile perch

–

a fish, has helped drive many species of fish to extinction in Lake Victoria. It

makes sense to __54__

pathogens

(

病菌

), especially those that destroy whole native tree species, and to stop

known agricultural pests from gaining a foothold. Fencing off wildlife

reserves to create open-air ecological

museums is fine, too. And it is a good idea for European gardeners to destroy Japanese plants, just as they give

no apace to native harmful grasses like bindweed and ground elder. You can garden in a garden. You cannot

garden __55__. That is universally accepted.

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41. A. multiplied

B. shrunk

42. A. conserve

43. A. healthy

C. disappeared

C. investigate

C. harmful

D. harvested

D. prioritize

B. eliminate

B. intentional

B. For example

B. dominance

B. destroys

D. profitable

D. In fact

D. substitute

44. A. As a result

45. A. attraction

46. A. increases

47. A. oppressed

C. By contrast

C. annoyance

C. reveals

C. cultivated

D. targets

D. preserved

B. disturbed

48. A. acceptable

B. needless

49. A. fuel(l)ed

C. mistaken

D. convincing

D. greeted

D. maintenance

B. organized

C. interrupted

50. A. civilization

51. A. tolerable

52. A. reluctant

53. A. damaging

54. A. pick up

B. interference

C. interaction

B. impossible

B. disorderly

B. flexible

B. take in

C. beneficial

C. invalid

D. critical

D. unbalanced

D. outstanding

D. turn down

D. nature

C. doubtful

C. keep out

55. A. agriculture

Section B

B. vegetation

C. atmosphere

Directions:

Read

the

following

three

passages. Each passage

is

followed

by

several

questions

or

unfinished

statements.

For

each

of

them

there

are

four

choices

marked

A,

B,

C

and

D.

Choose

the

one

that

fits

best

according to the information given in the passage you have read.

(A)

Jeremy Baras remembers the first time he ever saw a

pop-up a restaurant. The 26-year-old

entrepreneur

（企业

家）

was on vacation in England four years ago and had to

look

up

at

the

London

Eye

Ferries

wheel

to

see

it.

Hanging

above

him

was

a

capsule

full

of

diners

who

were

served

a

new

course

each

time

a

revolution

was

made.

―

I thought that was the coolest thing ever

‖

, he says.

Baras,

who

founded

in

2012

to

promote the idea of pop-up restaurants in USA, has been

studying them ever since.

Pop-ups, which have been around since at least the early 2000s, are open anywhere from a few hours to

several months, but their defining feature is that they are temporary. They may be only a tiny part of the

$$

709

billion U.S. restaurant industry, but popups have gotten a boost in recent years as a lower-cost, lower- risk way

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页

for entrepreneurs to test the waters. Some restaurant owners see them as a way to renew interest in existing

locations.

And

some

struggling

cities,

like

Oakland,

Calif.,

have

turned

to

them

to

help

revitalize

local

economies impacted by the

recession

（衰退）

.

The

concept

has

been

especially

popular

with

up-and-coming

chefs

who

want

to

test-drive

as

a

menu

concept without investing a fortune in a permanent space.

―

Your cooks and chefs are really talented

, but they’

re

stuck

in

the

back

of

somebody

else’s

kitchen

cooking somebody

else’s

menu,‖

says

Zach

Kupperman,

chief

businessman officer and co-founder of Dinner Lab.

Chefs in Dinner Lab cook in the middle of space, give a brief introduction about the menu and themselves

—

and then bravely listen to diner feedback afterward. Pop-

ups’ temporary natur

e also allows restaurateurs to

charge a deposit to make sure the diners will show up.

Of course, trends in the food industry come and go quickly, and there is no guarantee that diners won

’

t tire

of the concept. Some entrepreneurs have resorted to even a weirder locations

—

in a former limestone mine,

say, or at the top of a crane

—

to keep customers interested. Says Baras,

―

It's not quite part of the mainstream

economy yet.

‖

56. What does the underlined part

―

a revolution was made

‖

in Paragraph One possibly mean?

A. Chefs designed creative dishes.

B. Diners tasted food in an innovative way.

C. The capsule containing diners made a circle.

D. Great changes were made in the food industry.

57. Which of the following might

NOT

be the reasons for pop- up restauran

ts’ fast development?

A. Being temporary features pop-up restaurants.

B. Pop-up restaurant can restore local economy to prosperity.

C. Business owners venture into the business with fewer risks and investments.

D. Restaurant owners can make diners interested in the original restaurants again.

58. Perspective chefs are drawn to pop-ups due to the fact that__________________.

A. pop-ups are becoming increasingly popular with diners worldwide

B. they have the desire to explore a safer way to make a living

C. their investment in pop-ups will bring them a fortune on a permanent basis

D. pop-ups provide a flexible test field

for talented chefs’ originality

59. The writer

’

s propose of writing the passenger is to___________________.

A. appeal to people to dine out in pop-up restaurants

B. give a brief introduction of pop-up restaurants

C. warn business owners of the appearance of pop-up restaurants

D. foresee the future of pop-

up restaurants’ development

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(B)

In four countries with fast-developing economies (BRIC)

–

Brazil,

Russia,

India,

and

China

–

the

agricultural

sector

has

become

a

proving

ground

for

innovation.

Juergen

V

oegele,

a

World

Bank

agriculture

expert,

predicts

that

―

by

transforming

agriculture, we will not only meet the challenge of feeding nine

billion people by 2050 but do so in ways that create wealth and

reduce its environmental footprint.

‖

BRAZIL

Soybeans on the Rise

Preserving the Amazon rain forest is a top priority for Brazil.

The rapid expansion of soybean and cattle farming there during the 1990s and early 2000s led to alarming

rates of deforestation. Over the past ten years, however, with government support, activists and famers have

protected more than 33,000 square miles of rain forest

–

an area equal to more than 14 million soccer fields.

Saving these forests has kept 3.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide out of atmosphere.

Yet even under these land restrictions, Brazil’s soybean production has increased. The country is now the

world’s second largest producer of the crop. How did this happe

n?

Farmers

focused

on

efficiency.

Using

new

machinery

and

early

maturing

seeds

enabled

them

to

squeeze

an

additional planting into the standard growing season. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Brazil’s

2014-15 soybean crop has hit a record 104.2 million tons, up 8.6 million tons from the year before, as farmers

have made better use of their fields. This progress, says the World Bank’s

Juergen V

oegele, is an example of

how

―

producing more food coexist with protecting the environment.

‖

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60. According to Juergen V

oegele, innovation in agriculture will lead to all the following except ______.

A. increased wealth

C. less impact on nature

A. 95.6

B. 104.2

B. the solution to the world’s food crisis

D. the challenging of feeding the world’s population

C. 14

D. 8.6

61. Which one is the appropriate number to fill in the blank in the chart?

62. What is the most important problem Brazil is faced with?

A. Feeding nine billion people by 2050.

B. Increasing its soybean production.

C. Protecting its rain forest from deforestation.

D. Enhancing its farmers’ efficiency.

(C)

Spain’s Literary Genius

Four centuries ago, the author of one of the greatest comedic characters in the world literature took his last

breath. Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616), the author of

Don Quixote

, is to the Spanish what Shakespeare is to

the English and Dante is to Italians - a national literary icon.

Cervantes’

book

is

still

appreciated

today,

hundreds

of

years

after

its

publication,

because

it’s

a

wonderfully

truthful

comedy.

Don

Quixote,

like

human

beings

generally,

has

great

difficulty

distinguishing

reality

from

imagination.

Readers

may

laugh

at

his

strange

behavior,

but

when

we

laugh,

we

laugh

with

recognition.

The

book

records

the

adventures

of

Alonso

Quijano,

an

older

Spanish

gentleman

who

loves

romance

novels. In truth, he reads far too many romances, and they have affected his mind. Quijano is so mixed up that

he

decides

that

he

must

become

a

knight

himself.

Imagine

a

comic

book

fan

who

decides

to

dress

up

as

a

superhero to fight crime, and you’ll get the picture.

Setting the scene

Alonso Quijano reinvents himself as ―Don Quixote de La Mancha‖

, an

aristocratic

（贵族的）

< br>name that

suits his ambition of being a knight. Next, since every knight needs a horse, he finds himself an old one named

Rocinante. But Rocinan

te is not exactly cut out for life as a knight’s horse. He’s tired from years of farm work.

He’s unlikely t

o be of much help in any fight against an enemy.

The heroes in the romances Quijano reads all had a lady to love. They were highborn, like the knights

themselves. Quijano chooses Aldonza Lorenzo, a farmer’s daughter, to be his beloved. She becomes ―Dul

cinea

del Toboso‖, or ―the sweet woman of Toboso‖. How does Aldonza feel about Quijano’s attentions? She doesn’t

feel much at all, actually. Aldonza is yet another byproduct of Quijano’s imagination, like so many things.

Finding a sidekick

Now comes Ce

rvantes’ second great creation: Sancho Panza. Once servant in Quijano’s house, Panza is

promoted to the role of

squire

（

随从）

, because every self-respecting knight needs a squire. Panza has a sensible

head on his shoulders, and he is a

foil

（衬托）

to his foolish master.

The pair faces many adventures, but none are as heroic as a knight’s should be. We laugh, rather than cry,

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