-
一些经济学术语及其它（一）
Cold
snap
寒潮、寒流（可数）
There is no auctioneer calling out the
price of ice cream
an ice-cream cone
competitive
market
：
a market
in
which
there
are many
buyers
and
many
sellers
so
that
each
has
a
negligible
impact on the market price
price
takers
：
those who have no
impact on price but can only accept the price
Perfectly competitive markets
竞争充分市场
One
such
market,
called
an
oligopoly
（寡头市场）
,
has
a
few
sellers
that
do
not
always
compete
aggressively
law of demand
：
the
claim that, other things equal, the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price
of the good rises
law of
supply
：
the claim that, other
things equal, the quantity supplied of a good
rises when the price of
the good rises
normal good
（
正常商品）：
a good for
which, other things equal, an increase in income
leads to an
increase in demand
inferior
good
( <
/p>
劣质商品
)
：
a
good
for
which,
other
things
equal,
an
increase
in
income
leads
to
a
decrease in demand
s
ubstitutes
（替代品）
< br>：
two goods for which an increase in
the price of one leads to an increase in the
demand for the other
complem
ents
（互补品
）
：
two goods for which an increase in
the price of one leads to a decrease in the
demand for the other
hot
fudge
热巧克力
demand
schedule
：
a table
that shows the
relationship
between
the
price
of a
good and
the
quantity
demanded
supply
schedule
：
a
table
that
shows
the
relationship
between
the
price
of
a
good
and
the
quantity
supplied
ceteris
paribus
（其它条件不变）：
a Latin
phrase, translated as “other
things being equal,” used as
are
minder that all
variables other than the ones being studied are
assumed to be constant
A 10 percent
increase in the price causes a 12 percent drop in
teenage smoking
（这句话让我说肯定是
in
smoking among teenagers
）
At an even lower price, you may choose
to go out of business altogether (
这个词的用
法以前没怎么注意，
此处可以翻译为
“
直接
”)
Equilibrium
：
a
situation in which supply and demand have been
brought into balance
equilibrium
price
：
the price that
balances supply and demand
equilibrium
quantity
：
the quantity
supplied and the quantity demanded when the price
has adjusted to
balance supply and
demand
The equilibrium price is
sometimes called the market-clearing
price
（市场出清价格）
because, at
this price,
everyone in the market has
been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want
to buy, and sellers have
sold all they
want to sell
There is no upward or
downward pressure on the price
（价格没有上升或
者下降的压力，就是这么表达
的）
law of supply and
demand
：
the claim that the
price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and
demand
for that good into balance
shortage
：
a
situation in which quantity demanded is greater
than quantity supplied
surplus
：
a
situation in which quantity supplied is greater
than quantity demanded
一些经济学术语及其它
（二）
Elasticity
弹性
a
measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded
or quantity supplied to one of its
determinants
price
elasticity of demand
需求的价格弹性
a
measure of how much the quantity demanded of a
good
responds
to
a
change
in
the
price
of
that
good,
computed
as
the
percentage
change
in
quantity
demanded divided by the percentage
change in price
income elasticity of
demand
需求的收入弹性
a measure of
how much the quantity demanded of a good
responds to a change in
consumers’
income, computed
as the percentage change in quantity demanded
divided by the percentage change in
income
cross-price elasticity of
demand
需求交叉价格弹性
a measure of
how much the quantity demanded of
one
good responds to a change in the price of another
good, computed as the percentage change in
quantity demanded of the first good
divided by the percentage change in the price of
the second good
price
elasticity
of
supply
供给的价格弹性
a
measure
of
how
much
the
quantity
supplied
of
a
good
responds to a change in
the price of that good, computed as the percentage
change in quantity supplied
divided by
the percentage change in price
Demand
for a good is said to be elastic if the quantity
demanded responds substantially to changes in
the price. Demand is said to be
inelastic if the quantity demanded responds only
slightly to changes in
the price.
midpoint method
中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法
elastic demand
弹性需求
inelastic
demand
非弹性需求
price
ceiling
最高限价
a
legal
maximum
on
the
price
at
which
a
good
can
be
sold
(impose
a
price
ceiling/floor)
price floor
最低限价
a legal minimum on the
price at which a good can be sold
When
the government imposes a binding price ceiling on
a competitive market, a shortage of the good
arises, and sellers must ration the
scarce goods among the large number of potential
buyers.
tax incidence
税收归宿
the study of who bears
the burden of taxation
payroll tax:
工资税
A tax burden
falls more heavily on the side of the market that
is less elastic.
一些经济学术语及其它（三）
welfare economics
福利经济学
the study of how the
allocation of resources affects economic well-
being
willingness to pay
支付意愿
the maximum amount that
a buyer will pay for a good
consumer
surplus
消费者剩余
a
buyer’s
willingness to pay
minus the amount the buyer actually pays
producer
surplus
生产者剩余
the amount a
seller is paid for a good minus the
seller’s
cost
marginal buyer
边际买家
the buyer who would
leave the market first if the price were any
higher
marginal seller
边际卖家
the seller who would
leave the market first if the price were any lower
efficiency
效率
the
property
of
a
resource
allocation
of
maximizing
the
total
surplus
received
by
all
members of society
equity
公平
the
fairness of the distribution of well-being among
the members of society
In some markets,
a single buyer or seller (or a small group of
them) may be able to control market prices.
This ability to influence prices is
called market power
市场势力
.
market
failure
市场失灵
—
the
inability of some unregulated markets to allocate
resources efficiently
deadweight loss
无谓损失
/
社会净损失
the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such
as a tax
Taxes cause deadweight losses because
they prevent buyers and
sellers from
realizing some of the
gains from trade.
The greater the elastic cities of
supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss
of a tax.
marginal tax rate
边际税率
underground
economy
地下经济
Laffer curve
拉弗曲线
supply-side
economics
供应经济学
一些经济学术语及其它（十）
Economists call this situation
imperfect competition
不完全竞争
Oligopoly
寡头垄断
a
market structure in which only a few sellers offer
similar or identical products
The
essence
of
an
oligopolistic
market
寡头市场
is
that
there
are
only
a
few
sellers.
As
a
result,
the
actions of any one
seller in the market can have a large impact on
the profits of all the other sellers
monopolistic
competition
垄断竞争
a market
structure in which many firms sell products that
are similar
but not identical
oligopolistic
market
寡头市场
oligopolist
寡头
duopoly
双寡头垄断
collusion
串通
an
agreement among firms in a market about quantities
to produce or prices to charge
cartel<
/p>
卡塔尔
/
垄断联盟
a group of firms acting in unison
Nash
equilibrium
纳什均衡
a
situation
in
which
economic
actors
interacting
with
one
another
each
choose their best
strategy given the strategies that all the other
actor shave chosen
game
theory
博弈论
the study of how
people behave in strategic situations
prisoners’
dilemma
囚徒困境
a
particular
“game”
between
two
captured
prisoners
that
illustrates
why
cooperation is difficult
to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial
dominant
strategy
优势策略
a strategy that
is best for a player in a game regardless of the
strategies
chosen by the other players
resale price
maintenance
转售价格维持
fair trade
公平交易
predatory
pricing
掠夺性定价
a
pricing
strategy
intended
to
force
competitors
out
of
market
with
a
short-term big price cut
in order to gain a monopoly position in the long
term.
Tying
搭售
Over time, Microsoft has added many
features to Windows that were previously stand-
alone products
单独销售产品
一些经济学术语及其它（九）
While a competitive firm is a price
taker
价格接受者
, a monopoly firm
is a price maker
价格制定者
A firm is a monopoly/monopolist
垄断者
if it is the sole seller
of its product and if its product does not
have close substitutes.
The
fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry
进入壁垒
An industry
is a natural
monopoly
自然垄断
when a single
firm can supply a good or service to an entire
market at a smaller cost than could two
or more firms.
In competitive
markets
竞争性市场
,
price
equals
marginal
cost.
In
monopolized
markets
垄断性市场
,
price
exceeds marginal cost.
Sometimes
companies merge not to reduce competition but to
lower costs through more efficient joint
production. These benefits from mergers
are sometimes called synergies
协同效应