-
介绍一下，一共包括四分讲义，按顺序看，学姐没有看书，只看得讲义
，
复习了一个星期，考了
90
多分，<
/p>
第一份：总体了解考点，大体了解就行（往下翻还有别的）
English Literature ( Book II)
Romanticis
icism
（名词解释）要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主
要代表作家都有所了解。
m
Wordsworth
要知道他的
“Lyrical
Ballads”
前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。
Lake P
oets
（名词解释）。他诗歌的主要两类题材：
nature
and common
people’s
lives
。
写过的著名作品：
I wandered lonely as
a cloud; To the cuckoo; Lines composed a few miles
above Tintern Abbey; The solitary reaper; We are
seven
等
等。
3. Samuel Taylor
Coleridge
两首名诗：
The Rime of
the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan
主要写作
supernatural
题材。
4. George Gordon
Byron
，
Byronic Heroes
(
名词解释
);
著名作品：
Child
Harold’s
Pilgrimage
要知道大致内容，
另外此诗用
Spenserian
Stanza
写成；
Don
Juan
要知道大致内容。
1
5. Percy
Bysshe Shelley
著名作品：
Queen
Mab; The Revolt of Islam; Prometheus
Unbound
（
lyrical drama
，要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的
“
被束缚的普
罗米修斯
”
不同之处及其意义。）其它名作
: Ode to the West Wind; To a
skylark
等等。
6.
John Keats
著名作品：
Ode to
Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on a Grecian
Urn”
。注意
Keats
< br>与
Byron
和
Shelley
的不同，
Keats
的诗歌没有两人那
么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。
7. Charles
Lamb
：
The Essays of Elia
(humorous, archaisms, quotations from other
writers)
8. Walter Scott: founder and
great master of the historical novel; his death
marks the ending of Romantic Period in English
literature; famous novels: Rob
Roy,
Ivanhoe; features of his novels.
English Critical Realism
9. Critical Realism
批判现实主义，要知
道它兴起的时间，历史背景，主要代表人物及主要特点。
10. Charles
Dickens
主要作品
: The Pickwick
Papers (first novel); Oliver Twist; Dombey and
Son; David Copperfield; A Tales of Two Cities
等等，对这些主
要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要对情节，主要人物形象，主
题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色。
11. William Makepeace
Thackeray
主要作品即
Vanity
Fair
要知道这个题目出自
John
Bunyan
的
The
Pilgrim’s
Progress
，另外小说的副标
题
“A
novel without a
hero”
的意思，小说的情节，主题，人物形象都要了解。
12. Jane
Austen
主要作品：
Pride and Prejudi
ce
其它
5
部小说知道名字即可，对于
《傲慢与偏见》简单看一下它的情节和主要人物。
Austen
的写作特点：
thin plot, mostly everyday life
of simple country society; good at writing young
girls; modest satire; witty
dialogues
。
13.
Charlotte Bronte
主要作品
Jane Eyr
e
，要知道其情节和意义，另外简爱的人物形象也比较重要。
14. Emily
Bronte
主要作品
Wuthering Heights<
/p>
，情节，人物形象及意义。勃朗特姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但其作品有明
显的浪漫主义特色，
比如包含的一些
supernatural
elements
，特别体现在呼啸山庄中。
15. George
Eliot
主要作品
: Adam Bede, The
Mill on Floss
.
Prose-writers and poets of the mid and
later 19th century
2
16. Alfred
Tennyson
主要作品
: In Memoriam,
The Idylls of the
Kings
；有名的短诗
Break, Break,
Break; Crossing the bar
等，此人政治态度保守，作品追求<
/p>
形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。
17. Robert Browning introduced dramatic
monologue to poetry. His famous poems:
“Home
-thoughts from
abroad”
etc. Elizabeth
Barrett Browning:
“Sonn
ets
from the
Portuguese”.
18.
Aestheticism
唯美主义（名词解释）
Oscar
Wilde
主要作品，写作特点及其意义简要了解。
Twentieth Century English
Literature
19. John
Galsworthy:
主要作品
“The
Forsyte
Saga
”
注意这是两个
trilogy
构成的
，可不是一本小说，其中比较重要的是
“The
Man of
Prope
rty”
就是书上介绍
的那一部，要知道此部小说主人公的名字
，以及这个主人公的性格，和小说主题。
20.
George Bernard Shaw
主要作品
Mrs
Warren’s
Profession
和
Major Babara
，对他作品的主要人物，情节，主题和意义要了解，他是比较重要的一个作家。
21. T. S.
Eliot
比较重要，特别是他的
The Waste Lan
d
要知道包括哪几个部分，大概是什么情节，有什么象征意义，主题是什么，有什么写作
特点。另外他
著名的文章
Tradition and the
Individual
Talent
被认为是
manifesto of
modernist poetry.
22. Modernist fiction
put emphasis on the description of the
characters’
psychological
activities under the influence of Austrian doctor
Sigmund
Freud’s
th
eories.
23. D. H.
Lawrence
重点作品
Sons and Lovers<
/p>
这个作品明显受到弗洛伊德影响，
特别是其中体现的
Oedipus complex
，
对其人物，
主题要有了解；
The
Rainbow
及其续篇
Women in
Love
要有简单了解，特别是对其主题。
Lady
Chatterley’s
Lover
简单了解即可。劳伦斯的思想特点以及局限性要了解。
24. Stream-of-
consciousness
（名词解释）
25. James Joyce
其它作品简单了解，但
Ulysses
非常重要，需要知道题目来源，题目的含义，小说的主
人公和情节，以及主题。
26. Virginia Woo
lf
重要的意识流作家，主要作品要指导。书上主要介绍的是
M
rs. Dalloway
，其实她的其它几部作品特别是
To
the Lighthouse
也比较出名，
需要了解一下。<
/p>
3
第二份：课本对应版，很多细节题都在里面，不看课本直接背这个讲义我
考了
90
分，这份是重点
《英国文学史及选读》第二册
复习提纲
Part VII.
THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
Introduction
?
Historical Background
The
political & social factors that gave rise to the
Romantic Movement were the three revolutions
–
the American Revolution,
the French Revolution and the
Industrial Revolution.
?
Intellectual
background
The shift in
literature from emphasis on reason to instinct &
emotion was intellectually prepared for by a
number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th
century. Representative thinkers are
Rousseau, Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine.
?
Term
–
Romanticism
（
1
）
Romanticism is a literary trend
fighting against the idea of Enlightenment. It
prevailed in England during the period of
1798
—
1832. It begins with
the publication of
Lyrical
Ballads
by William Wordsworth and
Samuel Taylor Coleridge and ends with
Sir Walter Scott‘s death
.
（
2
）
Romanticism actually constitutes a
change of direction from attention to the outer
world of social civilization to the inner world of
the human spirit.
（
3
）
In essence, it designates a literary &
philosophical theory, which tends to see the
individual as the very center of all life & all
experience.
（
4
）
It also places the individual at the
center of art, making literature most valuable as
an expression of his or her unique feelings &
particular attitudes,
& valuing its
accuracy in portraying the individual‘s
experiences.
?
Term
–
Lake Poets
or The Lakers
In English literature it
refers to such romantic poets as William
Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert
Southey who lived in the Lake District.
?
Term
—
Gothic Novel
4
It
is
a
type
of
romance
very
popular
in
the
18
th
century
and
at
the
beginning
of
the
19
th
century.
It
emphasizes
things
which
are
grotesque,
violent,
mysterious, supernatural, desolate and
horrifying. It was applied by Horace Walpole to
his novel
The Castle of
Otranto
. It has exerted a great
influence over
the writers of the
Romantic period with
its
description of the dark, irrational
side of human nature. Gothic novel
has
exerted a
great
influence over the
writers of the Romantic period. Works
like
The Mysteries of
Udolpho
by Ann Radcliffe and
Frankenstein
by Mary Shelley
are typical Gothic romance.
?
（
1
）
（
2
）
（
3
）
（
4
）
Romantic Authors in England
The glory of the age is in
the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron,
Shelley, Keats and Southy.
Of its prose
works, those of Scott alone have attained very
wide reading
The essays of Charles Lamb
The novels of Jane Austen and
historical novels of Walter Scott
William Wordsworth
(1770-1850)
―. . . poetry is
the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it
takes its origin from emotion recollected in
tranquility…‖ (―Preface‖)
所有的好诗都是
炽烈情感的自然涌流，而这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的
.
——
quotation from
William Wordsworth.
?
Major works
from William Wordsworth
Lyrical
Ballads
抒情歌谣集（
I Wandered
Lonely as a
Cloud
我好似一朵孤独的流云；
Composed
upon Westminster Bridge
写于威斯敏斯特桥上）
Lucy
Poems
露西组诗
(
She Dwett Among the
Untrodden Ways
她走在人迹罕至的路边；
To
the Cuckoo
杜鹃颂
;
The Solitary
Reape
r
孤寂的割麦女
);
The
Excursio
n
远足
The Prelude
序曲
?
Analysis of
William Wordsworth
’
s works
（
1
）
She Dwett Among the Untrodden
Ways
is one of his famous Lucy Poems,
in which the lover tells that she lived unknown
and died unknown.
（
2
）
Composed upon Westminster
Bridge
describes a vivid
picture of a beautiful morning in London.
（
3
）
The Solitary Reaper
describes vividly and sympathetically a
young peasant girl working in the fields and
singing as she works and shows that the
girl‘s singing deeply moved the
traveler and kept lingering in his
heart
.
5
（
4
）
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English
literature, and one that takes us to the core of
Wordswort
h‘s
poetic belief.
?
Form
This poem
contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic
tetrametre(
四步抑扬格
), with a
rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.
?
Theme
The theme of this poem is the serene
beauty of nature through vivid description of
daffodils and the poet‘
s
respect for nature.
?
Content
First
Stanza
–
It
shows
a
harmonious
picture.
The
image
of
―
cloud
‖
gives
us
the
impression
of
the
poet
‘
s
pride
and
loftiness.
But
on
seeing
numerous
daffodils, the poet descends from above
to below.
Second
Stanza
–
In this
stanza, the poet draws an analogy between stars
and daffodils to emphasize the great number.
―
Star
‖ in this
stanza echoes with
―
cloud
‖ in
the previous stanza.
Third Stanza
–
The poet draws an analogy
between waves of water and waves of daffodils. The
description of the scenery ends in the second
line. Following
that, the poet shifts
his emphasis from scenery to emotion.
Fourth Stanza
–
The glee of daffodils turns into happiness of the
poet. As a result, the beauty of nature becomes
the beauty of
mind. The last two lines
explain why daffodils had brought great
wealth to me, because they had brought fresh
inspiration, greater creativity and new capacity
for imagination. New
life has been
brought to him by the memory.
?
Brief comment
on William Wordsworth
（
1
）
He is the leading figure of English
Romantic poetry, and he is regarded as a
―
worshipper of
nature
‖
.
（
2
）
His Lyrical Ballads, written with
Coleridge, marked the beginning of Romanticism in
English poetry.
（
3
）
He defined poetry as
―
the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings: it takes its origin from
emotion recollected in
tranquility.
‖
（
4
）
He was one of the
―
Lake
Poets
‖
.
George Gordon Byron
(1788-1824)
Introduction
?
George Gordon
Byron was as famous in his lifetime for his
personality cult as for his poetry. He created the
concept of the
―
Byronic
hero
‖—
a proud,
mysterious
rebel
figure
of
noble
origin.
Byron
‘
s
influence
on
European
poetry,
music,
novel,
opera,
and
painting
has
been
immense.
He
was
the
most
renowned
English language poet of his day.
6
?
Term
–
Byronic Hero
This is a concept created by George
Gordon Byron. It refers to a proud, mysterious
rebel figure of noble origin. With immense
superiority in his passions and
powers,
this figure would carry on his shoulders the
burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupted
society, and would rise single-handedly against
any kind
of tyrannical rules either in
government, in religion, or in moral principles
with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible
energies.
?
Term
–
Lyric
Lyric is a short poem
wherein the poet expresses an emotion or
illustrates some life principle. Lyric often
concerns love.
―
My love is
like a red, red rose
‖
is
Robert Burn
‘
s
well-known lyric.
?
Major works
Hours of
Idliness
1807
English Bords and
Scottish Reviewers
1809
Childe Harold
’
s
Pilgrimage
1812
The Giaour
1813
The
Corsair
1814
Lara
1814
Manfred
1817
Cain
1821
Don
Juan
(1819-1824)
?
Famous selected
poems in our textbook:
When We Two
Parted;
She Walks in
Beauty;
The Isles of Greece
taken from Don Juan
?
Analysis of
Byron
’
s works
（
1
）
Don Juan
,
Byron
‘
s masterpiece, is
regarded as the great poem of the Romantic Age. It
is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of
a great
lover and seducer of women.
（
2
）
When We Two Parted
is a
lyric poem of usual love between man and woman.
The poem
is alternately rhymed to show
the poet‘s mental pain of
love mingled
with hate. The metrical movement of this poem is
basically a combination of iambic and anapaestic
(
抑抑扬格
) feet, with a rhyme
scheme
ababcdcd.
（
3
）
She Walks in
Beauty
is one of B‘s early
love
lyrics.
7
?
?
?
Background knowledge
–
On June 11, 1814, B
attended a party where he for the first time net
his young cousin, Lady Wilmot Horton, who was
dressed in a black mourning gown. B was
so struck by her beauty that, on returning home,
he wrote this poem in a single night.
Theme
–
This
lyric poem is a compliment to a lady and to
celebrate the beauty of the woman.
Form
–
The poem
contains three stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with
a rhyme scheme ababab.
（
4
）
The Isles of Greece
is taken from Don Juan, Canto III,
which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of
Don Juan and Haidee. In the early
19
th
century,
Greece was under the rule of Turk. By contrasting
the freedom of ancient Greece and the present
enslavement, the poet appealed to people to
struggle for liberty.
?
（
1
）
Comments on Byron
Byron is
the most excellent representative of English
Romanticism. He was one of the most influential
poets of his time.
（
2
）
He created the concept of the
―
Byronic
hero
‖—
a proud, mysterious
rebel figure of noble origin.
（
3
）
His poems are favorites of the British
workers & the laboring people of other countries.
He opposed oppression & slavery, & had an ardent
love
for liberty. He praised the
people‘s revolutionary struggles in his works.
（
4
）
He was the most renowned English
language poet of his day.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1827)
Introduction
?
Shelley is one of the leading Romantic
poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the
English language. Shelley drew no essential
distinction between
poetry and
politics, and his work reflected the radical ideas
and revolutionary optimism of the era.
?
Term
–
Ode
It
is
a dignified and
elaborately structured lyric
poem
of some length,
praising and
glorifying an individual, commemorating
an event,
or describing
nature intellectually rather than
emotionally. Originally they were songs performed
to the accompaniment of a music instrument. John
Keats wrote great
odes. His Ode on a
Grecian Urn is a case in point.
?
Term -- Terza
Rima
It is an Italian verse that
consists of a series of three-line stanzas in
which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with
the first and third lines of the
following stanza with the rhyming
scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.. It appeared first
in Dante
‘
s The Divine
Comedy. Besides, Shelley
‘
s
Ode to the West Wind
8
is a case in point.
?
Major Works
The Necessity of Atheism
《无神论的必要性》
Adonais
《阿多尼斯》
Queen Mab
1813
《麦布女王》
The
Revolt of Islam
1818
《伊斯兰的反叛》
Prometheus Unbound
1820
《解放了的普罗米修斯》
A Defence of
Poetry
《诗辩》
?
Famous selected
poems in our textbook:
A Song: Men of
England
Ode to the West Wind
Ozymandias
To a Skylark
The Cloud
?
Analysis of
Shelley
’
s works
（
1
）
A Song: Men of England
is
one of Shelley
‘
s greatest
political lyrics. It is not only a war cry calling
upon all working people to rise up against their
political oppressors, but an address to
them pointing out the intolerable injustice of
economic exploitation. The poet warns the working
people that if
they should give up
their struggle, they would be digging graves for
themselves with their own hands.
（
2
）
Ode to the West Wind
is one
of the most popular and best-known of Shelley's
lyrics.
Main Idea
–
Shelley eulogized the
powerful west wind &
expressed
his
eagerness
to
enjoy
the
boundless
freedom
from
the
reality.
―
West
Wind
‖—
in
the
poem
symbolizes
both
destroyer
of
the
old
and
preserver
of
the
new.
It
destroys
leaves/things/thoughts/ideas
that
are
dead;
it
preserves
new
life
or
seeds
that
represent
new
life
or
new
birth.
Form
—
This ode
consists of five stanzas, each a stanza formed of
four units of terza rima
(
三行诗节
) completed by a
couplet. Famous lines
—‖
Wild
Spirit, which art moving everywhere;/
Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O
hear!
‖
and
―
I fall upon the thorns of
life!
‖
and
―
If Winter comes, can Spring
be
far behind?
‖
（
3
）
Prometheus Unbound
is Shelley
‘
s
greatest poetic drama. The drama celebrates
man
‘
s victory over tyranny
and oppression.
（
4
）
Queen Mab
is a revolutionary
poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the
unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth.
9
John Keats (1795-1821)
?
Romantic poets
compared
Wordsworth: beauty in
simplicity
Coleridge: beauty in the
extraordinary and supernatural
Byron:
beauty in power and satire
Shelley:
exquisite beauty
Keats: sensuous
beauty(
给人以美的享受的
).
On John
Keats‘
tomb are carved,
according to his own request, the words:
―
Here lies one whose name
was writ in water.
‖
(
此地长眠者，声名水上书
)
?
John Keats is
one of the major English Romantists in the
19
th
century. He wrote best
odes in English literature. He sought to express
beauty in all of
his poems. His leading
principle is ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty‖. His
poetry is
distinguished by sensuousness
and the perfection of the form. His
ability to appeal to the senses through
language is virtually unrivaled.
Major
Works
Long Poems
―Endymion‖
《恩底弥瓮》
―Isabella‖
《伊萨贝拉》
Short Poems
―Ode on a
Grecian Urn‖
《希腊古瓮颂》
―Ode on
Melancholy‖
《忧郁颂》
?
―The Eve of St.
Agnes‖
《圣爱格尼斯之夜》
―Ode to
Autumn‖
《秋颂》
―Lamia‖
《莱米亚》
―Hyperion‖
《赫披里昂》
?
Analysis of
Keats
’
works
―Ode
to a Nightingale‖
《夜莺颂》
Sonnet
:
On First Looking into Chapman‘s
Homer
（
1
）
Ode on an Grecian Urn
shows
the contrast between the permanence of art and the
transience of human passion.
Form
—
Each stanza is 10 lines
long,
metered
in
a
relatively
precise
iambic
pentameter,
and
divided
into
a
two
part
rhyme
scheme:
the
first
7
lines
of
each
stanza
follow
an
ABABCDE
rhyme and the last 3 lines of which are variable.
The famous line from this ode is
―
Beauty is truth, truth
beauty
‖
and
―
Heard melodies are
sweet, but those unheard/ Are
sweeter
‖
.
10
（
2
）
On First Looking into Chapman’s
Homer
is a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet
with a rhyme scheme of abba abba cdc dcd. The
octet (eight lines)
describes Keats's
reading experience before reading Chapman's
translation and the sestet (six lines) contrasts
his experience of reading it.
（
3
）
Ode
to a Nightingale
expresses the contrast
between the happy world of natural loveliness and
human world of agony.
Walter Scott
(1771
—
1832)
?
?
Poems
1802,
Minstrelsy of the Scottish
Border,
《苏格兰边区歌谣集》
1805,
The Lay of the Last Minstrel
,
《最末一个行吟诗人》
1808,
Marmion
《玛密恩》
1810,
The Lady of the
Lake
《湖上夫人》
Novels
Of Scottish history
Waverley
《威弗利》
1814
Guy
Mannering
《盖曼纳合》
1815
Old Morality
《清教徒》
1816
Rob Roy 1817
《罗布
·
罗伊》
, the best of the group
The Heart of Midlothian
1818
《弥德洛西恩的心》
Of the English history
Ivanhoe
《艾凡赫》
1820,
is Scott
‘
s masterpiece. It
is a novel of English subject covering the days
after the Norman Conquest.
Kenilworth,
《肯纳尔沃思堡》
1821
11
Walter Scott,
a Scottish novelist and poet, is the father of the
historical novel. His historical novel is his
chief contribution to English literature. His
historical novels concern the history
of Scotland, English history and the history of
European countries. His language is difficult with
Scottish dialect.
Major Works of Walter
Scott
The Fortunes of
Nigel,
《尼格尔的家产》
1822
Woodstock
《皇家猎宫》
Peveril of the Peak
《贝弗利尔
·
皮克》
1823
Of the European countries
Quentin Durward
《昆丁
·
达沃德》
1823
Talisman
《惊军英雄记》
1825
Count Robert of Paris
《巴黎的罗伯特
伯爵》
1832
St.
Ronan’
s Wells
《圣
·<
/p>
罗南之泉》
, the only one, dealing
with his contemporary life
?
（
1
）
（
2
）
（
3
）
（
4
）
Features of Scott’s Novels
Scott has an outstanding gift of
vivifying the past.
In his novels,
historical events are closely interwoven with the
fates of individuals.
In his historical
novels, he concerns both the lives and deeds of
the higher class and that of the ordinary people.
He is a romantic while a Tory, a
conservative in politics.
Jane Austen (1775-1817)
Introduction
?
She
was
a
woman
novelist
of
the
18
th
century,
thought
she
lived
mainly
in
the
19
th
century
for
her
works
show
clearly
her
firm
belief
in
the
predominance of reason over passion,
the sense of responsibility, good manners and
clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic
tendencies of emotion and
individuality.
Six Novels
Emma
《爱玛》
Persuasion
《劝导》
Mansfield
Park
《曼斯菲尔德庄园》
12
?
Northanger
Abbey
《诺桑觉寺》
Pride
and Prejudice
《傲慢与偏见》
Sense and
Sensibility
《理智与情感》
?
Analysis of
Pride and Prejudice
Pride
& Prejudice
which was originally drafted as
First
Impressions
, mainly tells of the love
story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and
the
beautiful and
intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. In this novel, Darcy
stands for Pride and Elizabeth represents
Prejudice. In the end false pride is humbled and
prejudice dissolved.
Main
Characters
—
Mr. Bennet and
Mrs. Bennet with their daughters of Jane,
Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia, besides
there are Charles Bingley
and
Fitzwilliam Darcy.
Major
Themes
—
Pride and prejudice
Love and marriage
Family
Famous quotations from Chapter 1
①
―It is a truth
universally acknowledged that a single man in
possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a
wife‖
.
——
Opening
sentence from
Pride and
Prejudice
Explanations
of
the
opening
sentence
—
P
&
P
begins
with
one
of
her
most
famous
uses
of
irony.
The
first
sentence
takes
a
local
attitude,
to
be
exemplified
in
Mrs.
Bennet,
about
the
need
of
well-to-do
men
to
marry,
and
transforms
it,
tongue-in-cheek,
into
a
self-evident
fact
―universally
acknowledged.‖
②
―What is his name?‖
―Bingley.‖
―Is he married or single?‖
―Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A
single man of large fortune; four or five thousand
a year. What a fine thing for our girls!‖
―How so? how can it affect
them?‖
―My
dear
Mr.
Bennet,‖
replied
his
wife,
―how
can
you
be
so
tiresome!
You
must
know
that
I
am
thinking
of
his
marrying
one
of
them.‖
——
Conversations between Mr.
and Mrs Bennet
Explanations of this
conversation
—
The
conversation tells us that Mrs. Bennet is eager to
marry one of his daughters to the mentioned young
man, but
13
her husband does not care
much.
?
Jane Austen
’
s
contribution to English literature
（
1
）
Jane Austen is one of the most
important Romantic novelists in English
literature. She creates six influential novels
such as Sense and Sensibility,
Emma,
Pride and Prejudice.
（
2
）
Her main literary concern is about
human beings in their personal relationships. She
makes trivial daily life as important as the
concerns about
human belief and career
and salient social events. This is what make her
important in English literature.(3%)
（
3
）
Jane Austen has brought the English
novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because
of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human
behavior and
her accurate portrayal of
human individuals.
（
4
）
She describes the world from a
woman
‘
s point of view, and
depicts a group of authentic and common women.
Charles Lamb
(1775-1834)
?
Romantic prose writers
（
1
）
The early 19
th
century is remarkable for the development of a new
and valuable type of critical prose writing.
（
2
）
The leaders in this new and important
development are William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, De
Quincy and Charles Lamb.
（
3
）
These prose writers were much
influenced by the French Revolution in politics
and by the Romantic Movement in literature.
（
4
）
They freely expressed their own
personality in their writings.
（
5
）
The best representative of these
writers is Charles Lamb.
?
Major literary
works
John
Woodvil
《约翰·伍德维尔》
1802
Mr. H
《
H
君》
1806
First Period
Second Period
Tales from
Shakespeare
《莎士比亚故事集》
1807
cooperated with his sister
Specimens of
English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespea
re
《莎士比亚同时代英国戏剧诗人之范作》
1808
14
Third
Perid
—
series of essays
Essays of Elia
《伊利亚随笔集》
1823
Last
Essays of Elia
《后随笔集》
1833
Part
VIII. The Victorian Age
?
Age Division
The
Victorian Age can be roughly divided into 3
periods:
The Early Period (1832-1848):
a time of social unrest.
The Middle
Period (1848-1870): a period of economic
prosperity & religious controversy.
The Last Period (1870-1901):
a period of
decay of Victorian values.
?
Features of Victorian novels
（
1
）
The plot is unfolded against a social
background, which is broader than what it had been
in previous novels.
（
2
）
The cause-effect sequence is much more
striking than in previous novels.
（
3
）
Most of the Victorian novels first
published in serial form, that is, by installment,
before they were fully published in a single book.
（
4
）
The Victorian novels were tainted by
the spirit of Puritanism of the Victorian age.
（
5
）
The
Victorian
novels
were
characterized
by
their
moral
purpose.
Many
writers
wrote
novels
with
a
purpose
to
edify
readers
&
to
bring
about
reforms.
?
Victorian Poets
Although the novel was the
predominating genre of literature in the Victorian
age, it does not follow that there were no
prominent poets after the deaths
of
major Romantic poets.
In
fact,
poets
like
Alfred
Tennyson
(1809-1892),
Robert
Browning
(1812-1889),
Elizabeth
Barrett
Browning
(1806-1861),
&
Matthew
Arnold
(1822-1888)
were important in
the sense not only that they wrote highly lyrical
poems as the Romaticists did, but also that they
in their poetry reflected the
spiritual
search which was characteristic of the age.
?
Terms
—
Critical
Realism
Critical Realism is
a term applied to the realistic fiction in the
late 19
th
and early
20
th
centuries. It means the
tendency of writers and intellectuals in the
period between 1875 and 1920 to apply
the method of realistic fiction to the criticism
of society and the examination of social issues.
Charles Dickens is the
15
most important
critical realist who applies this method.
?
Terms
—
Dramatic
Monologue
Dramatic Monologue, in
literature, refers to the occurrence of a single
speaker saying something to a silent audience.
Robert Browning
‘
s
My Last Duchess
is
a typical example in which the duke,
speaking to a non-responding audience, reveals not
only the reasons for his disapproval of the
behavior of his former
duchess, but
some tyrannical and merciless aspects of his own
personality as well.
Charles Dickens
(1812-1870)
―
He was a
sympathizer to
the poor, the suffering,
and the oppressed;
and by his
death,
one of England's
greatest
writers is
lost to the
world.
‖
——
The
Epitaph of
Charles Dickens
?
Charles Dickens
is one of the greatest critical realist writers of
the Victorian Age. His works are intended to
expose and
criticize all the poverty,
injustice,
hypocrisy
and
corruptness
of
the
19
th
century
England,
particularly
London.
All
his
works
are
characterized
by
a
mingling
of
humor
and
pathos.
Major works
?
The First
Period
1836
Sketches by Boz
《博兹随笔》
1837
The Pickwick Papers
《匹克威克外传》
1837-1838
Oliver
Twist
《雾都孤儿》
criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse
system and the dark, criminal underworld life.
1838-1839
Nicholas Nickleby
《尼古拉斯
.
尼科尔贝》
1840
The Old
Curiosity Shop
《老古玩店》
The Second Period
1842
American Notes
《美国札记》
1843
Martin Chuzzlewit
《马丁
.
瞿述传》
1843
A Christmas Carol
《圣诞欢歌》
（圣诞故事集）
1844
The Chimes
《钟声》
（圣诞故事集）
1846
Dombey and Son
《董贝父子》
16
1849
David Copperfield
《大卫
.
科波菲尔》
is about the
debtor
‘
s prison.
The Third Period
1852
Bleak House
《荒凉山庄》
attacks
the legal system and practices that aim at
devouring every penny of the clients.
1853
Hard Times
《艰难时世》
lashes the Utilitarian principle that
rules over the English education system and
destroys young hearts and minds.
1854
Little Dorrit
《小杜丽》
1859
A Tale of Two Cities
《双城记》
1860
Great Expectations
《远大前程》
expose the
overwhelming social environment which brings moral
degeneration and destruction to people.
1864
Our Mutual Friend
《我们共同的朋友》
?
The
characteristics of Charles
Dickens
’
works
（
1
）
As a novelist, Charles Dickens was
first remembered for his sketches of characters
and exaggeration. As a master of characterization,
Dickens
was skillful in drawing vivid
caricatural sketches by exaggerating some
peculiarities.
（
2
）
Dickens is well known as a humorist as
well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to
enliven a scene or lighten a character by making
it
(him or her) eccentric or laughable.
（
3
）
Dickens loved complicated and
fascinating plot in his novels. He is also
skillful at creating suspense and mystery to make
the story fascinating. A
plot formula
in his novel is the happy ending.
（
4
）
As
the
greatest
representative
of
English
critical
realism,
Dickens
made
his
novel
the
instrument
of
morality
and
justice.
Each
of
his
novels
reveals a specific social problem.
William Makepeace Thackeray
(1811-1863)
?
?
William
Makepeace Thackeray is one of the most important
writers of the English critical realism. Through
his masterpiece Vanity Fair, Thackeray
sharply exposes the vices of his
society: hypocrisy, money-worship, and moral
degradation.
Major works
The Book of Snobs
1846-47
< br>《势利人脸谱》
《势利者集》
Vanity Fair
1847-48
《名利场》
The History of Pendennis
1849-50
《彭登尼斯》
The Newcomes
1853-55
《纽克姆一家》
The History of Henny Esmond
《亨利
?
埃
斯蒙德》
1852
17
The Virginians
《弗吉尼亚人》
1859
?
The Analysis of
V
anity Fair
General
Introduction
—
Vanity
Fair
is Thackeray's masterpiece. It was
published in 1847-48 in monthly installments.
The
title
—
was taken from
Bunyan's
“
Pilgrim's
Progress
‖.
The sub-title
—
of
the book,
―A
Novel Without a
Hero
‖, suggests the fact that writer '
s inten
tion was not to portray
individuals, but the bourgeois and
aristocratic society as a whole.
Main
idea
—
In this novel Thackeray
describes the life of the ruling classes of
England in the early decades of the 19th century,
and attacks the social
relationship of
the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals
in the different strata of the upper society. It
is a world where money grubbing is the main
motive for all members of the ruling
classes.
The
heroin
—
is Rebecca Sharp who
is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity
Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain
wealth and position by any
means fair
or foul. Sharp is charming and pretty, but she is
ambitious. Driven by her ambition, she has become
a merciless social climber. As her name
suggests, Becky Sharp is determined to
carve out a place for herself in Vanity Fair. She
succeeds in establishing herself in Vanity Fair at
the cost of lives of
two men and the
alienation of all her friends and family. But she
enjoys the battle.
?
The
characteristics of
Thackeray
’
s novels
Thackeray is one of the greatest
critical realists of the 19th-century Europe .
Thackeray is a satirist. He
is noted for realistic depiction, the ironic and
sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism.
Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to
produce a moral impression in all his novels.
He is good at describing the life of
the upper class, which he is familiar with.
（
1
）
（
2
）
（
3
）
（
4
）
?
The theme of
Vanity Fair.
（
1
）
Vanity Fair
describes the
life of the upper society of England in the early
19th century, and exposes the craftiness,
snobbishness and vanity of the
ruling
classes.
（
2
）
Life
is
portrayed
in
this
novel
as
a
vanity
fair
where
everything
can
be
sold
and
bought,
and
money-grubbing
was
the
main
motive
for
the
members of the upper classes.
（
3
）
Becky Sharp is a perfect example of
this money-grubbing instinct. She is a subtle
embodiment of duplicity, ambition and selfishness.
（
4
）
When we discuss the theme of the novel,
disillusionment is the key word. At the end of the
novel, nobody is happy.
18
George Eliot (1819-1880)
—
Mary Ann Evans
―It was really George Eliot who started
it all. It was she started putting action
inside.‖
--
D.H.
Lawrence‘
evaluation on George Eliot
?
Eliot’s Major
Works
Novels
Remarkable ones
：
Adam Bede, 1859
《亚当
.
比德》
---rural life
The Mill on the Floss,
1860
《弗洛斯河上的磨房》
--moral
problems
Silas Marner,
1861
《织工马南》
- psychological
studies of characters
Others:
Romola, 1863
《罗慕拉》
--problems of religion
&morality
Felix Holt, the Radical, 18
66
《费力可斯
.
霍尔特》
Middlemarch, 1871
–
72
《米德尔马契》
Daniel Deronda, 1876
《丹尼尔
.
德龙达》
?
The
characteristics of Eliot’s literary
works
She wrote about rural
life influenced by the industrial revolution.
She shows a particular concern for the
destiny of women.
She leads in the
direction of both the naturalistic and
psychological novel.
She shows the
interest in the interior life of human beings,
moral problems and strains.
Religion is
concerned in her novels.
Bronte Sisters
?
The story of the three
Bronte sisters, Charlotte (1816-1855), Emily
(1818-1848), Anne (1820-1849), all literary, all
talented and all dying young, is
19
one of the saddest pages in
the history of English literature. They were the
daughters of a poor clergyman in the little
village of Haworth, Yorkshire, in
northern England.
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)
?
She is one of
the three Bronte sisters. Her works are all about
the struggle of an individual consciousness
towards self-realization, about some lonely and
neglected young women with a fierce
longing for love, understanding and a full, happy
life. Al her heroines
‘
highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self
or some human weakness overcome.
?
Major works
―
The
Professor
‖
(1846, 1857)
《教师》
―
Jane
Eyre
‖
(1847)
《简
·
爱》
―
Shirley
‖
< br> (1849)
《雪莉》
―<
/p>
Villette
‖
(1853)
《维莱特》
?
The Analysis of
Jane Eyre
（
1
）
Jane Eyre is
Charlotte
‘
s masterpiece, and
also one of the most popular and important novels
of the Victorian Age.
（
2
）
It is noted for its sharp criticism of
the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy
of charity institutions such as Lowood School.
（
3
）
It traces the passionate love between
Jane Eyre and Rochester.
（
4
）
The success of the novel is also due to
its introduction to the English novel the first
governess heroine, Jane Eyre.
（
5
）
Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a
fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a
poor, plain, little governess who dares to love
her master, a
man superior to her in
many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to
the man her love for him.
（
6
）
In the novel Charlotte shapes a
completely new woman image, a woman with the
spirit of independence and self-dignity.
（
7
）
The novel is a song of
women
‘
s struggle for
recognition of their basic rights and equality as
a human being.
?
Quotation explained
―Do you
think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you
think I am an automaton?––
a machine
without feelings? And I can bear to have my morsel
of bread snatched from my lips, and my
drop of living water dashed from my lips? Do you
think I am poor, obscure, plain, and
little, I am soulless and
heartless?
––
You
think wrong!
––
I have as
much soul as you
––
and full
as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some
beauty, and much wealth, I
should
have
made
it
as
hard
for
you
to
leave
me,
as
it
is
now
for
me
to
leave
you.
I
am
not
talking
to
you
no
through
the
medium
of
custom,
20
conventionalities, or even
of mortal flesh:
––
it is my
spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both
had passed through the grave, and we stood at
God
‘
s feet,
equal
––
as we
are!
‖
These words
are taken from chapter 23 of
Jane Eyre.
The speaker
––
Jane
is trying to show Mr. Rochester that she must
leave him because she
doesn
‘
t
want to
become his accessory. She feels hurt because Mr.
Rochester has not told her about his wife and in
her mind he doesn
‘
t treat
her as an equal being.
Emily Bronte (1818-1848)
?
He was a poet
and novelist, a more passionate and rebellious
character than her sisters, most gifted. Emily
Bronte wrote only one novel entitled
―
Wuthering
Heights
‖ in 1847.
?
Wuthering
Heights
（
1
）
Wuthering is Yorkshire dialect for
―
weathering
‖
.
（
2
）
Wuthering Heights is a morbid love
between Catherine and Heathcliff.
（
3
）
It is also the story about two
families
–
the
Earnshaw family and the Linton family, and an
intruding stranger, Heathcliff, an orphan adopted
by Mr. Earnshaw.
（
4
）
The novel is a bitter attack on the
bourgeois marriage system.
?
Techniques
The story is told in flashbacks.
The narrators: Lockwood & Nelly
Dean(most part)
?
Themes
（
1
）
A love that lingers in hatred of the
past or totally governed by overpowerful passion
can be extremely destructive to every one
involved.
（
2
）
Forgiveness is the best way to make
life happy.
Anne Bronte (1820-1849)
?
?
She is a
novelist and one of the three bronte sisters.
Agnes Grey
《艾格尼丝
·<
/p>
格雷》
21
Victorian Poets
?
Victorian Poetry
The
second
half
of
the
19th
century
in
England
produced
a
number
of
outstanding
poets
such
as
Alfred
Tennyson
(1809-1892),
and
Robert
Browning(1812-1889).
Browning has paved the way for modern English
poetry in the 20th century.
（
1
）
Victorian poetry developed in the
context of the novel. Poets sought new ways of
telling stories in verse.
（
2
）
All poets show the strong influence of
the Romantics, but cannot sustain the confidence
the Romantics felt in the power of the
imagination.
（
3
）
Victorian poets often rewrite Romantic
poems with a sense of belatedness.
（
4
）
Dramatic monologue
–
the idea of
creating a lyric
poem in the voice of a
speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the
great
achievement of
Victorian poetry.
Alfred
Tennyson (1809-1892)
?
His Major Poetical Works
In Memoriam
《悼念》
18
33
—
1850
Idylls of the King
《国王之歌》
1850
—
1885
Selected Poems in our textbook
Tennyson
’
s
Ulysses
―
尤利西斯
‖
Break, Break,
Break
”
―
拍吧，拍吧，拍吧
‖
Crossing the Bar
―
穿过沙洲
‖
?
Break, Break,
Break
This short lyric is written in
memory of Tennyson
’
s best
friend, Arthur Hallam, whose death has a lifelong
influence on the poet.
Form
—
The poem
contains four quatrains, with combined
iambic & anapaestic
抑抑扬格
feet.
Most lines have three feet & some four. The rhyme
scheme is abcb.
Themes
Grief
The
main theme is bereavement
丧友
, heartache, emptiness. In the
narrator's dark hour of grief, the sun rises,
children laugh, business goes on as usual.
How could the world be so cruel and
unfeeling?
Preciousness of
Youth
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Tennyson's
friend,
Arthur
Hallam,
was
only
22
when
he
died.
The
shock
of
Hallam's
death
impressed
upon
Tennyson
how
priceless
youth
is.
To
underscore
this idea, and to express the agony he suffers at
the loss of young Hallam, Tennyson presents images
of youthful joy: the fisherman's son playing
with his sister and the
Indifference of Nature
Nature
continues
to
function
according
to
its
rhythms
and
cycles
regardless
of
what
happens,
good
or
bad,
to
human
beings.
The
temperature
may
plummet just when a poor
family runs out of fuel. The sun may shine and the
birds may sing in the middle of the bloodiest of
battles. And the sea will rise
and fall
in a defiant, indifferent rhythm that refuses to
acknowledge tragedy in the everyday life of
average men. Tennyson laments this cold
indifference in
?
Crossing the Bar
This poem
was written in the later years of
Tennyson
‘
s life. We can feel
his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God &
an afterlife. In the poem, the
poet
compares Death to putting out to sea in the dusk,
which vividly reflects his fearless attitude
toward death, for in his
opinion, he
may achieve lasting
peace & see God
face to face after death.
Robert Browning (1812-1889)
?
Robert Browning
is an English poet and playwright whose mastery of
dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues,
made him one of the foremost
Victorian
poets.
?
Robert
Browning‘s contribution to literature: Dramatic
monologue (
戏剧独白
)
：
A dramatic monologue is a combination
of the words dramatic and
monologue
(obviously). The ―dramatic‖ says that it could be
acted out, and is a form of drama, while the
―monologue‖ defines
it as a speech that
one
person makes, either to themselves
or to another.
?
His Major Works
My Last
Duchess
《我已故的公爵夫人》
Meeting at
Night
《月夜相会》
Parting at
Morning
《晨别》
The
Ring and The Book
《指环与书》
Home Thoughts from
Abroad
《异国相思》
23
?
My Last Duchess
Main
Idea
—
In this poem, Browning
creates a character of chilling coldness and
cruelty.
The speaker is a
Duke who is conducting negotiations for a bride,
a new duchess.
He is talking with the representatives
of potential father in law.
Almost casually, he shows them the
pictur
e of the ?last‘ duchess whom he
had killed because he could not
dominate her.
Form
—
My Last
Duchess
is written in
heroic
couplets
（英雄体双行诗）
, but most
of the lines being
―
run-
on
‖
lines and the riming
syllables
（音节）
often
getting
little
or
no
stress,
the
metrical
（有节奏的）
effect
of
the
poem
almost
resembles
that
of
blank
verse.
Somewhere
it
was
called
rhyming
pe
ntameter(
押韵的五音部
)
.
Part IX Twentieth Century
Literature
?
Social Background
Two main factors influencing literature
1.
Imperialism
2.
Widespread
demand for social reform
?
Ideological Background
Ideologically,
the
rise
of
the
irrational
philosophy
and
new
science
greatly
incited
modern
writers
to
make
new
explorations
on
human
natures
and
human relationships.
1.
The theory of
Scientific Socialism
2.
The Social
Darwinism
3.
Freud‘s analytical psychology
?
The
Poetry in England in the 20th century
The modernist poets fought against the
romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism,
advocating new ideas in poetry-writing. They
advocate to use the
language of common
speech, to create new rhythms as the expression of
a new mood, to allow absolute freedom in choosing
subjects, and to use hard, clear
and
precise images in poems.
?
Novels of the 20th century
The development of 20th century fiction
is characterized by two simultaneous but contrary
tendencies.
24
The first of these
tendencies is
modernism
, a
movement deeply affected by psychoanalysis and
existentialism and represented in fiction by
stream of
consciousness narration.
The second tendency is a
continuation of the tradition of
realism
inherited from the 19th
century. Most critics today agree that the
currents of 20th
century fiction move
like a pendulum swung between these two poles.
?
The Modernistic
Drama
The modern dramatist expressed
their satire towards the upper-class people by
revealing their corruption, their snobbery, and
their hypocrisy.
The
English dramatic revolution developed in
directions: the working-class drama and the
Theater of Absurd.
?
Term
—
modernism
(1) Modernism is an
international movement in literature and arts,
especially in literary criticism, which began in
the late 19th century and flourished until
1950s. It is a reaction against
realism.
(2) Modernism takes the
irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-
analysis as its theoretical base.
(3)
The major themes of the modernist literature are
the distorted, alienated and ill relationships
between man and nature, man and society, man and
man,
and man and himself.
(4) The modernist writers concentrate
more on the private than on the public, more on
the subjective than on the objective. They are
mainly concerned with
the inner being
of an individual. In their writings, the past, the
present and the future are mingled together and
exist at the same time in the consciousness
of an individual.
(5) James
Joyce, T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf and William
Faulkner are prominent modernist writers.
?
Term
—
The Angry
Young Man
(1) A group of young
novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class
or working-class background in the mid-1950s and
early 1960s.
(2) They demonstrated a
particular disillusion over the depressing
situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest
against the outmoded social and political
values in their society.
(3) Kingsley Amis was the first to
start the attack on middle-class privileges and
power in his novel
Lucky Jim
(1954). The term
came to be widely.
?
Term
—
Stream of
Consciousness
(1) It is a method of
story-telling in which the author tells the story
through the freely flowing thoughts and
associations of one of the characters.
(2) It is used to depict the mental and
emotional reactions of characters to external
events, rather than the events themselves.
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