-
The term is being applied
，
with some
justification
，
to products
that depend on technology that
was
originally developed by AI researchers
。
这个术语现在以某种正当理由被应
用，应用于依赖于由
AI
研究者发明的的科学技术的的产
品。
The expression
provided an attractive but informative name
（
for a research programme
）
that
后
的定语
从句做的是
name
的限定补充（
that
encompassed
such
previously
disparate
field
as
operations research
，
cybernetics
，
logic and computer science
）
这个表达为研究项
目提供了一个吸引人的却又多信息的名字，
它涉及了早前的无法比较的领
域像??
a public reared on
science
–
fiction movies and
excited by the growing power of computers had
high
expectations
。
A
public
had
high
expectations
在科幻电影和快速增长的电脑技术
的培养和刺激下的公众有
很高的期待。
For years
，
AI
researchers had implied that a breakthrough was
just around the corner
研究者曾经暗示突破指日可待。
Imply
暗示
Marvin minsky said in 1967 that
（
within a
generation
）
插入语
the problem of
creating
“
artificial
< br>intelligence
”
would be
substantially solved
。
MM
在
1967
年说人工智
能的发明将得到实质性的解决在这一代里。
Whenever
an apparently mundane
世俗的
problem was
solved
，
such as building a
system that
could land an aircraft unat
tended
（无人看管）
，
the
problem was deemed not to
（
deem
to
）
have
been AI
in the first place
。
The effect of repeatedly
（再三的）
moving the goal-posts
in this way was that AI came to refer to
“
blue
sky
”
research that was still
years away from commercialization
。这种不断拔
高的研究目
标使
AI
变成了一种纯理论
的研究，离商业化越来越远。
HAL thus
encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s
（比喻句）
that intelligent
computers would be
widespread by 2001
HAL
集中体现了
20
世界
60
年代的乐观情绪，认为到了
2001
年智能计算机将会广泛应用。
In the past
，
land
（
scoured away from the
coastline by the currents of the
ms
）
used to be
replaced
by sediment brought down to
the delta by the river
nile
，
but this is no longer
happening
。
过去，被
ms
的水流从海岸线冲刷下来的土地通常被尼罗河带到三角洲的沉积
物替换，但是
现在不可能发生了。
It appear that the sediment-free water
emerging from the Aswan dams picks up silt and
sand as
（
翻
译成在??的同时
）
it erodes the river bed
and banks on the 800-KM trip to
cairo
。
看起来阿斯旺大坝的无
沉积物的水增加了泥沙，
这种水侵蚀了河床和河岸，
在整个
800
千米
的去往开罗的路程中。
The sediment sinks to the
bottom of the canals and then is added to field by
farmers) or (pumped
With the water into
the four large freshwater lagoons that are located
near the outer edges of the
Delta.
沉积物沉积在
canal
的底部，
然后有农民加入到田地里，
或者和河水一起抽入到四个泻湖中。
municipal
英
[
mju:'nisipl]
美
[mju:'nisipl]
adj.
市政的，地方政府的
adj.
市政的，地方政府的
fertilizer
[U,C]
肥料
only 0.7%of
them are expected
（用作定语
预期要发生的）
to
disappear
只有预期的
0.7%
的
物种要灭绝
one form
of pollution
–
the release of
greenhouse gases that causes global warming
–
does appear
to
be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into
our future
build into
作为室内固定装置而建造
,
嵌在墙上
使成为组成部分
roll in
v.
蜂拥而来
加入
进入
understandably
可以被了解的
argument
英
['
ɑ
:gju
m
?
nt]
美
['
ɑ
:gjum
?
nt]
n.
1.[C,U]
争论，争吵，争辩，辩论
2.[C]
论据，理由，论点
3.[U]
辩论
overwhelmingly
压倒的
极其强烈的
nevertheles
s
英
[nev
?
?
?
'les]
美
[nev
?
?
?
'les]
adv. conj.
虽然如此，然而，依然
adv.
conj.
虽然如此，然而，依然
they nevertheless share many of the
characteristics of other lobby
groups
。
many of
adj
....
中有许多
,...
中许多
That would matter
（
常用于否定句和疑问句）
有关系，
要紧）
less
（那就没什么关系）
if
people
applied the same degree of
skepticism
（怀疑态度
怀疑论）
to environmental
lobbying as they do
to lobby groups in
other fields
。
app
ly
英
[
?
'
plai]
美
[
?
< br>'plai]
v.
[T]
1.
涂，敷；将
...
铺在表面
(+to)
2.
应用；实施
(+to)
3.
使起作用；使适用
(+to)
4.
把
..
.
用（于）
(+to)
5.
（后常接
oneself
）使致力（于）
，使专心从事
(+to)
v. [I]
< br>1.
申请，请求
(+for/to)(+to-v)
2.
起作用；适用
(+to)
3.
专心致志
4.
有关系，相关联
(+to)
seen as
被认为
argue for
支持
,
为支
持?而辩论
支持
,
< br>为支持?而辩论
A
trade
organization
arguing
for
，
say
，
weaker
pollution
controls
is
instantly
seen
as
self-interested .yet a
green organization opposing such a weakening is
seen as altruistic ,even if an
impartial view of the controls in
question might suggest they are doing more harm
than good.
Despite
the
intuition
that
something
drastic
needs
to
be
done
about
such
a
costly
problem
，
economic
analyses
clearly
show
it
will
be
far
more
expensive
to
cut
carbon
dioxide
emissions
radically than to
pay the costs of adaptation to the increased
temperature
。
It may be costly to be overly
optimistic
，
but more costly
still to be too pessimistic
过于乐观可能会付出代价，但是太悲观也会付出代价。
Stanley tested 40
subjects
（
from
all walks of life
）
for their
willingness to obey instructions
（指
示
命令）
（
given by a
“
leader
”
i
n a situation in which the subjects might feel a
personal distaste for
the actions they
were called upon to perform
。
obey
英
[
?
'bei]
美
[
< br>?
'be]
v. [T]
1.
服从；听从；执行；遵守
2.
按照
.
..
行动
v.[I]
1.
服从；听话
distaste
英
[dis'teist]
美
[dis'teist]
n.
1.
（对不好事物不太强烈的）厌恶，不喜欢
to
simulate
receiving
the
shocks
by
emitting
a
spectrum
of
（连续的）
groans
，
screams
and
writhings together with
an assortment
（混合物）
of statements and expletives denouncing
both the
experiment
and
the
experimenter
。
去模拟受到电击通过一系列的呻吟，尖叫，和痛苦，痛斥
实验和实验者
< br>
assortment
英
[<
/p>
?
's
?
:tm
?
nt]
美
[
?
's
?
r
tm
?
nt]
n.
1
.
各类物品或同类各种物品的聚集，混合物
a spectrum of
连续的，连串的
连续的，连串的
expletive
英
[eks'pli:tiv]
美
[eks'pli:tiv]
a.
填补的
;
多余的
n.
咒骂，秽语
denounce
英
[di'nauns]
美
[di'nauns]
v.[T]
1.
痛斥，指责，公然抨击：
2.
（如向警方或法庭）揭发，告发
3.
正式通知废除
< br>(
协定、契约、条约等
)
，声明
??无效：
v.[T]
1.
痛斥，指责，公然抨击：
2.
（如向警方或法庭）揭发，告发
3.
正式通知废除
< br>(
协定、契约、条约等
)
，声明
??无效：
writhe
英
[rai?
]
美
[rai?
]
n.
翻腾
,
苦恼
vt.
扭曲
,
缠绕
,
翻腾
vi.
蠕动
,
扭动
,
翻滚
,
不安
,
苦恼
n.
翻腾
,
苦恼
vt.
扭曲
,
缠绕
,
翻腾
vi.
蠕动
,
扭动
,
翻滚
,
不安
,
苦恼
and to
administer
（实施）
whatever level of shock was called
for
，
as per the rule
（
（
that
）
< br>
governing
（管理的）
the experimental
situation of the moment
）不管他的层次去实施所要求的各个
层次
的电击，按照每一个规则管理每种实验情况
unfolded
展开的
解开的
lunatic
lunatic
英
['lu:n
< br>?
tik]
美
['lu:n<
/p>
?
tik]
n.
疯人，癫狂者，愚蠢的人
a.
疯癫的，愚蠢的，丧心病狂的，精神错乱的
n.
疯人，癫狂者，愚蠢的人
fring
e
英
[frind
?
< br>]
美
[frind
?
]
n.
1.[C][usually
sing.]
【英】额前短垂发；刘海儿
2.[C]
（某物的）穗，缘饰，流苏
3.[C]
（沿
...
边缘的）一排（树木、房屋等）
4.[C]
【英】
< br>（地区或群体的）边缘
5.[sing.][
通常作
the
fringe]
（指群体、事情或活动）次要部分，外围
v.[T][usually passive]
形成
...
的边缘
n.
1.[C][usually
sing.]
【英】额前短垂发；刘海儿
2.[C]
（某物的）穗，缘饰，流苏
3.[C]
（沿
...
边缘的）一排（树木、房屋等）
4.[C]
【英】
< br>（地区或群体的）边缘
5.[sing.][
通常作
the
fringe]
（指群体、事情或活动）次要部分，外围
v.[T][usually passive]
形成
...
的边缘
how
can
we
possibly
account
for
this
vast
discrepancy
between
what
calm
，
rational
，
knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of
their study and what
pressured
，
flustered
，
but
cooperative
“
teacher
”
< br>actually do in the laboratory of real life
？
我们怎么解释这巨大的差
异呢，冷静的，有理性的有知识的人从他们的研究中轻松的预计，
但有压力的，紧张不安
的，却合作的“老师”在真实世界的实验室里做的呢？
A
modern hard-core sociobiogist might even go so far
as to
（甚至）
claim
that this aggressive
instinct
evolved
as
an
advantageous
trait
一些专家甚至声称这些具有攻击性的本质行为是从
有利的特征中演化而来的，
Having been
（
现在分词作伴随状
语其实就是
have been
）
of survival
value to our
ancestors in their struggle
??
Finding this
way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our
ancient animal ways
这种本能最终作为远古时人类动物的行为遗
留产物融入到我们的基因当中了。
An alternative to this notion of
genetic programming is to see the teacher
–
subjects actions as a
result of the social environment under
which the experiment was carried out
。另一
个观念关于基
因工程的是认为教师扮演着是社会环境下的结果，而这种社会环境是在实验
进行下的。
Thus
，
in this
explanation the subject merges his unique
personality and personal and moral code
with
that
of
larger
institutional
structure
，
surrrnding
individual
properties
like
loyalty
，
self-
sacrifice and discipline to the service of
malevolent systems of
authority
。
The problem for
biologists
，
psychologists and
anthropologists is to sort out which of these two
polar explanations is more
plausible
。
This
，
in
essence
，
is the problem of
modern sociobiology-to
discover the
degree to which hard-wired genetic programming
dictates
，
or at least
strongly biases
，
the
interaction of animals and humans with their
environment
，
that is
behavior
。
分清这两个极端
的解释那个更可信，
MS
的问题时发现
GP
的可信的程度，或者至少是比较
强烈的偏见。
The
question
，
whether we need it
是
the
question
的同位语，
has not yet
been considered
。
Nobody who understands the subject
would say such a thing
。
Here are such questions as are of ten
asked by the college students
He may
have a
??，
in which case=in
the case
，
he
have
??
which
代表是
he may have a
??
这句话，
他可能??了，如果是这样，他不得不??
before
在??之前
在??之后
yet still
nevertheless
表示但是
much as
引导让步状语从句
虽然
尽管
much as
I’
d like
to
，
I can not come
。
whatever
无论什么
whichever
无论哪个
there is no agreement
whether
同位语从句（
methodology
后面都指得是方法论
refers
to
谓语
宾语（
the concepts
（
peculiar to historical work
in general
）做
concept
的后置定语）普遍的历
史作业的概念
or
并列宾语（
to the
research techniques
后置定语（
appropriate to the various
branches of historical inquiry
。
）适应于历史的要求的不同的分支的研究技巧
There is no agreement
whethe
）
方法论是指普遍的历
史作业的特有概念还是适应于历史的要求的不同的分支的研究技巧还
是没有讨论。
Furthermore
，
it is
obvious that the strength of a
country
’
s economy is
directly bound up with the
efficiency
of its agriculture and industry ,and that in turn
rests upon the efforts of scientists and
technologists of all kinds.
很明显的一个国家的经济强度直接与它工农业的效率有联系，
而工农业的效率关乎于各种
科
学家和技术人员的努力
仔细讲和复习主语从句
同位语从句也需要好好学习
jet
lag
时差综合症
winter
blue
冬季抑郁症
it
seemed almost unbelievable but what appeared to be
happening was that the fault was actually
being lubricated by the injection of
the fluid
。
这看起来几乎
不可能，但是故障被液体的注入给润滑了渐渐的开始出现并且发生了。
主语从句很重要
要多看看
it is
scarcely surprising
，
then
，
that education systems have
for several decades past been severely
criticized
，
partly
on the ground
根据
that education prepares people to live
in an already outdated
society
。
< br>教育系统在过去的十多年中保守批评，
就不足以惊讶了，
主要是教育培养人生活在过时的社
会中。
There are strong grounds for thinking
that the health of both individual and societies
derived from
what we are able to put
into life
，
rather than what
we try to get out of it
。
有强烈的根据这么认为，
个人的和社会的健康来源于我们能给我们的生
活带来什么，
而不是
我们能从中得到什么。
There will have to be
句型？
To
的用法
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