-
?
American
Transcendentalism
A
literary and philosophical
movement, associated
with
Ralph
Waldo
Emerson
and
Margaret
Fuller,
asserting
the
existence
of
an
ideal
spiritual
reality
that
transcends
the
empirical
and
scientific
and
is
knowable
through
intuition.
超验主义:一种文学和哲学运动,与拉
尔夫
·
沃尔多
·
爱默生和玛格丽特
·
富勒有关,宣
称
存
在
一
种
p>
理
想
的
精
神
实
体
,
超
越
于
经
< br>验
和
科
学
之
处
,
通
过
直
觉
得
以
p>
把
握
?
English
Romanticism
was an artistic,
literary and intellectual movement that
originated in the second half of the
18th century in Europe.
?
ode
in ancient
literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed
for a chorus to
chant
and
to
dance
to;
in
modern
use,
it
is
a
rhymed
lyric
expressing
noble
feelings, often addressed to a person
or celebrating an event.
?
conceit
奇喻
A
Valediction:
Forbidding
Mourning
。
A
kind
of
metaphor
that
makes
a
comparison
between
two
startlingly
different
things.
A
conceit
may
be
a
brief
metaphor, but it usually provides the
framework for an entire poem. An especially
unusual
and intellectual kind of
conceit is the metaphysical conceit.
新奇的
比喻:将两种截然不同的
食物进行对比的一种隐喻。
它虽被视为
是一种隐喻,
但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架,
最为奇特
的应属玄学诗里面的。
?
heroic
couplet
英雄双韵体,英雄对偶句
It
refers
to
two
lines
of
iambic
pentameter rhyming with each other(
由两行互相押韵的含有五个抑扬音步的诗
句组成的韵文单位)
a
couplet
consisting
of
two
rhymed
lines
of
iambic
pentameter and written in an elevated
style.
?
Naturalism
Naturalism
is a
theory in art and literature which states that
people and
things should be shown in a
realistic way
.
自然主义
;
写实主义
An
extreme
form
of
realism.
Naturalistic writers usually depict the
sordid side of life and show characters who are
severely,
if not hopelessly, limited by
their environment or heredity.
自然主义
:
自然是现实主义的一种极端
形式,自然主义作家
往往反映社会生活的阴暗面,人物通常都受到环境遗传的严重限制。
?
Modernism
Modernism
was a movement in
the arts in the first half of the twentieth
century that rejected traditional
values and techniques, and emphasized the
importance of
individual
experience.
现代主义
;
20
世纪上半叶的艺术运动,特点为摒弃传统的价值观和
表现手法,强调个人体验的重要性
?
Symbol
In literary usage, a symbol is a
specially evocative kind of image: that is, a
word
or
phrase
referring
to
a
concrete
object,
scene,
or
action
which
also
has
some
further
significance associated with it.
?
Allusion
.
A
reference
to
a
person,
a
place,
an
event,
or
a
literary
work
that
a
writer
expects the reader to recognize and
respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history,
geography,
literature,
or
religion.
典故:文学
作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个
人物、地点、事件或文学作品。典故或来
自历史、地理、文学或宗教。
?
Pun
A pun is
a
clever
and
amusing
use
of
a
word
or
phrase
to
suggest
tow
or
more
meaning at the same time. Puns are
generally humorous.
双关:使用一个词来同时指代两个或
以上意义的一种幽默的方法,
?
Sonnet
A
lyric
poem
consisting
of
a
single
stanza
of
fourteen
iambic
pentameter lines linked by an intricate
rhyme scheme.
--A Glossary of Literary
Terms
?
blank
verse
Blank
verse
is
used
throughout
the
epic
and
is
characterized
by
its
employment
of
long
and
involved
sentences,
which
run
on
many
lines
with
a
variety
of
pauses, and achieving sometimes an
oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical
effect.
(
Verse written in
unrhymed iambic pentameter.
素体诗:用五音步抑扬格写
的无韵诗。)
?
free
verse
A
kind
of
poetry
that
does
not
conform
to
any
regular
metre:
the
length
of its lines is irregular, as is its use of
rhyme
—
if any.
(
Instead of a regular
metrical
pattern
it
uses
more
flexible
cadences
(
节奏
)
or
rhythmic
groupings,
sometimes
supported
by
anaphora
(
首语
/
句重复法
)
and
other
devices
of
repetition.
)
Verse
that
has
either
no
metrical
pattern
or
an
irregular
pattern.
自由诗:
按照语言
的抑扬顿挫和意象模式,
而不是按照固定韵律写出的诗。
它的韵
律建立在音素、
语词、短语、句子和段落等形式的基础上,而不是建立在音步传统格律单
位上。
?
?
?
英国
:
乔叟,莎士比亚,多恩,弥尔顿,拜伦,雪莱,狄更斯,哈代
?
1/Geoffrey
Chaucer
乔叟
?
?
?
?
?
heroic couplet<
/p>
(
英雄双韵体
)
《公爵夫人之书》(
Book of the
Duchess
)、
《声誉之宫》
(
The House
of Fame
)
、
《百鸟议会》
p>
(
The Parliament of
Fowles
)
《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(
Troilus and
Criseyde
)。
《坎特伯雷故事集》(
The Canterbury
Tales
)
:
五步抑扬格、两两对仗
?
2/ John Donne
约翰
.
多恩
?
?
?
?
Metaphysical school of poetry
玄学派诗歌的先驱,常用奇喻(
conceits
)
Songs and Sonnets
歌谣与十四行诗
(多恩最有名的诗集)
The
Flea
跳蚤
Death, be not proud
(
Holy Sonnets
圣十四行诗)
The Good-
Morrow
早安
Break
of Day
破晓
Elegies
挽歌
?
3/Thomas Hardy
托马斯
.
哈代
?
Critical
realism(19
世纪末批判现实主义代表
)
?
Tess of the
D’Urbervilles
德伯家的苔丝
?
Jude the
Obscure
无名的裘德
The Return of the Native
还乡(确立了地位,
向悲剧转变)
?
The Dynasts
列王(以拿破仑战争为题材)
?
4/ Charles
Dickens
查尔斯·狄更斯
?
Critical
realism
19
世纪英国现实主义文学杰出代表
Victorian
维多利亚时期
?
社会的贫困和社会分级提出了尖锐
的批判,
对大众的同情和对社会上层人物
的不信任
?
Oliver
Twist
雾都孤儿
?
The Pickwick
Papers
匹克威克外传
The
Old Curiosity Shop
老古玩店
?
The Old
Curiosity Shop
《董贝父子》
David
Copperfield
《大卫·科波菲尔》
?
Bleak
House
《荒凉山庄》
A
Tale of Two Cities
《双城记》
?
Great
Expectations
《远大前程》
?
5/ George
Gordon Byron
乔治·戈登·拜伦
?
Romantic poets
浪漫主义文学运动的杰出代表。主题围绕自然、爱情、政治
抱负
。
?
作品创造了“拜伦式英雄”
Byronic heroes
?
Childe Harold’s
Pilgrimage
《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》
?
Don Juan
唐璜
The Siege of
Corinth
《柯林斯的围攻》
?
The
Giaour
《异教徒》
The
Bride of Abydos
《阿比道斯的新娘》
?
Cain
该隐
Manfred
曼弗雷德
?
She Walks in Beauty
她在美中行
?
When a Man hath
no freedom to fight for at home
当男人没有在家战斗的自由
时
?
6/ Percy·
Bysshe·
Shelley
珀西
·
比希
·
雪莱
?
著名浪漫主义诗人
,
对自然的热爱和对专制制度的憎恨
p>
?
长诗:
p>
《麦布女王》
(
Queen
Mab
)
《伊斯兰的反叛》
(
The
Revolt of Islam
)
?
诗剧:
《
解放了的普罗米修斯》
(
Prometheus
Unbound
)
《钦契》
The Cenci
?
《阿多尼》
Adonais
(悼念济慈)
《
1891
年的英国》
England
in1819
(政
治诗歌)
?
《诗辩》
A defence of
poetry
(文论著作)
?
《西风颂》(
Ode to the West
Wind
)
?
?
7/ John
Milton
约翰·弥尔顿
?
作品体现了欧洲做重要的文学传统
:以荷马、维吉尔史诗为代表的古希腊罗
马文学和文艺复兴文学
?
Lycidas
《利西达斯》
Areopagitica
《论出版的自由》
?
长篇诗作(以圣经故事为题材):
Paradise
失乐园
(
取材《旧约全书》
)
Paradise
Regained
复乐园
Samson Agonistes
力士参孙(取材《旧约圣经》