-
霍金和他的世界
斯蒂芬·
霍金教授是当代享有盛誉的伟人之一，
被称为在世的最伟大的科学家，
当今的爱因
斯坦。他在统一
20
世纪物理学的两大基础理论—爱因斯坦的相对论和普朗克的量子论方面
走出了重要一
步。
1989
年获得英国爵士荣誉称号。他是英国皇家学会学员
和美国科学院外
籍院士。
霍金教授<
/p>
1942
年出生于英国牛津，这一天正好是伽利略的
300
年忌日。
1963
年
，霍金教授
被诊断患有肌肉萎缩症，即运动神经病。
1965<
/p>
年获得理论物理学博士学位。
1974
年
3
月
1
日，霍
金教授在《自然》上发表论文，阐述了自己的新发现—黑洞是有辐射的。在几个星期
内，
全世界的物理学家都在讨论他的研究工作
（霍金所指的辐射被称为霍金辐射）
。霍金的
新发现，
被认为是多年来理论物理学最重
要的进展。
该论文被称为
“物理学史上最深刻的论
文之一”。
1975
—
19
76
年间，在其获得
6
项大奖中有伦敦
皇家天文学会的埃丁顿勋章、梵
蒂冈教皇科学学会十一世勋章、
霍普金斯奖、
美国丹尼欧海涅曼奖、
马克斯韦奖和英国皇家
学会的休斯勋章。
1978
年他获得物理界
最有威望的大奖—阿尔伯特·
爱因斯坦奖。
1979
年，
被任命为著名的、曾一度为牛顿所任的剑桥大学卢卡逊数学教授。
1988
年，霍金的惊世之
著《时间简史：
从大爆炸到黑洞》（
A
Brief
History
of
Time
：
from
the
Big
Bang
to
Black
Holes
）发行。从研究黑洞出发，探索了宇宙的起源和归宿，解答了人类有史以来一直探索
的问题：时间有没有开端，空间有没有边界。
这是人类科学史上里程碑式的
佳作。
该书被译
成
40
余种文字，
出版了
1000
余
万册。
霍金教授的通俗演讲在国际上也享有盛誉，
他的足迹
遍布世界各地。他试图通过自己的书籍和通俗演讲，将自己的思想与整个世界交流。
2000
年初，霍金在美国白宫做了演讲，这是世界之夜（
Millenium
Evenings
）活动的一
部分，克
林顿总统亲切会见他并向他表示祝贺。
2001
年
10
月又一部力作《
The Universe in a
Nutshell
》
出版发行。
该书是
《时间简史》
的姐妹篇。
在该书中，
霍金揭示了自
《时间简史》
发表以来，理论物理学的伟大突破。
1942-1-8
：出生于英国牛津。
1963
：被诊断出肌萎缩性侧索硬化症。
1973
：首部著作《空时的大型结构》出版。
1974
：宣布发现黑洞辐射，成为英国皇家
学会会员。
1979
：《广义相对论
评述：纪念爱因斯坦百年诞辰》出版。
1985
：失去语言能力，使用带语音合成器的计算机。
1
988
：《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》获沃尔夫基金奖。至今销售
2500
万册。
1993
：《黑洞与婴儿宇宙及其它论文》出版。
A Brief History of Him
Stephen William Hawking was born on 8
January 1942 (300 years after the death of
Galileo)
in
Oxford,
England.
His
parents'
house
was
in
north
London,
but
during
the
second
world war Oxford was considered a safer place to
have babies. When he was
eight,
his
family
moved
to
St
Albans,
a
town
about
20
miles
north
of
London.
At
eleven
Stephen went to St
Albans School, and then on to University College,
Oxford, his
father's old college.
Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his
father would
have preferred medicine.
Mathematics was not available at University
College, so
he did Physics instead.
After three years and not very much work he was
awarded a
first class honours degree in
Natural Science.
Stephen then went on
to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there
being no-one
working
in
that
area
in
Oxford
at
the
time.
His
supervisor
was
Denis
Sciama,
although
he
had
hoped
to
get
Fred
Hoyle
who
was
working
in
Cambridge.
After
gaining
his
Ph.D.
he became first a Research Fellow, and
later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville
and Caius College. After leaving the
Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came
to the Department of Applied
Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since
1979
has held the post of Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in
1663
with
money
left
in
the
will
of
the
Reverend
Henry
Lucas,
who
had
been
the
Member
of Parliament for the University. It
was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in
1669 by Isaac Newton.
Stephen Hawking
has worked
on the basic laws which govern the universe.
With Roger
Penrose he showed
that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
implied space and
time
would
have
a
beginning
in
the
Big
Bang
and
an
end
in
black
holes.
These
results
indicated
it
was
necessary
to
unify
General
Relativity
with
Quantum
Theory,
the
other
great
Scientific
development
of
the
first
half
of
the
20th
Century.
One
consequence
of
such
a
unification
that
he
discovered
was
that
black
holes
should
not
be
completely
black, but should
emit radiation and eventually evaporate and
disappear. Another
conjecture
is
that
the
universe
has
no
edge
or
boundary
in
imaginary
time.
This
would
imply that the way the universe began
was completely determined by the laws of
science.
His
many
publications
include
The
Large
Scale
Structure
of
Spacetime
with
G
F
R
Ellis,
General Relativity: An Einstein
Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of
Gravity,
with
W
Israel.
Stephen
Hawking
has
three
popular
books
published;
his
best
seller
A
Brief
History
of
Time,
Black
Holes
and
Baby
Universes
and
Other
Essays
and
most recently in 2001, The Universe in
a Nutshell.
Professor
Hawking
has
twelve
honorary
degrees,
was
awarded
the
CBE
in
1982,
and
was
made a Companion of
Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many
awards, medals and
prizes
and
is
a
Fellow
of
The
Royal
Society
and
a
Member
of
the
US
National
Academy
of Sciences.
Stephen Hawking continues to combine
family life (he has three children and one
grandchild), and his research into
theoretical physics together with an extensive
programme of travel and public
lectures.
My Experience with ALS (by
Stephen Hawking)
I am
quite
often
asked:
How do you feel
about having
ALS? The answer
is, not
a lot.
I
try to lead as normal a life as possible, and not
think about my condition, or
regret the
things it prevents me from doing, which are not
that many.
It
was
a
great
shock
to
me
to
discover
that
I
had
motor
neurone
disease.
I
had
never
been
very
well
coordinated
physically
as
a
child.
I
was
not
good
at
ball
games,
and
my
handwriting
was
the
despair
of
my
teachers.
Maybe
for
this
reason,
I
didn't
care
much for sport or
physical activities. But things seemed to change
when I went to
Oxford,
at
the
age
of
17.
I
took
up
coxing
and
rowing.
I
was
not
Boat
Race
standard,
but I got by at
the level of inter-College competition.
In
my
third
year
at
Oxford,
however,
I
noticed
that
I
seemed
to
be
getting
more
clumsy,
and I fell over once
or twice for no apparent reason. But it was not
until I was