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小学英语 英语故事(名人故事)霍金和他的世界

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2021-02-17 04:32
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2021年2月17日发(作者:hobby)


霍金和他的世界



斯蒂芬·

霍金教授是当代享有盛誉的伟人之一,


被称为在世的最伟大的科学家,


当今的爱因


斯坦。他在统一


20

世纪物理学的两大基础理论—爱因斯坦的相对论和普朗克的量子论方面


走出了重要一 步。


1989


年获得英国爵士荣誉称号。他是英国皇家学会学员 和美国科学院外


籍院士。



霍金教授< /p>


1942


年出生于英国牛津,这一天正好是伽利略的


300


年忌日。


1963


年 ,霍金教授


被诊断患有肌肉萎缩症,即运动神经病。


1965< /p>


年获得理论物理学博士学位。


1974



3



1


日,霍 金教授在《自然》上发表论文,阐述了自己的新发现—黑洞是有辐射的。在几个星期


内, 全世界的物理学家都在讨论他的研究工作


(霍金所指的辐射被称为霍金辐射)

< p>
。霍金的


新发现,


被认为是多年来理论物理学最重 要的进展。


该论文被称为


“物理学史上最深刻的论


文之一”。


1975



19 76


年间,在其获得


6


项大奖中有伦敦 皇家天文学会的埃丁顿勋章、梵


蒂冈教皇科学学会十一世勋章、


霍普金斯奖、


美国丹尼欧海涅曼奖、


马克斯韦奖和英国皇家


学会的休斯勋章。


1978


年他获得物理界 最有威望的大奖—阿尔伯特·


爱因斯坦奖。


1979

< p>
年,


被任命为著名的、曾一度为牛顿所任的剑桥大学卢卡逊数学教授。


1988


年,霍金的惊世之


著《时间简史: 从大爆炸到黑洞》(


A


Brief


History


of


Time



from


the


Big


Bang


to


Black


Holes


)发行。从研究黑洞出发,探索了宇宙的起源和归宿,解答了人类有史以来一直探索

< p>
的问题:时间有没有开端,空间有没有边界。


这是人类科学史上里程碑式的 佳作。


该书被译



40


余种文字,


出版了


1000


余 万册。


霍金教授的通俗演讲在国际上也享有盛誉,


他的足迹


遍布世界各地。他试图通过自己的书籍和通俗演讲,将自己的思想与整个世界交流。


2000


年初,霍金在美国白宫做了演讲,这是世界之夜(


Millenium


Evenings


)活动的一 部分,克


林顿总统亲切会见他并向他表示祝贺。


2001



10


月又一部力作《


The Universe in a


Nutshell



出版发行。


该书是


《时间简史》


的姐妹篇。


在该书中,


霍金揭示了自


《时间简史》


发表以来,理论物理学的伟大突破。



1942-1-8


:出生于英国牛津。



1963


:被诊断出肌萎缩性侧索硬化症。


1973


:首部著作《空时的大型结构》出版。



1974


:宣布发现黑洞辐射,成为英国皇家 学会会员。



1979


:《广义相对论 评述:纪念爱因斯坦百年诞辰》出版。



1985


:失去语言能力,使用带语音合成器的计算机。



1 988


:《时间简史:从大爆炸到黑洞》获沃尔夫基金奖。至今销售

2500


万册。



1993


:《黑洞与婴儿宇宙及其它论文》出版。





A Brief History of Him


Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of


Galileo)


in


Oxford,


England.


His


parents'


house


was


in


north


London,


but


during


the


second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was


eight,


his


family


moved


to


St


Albans,


a


town


about


20


miles


north


of


London.


At


eleven


Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his


father's old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would


have preferred medicine. Mathematics was not available at University College, so


he did Physics instead. After three years and not very much work he was awarded a


first class honours degree in Natural Science.


Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one


working


in


that


area


in


Oxford


at


the


time.


His


supervisor


was


Denis


Sciama,


although


he


had


hoped


to


get


Fred


Hoyle


who


was


working


in


Cambridge.


After


gaining


his


Ph.D.


he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville


and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came


to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979


has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in


1663


with


money


left


in


the


will


of


the


Reverend


Henry


Lucas,


who


had


been


the


Member


of Parliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in


1669 by Isaac Newton.


Stephen Hawking


has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe.


With Roger


Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and


time


would


have


a


beginning


in


the


Big


Bang


and


an


end


in


black


holes.


These


results


indicated


it


was


necessary


to


unify


General


Relativity


with


Quantum


Theory,


the


other


great


Scientific


development


of


the


first


half


of


the


20th


Century.


One


consequence


of


such


a


unification


that


he


discovered


was


that


black


holes


should


not


be


completely


black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another


conjecture


is


that


the


universe


has


no


edge


or


boundary


in


imaginary


time.


This


would


imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of


science.


His


many


publications


include


The


Large


Scale


Structure


of


Spacetime


with


G


F


R


Ellis,


General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of


Gravity,


with


W


Israel.


Stephen


Hawking


has


three


popular


books


published;


his


best


seller


A


Brief


History


of


Time,


Black


Holes


and


Baby


Universes


and


Other


Essays


and


most recently in 2001, The Universe in a Nutshell.


Professor


Hawking


has


twelve


honorary


degrees,


was


awarded


the


CBE


in


1982,


and


was


made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and


prizes


and


is


a


Fellow


of


The


Royal


Society


and


a


Member


of


the


US


National


Academy


of Sciences.


Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one


grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive


programme of travel and public lectures.


My Experience with ALS (by Stephen Hawking)


I am


quite often


asked:


How do you feel about having


ALS? The answer


is, not


a lot.


I try to lead as normal a life as possible, and not think about my condition, or


regret the things it prevents me from doing, which are not that many.


It


was


a


great


shock


to


me


to


discover


that


I


had


motor


neurone


disease.


I


had


never


been


very


well


coordinated


physically


as


a


child.


I


was


not


good


at


ball


games,


and


my


handwriting


was


the


despair


of


my


teachers.


Maybe


for


this


reason,


I


didn't


care


much for sport or physical activities. But things seemed to change when I went to


Oxford,


at


the


age


of


17.


I


took


up


coxing


and


rowing.


I


was


not


Boat


Race


standard,


but I got by at the level of inter-College competition.


In


my


third


year


at


Oxford,


however,


I


noticed


that


I


seemed


to


be


getting


more


clumsy,


and I fell over once or twice for no apparent reason. But it was not until I was

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