-
【高级表达方式
——
抽象名词的使用】
1. ABSENCE:
(with/there is) the absence of attempt/ work
A
．
Many medical
experts are now agreed that with the general
absence
of
roughage
，
modem
citizens
are
literally---via
heart
attacks
and
cancer--eating
and
drinking
themselves into the
grave
．
许多医学专家现在一
致认为，
由于食物中总体缺少粗粮，
现代公民们就是这样一日三
餐，
不
知不觉地患上了心脏病和癌症。最终送命，这样说并非言
过其实。
B
．
There seems to
have been an absence of attempt at conciliation
between rival sects
．
似乎没有进行任何尝试去调解对立派之间的矛盾。
C
．
For large
numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful
to their health
．
对大多数人来说，没有工作对他们的身体反而有害。
2. ACCEPTANCE:
have/find/obtain/gain/win (general/immediate/wide)
acceptance for/among/of
A
．
Academic
dishonesty
has
had
relatively
strong
peer
support
and
acceptance
among
some
students
，
partly
because we did not make a serious
effort to explain why such behavior is
contemptible
．
学习
上的作弊得到同伴相对有力的支持，
也被一些学生所接受。
部分
原因是我们没有真正努
力去解释为什么这种行为是可耻的。
B
．
If that can be
done
，
the high way will serve
the purposes users want
．
Then it will gain broad acceptance and
become a reality
．
如果做到这一点的话，
高架就会达到使用者所希望的目的。
这样就会得到广泛的支持而成为
现实。
3. ACCESS:
gain/get/have/attain/give (ready/easy) access to
A
．
Advances in
technology have smoothed access to information,
rendering superfluous whole
layers of
management.
技术的发展使我们能较容易获取信息，也使整个管理层变得
有些多余。
B
．
While it is
true that U
．
S
．
sources may have better access to the
information
，
they might also
have more reason to conceal or alter
that information
．
美国新闻机构获取情报或许较为方便，但它们也可能有较多的理由去隐瞒或篡改情报。
4. ACQUISITION:
acquisition of knowledge/ a language/information
A. Newspaper
reading
，
rather than being
simply the acquisition of new
information
，
is a
kind of passive participation in the life of the
national community.
读报不仅仅是获
得新的信息，而是一种被动地参与国家生活的活动。
B
．
But in the past
trying to accelerate children's acquisition of
academic skills in their early age
was
seen as evidence of bad
parenting
．
但在过去，
若家长们在孩子还很小时就加快对他们的文化知识的学习，
这种
做法被认为是不
好的教育法。
5. AGREEMENT: there is general
agreement that
A.
There
is
total
agreement
that
the
activity
of
humans
is
at
least
partly
responsible
for
the
problem.
有一点
大家的意见是一致的：人类的活动对这个问题至少应当负部分责任。
B
．
To
come
to
agreement
on
control
and
reduction
of
weapons
between
the
superpowers
is
difficult.
超级
大国之间要在控制和削减武器方面达成一致意见是很困难的。
6. ANAL
YSIS:
make a careful/close analysis of;
attempt/defy/resist analysis
A
．
Yet close
analysis of such people often reveals the
existence of what
might be called
“stability zones” in their
lives
．
仔细分析这些人，往
往会发现，在他们生活中也存在可能称为的
“
稳定区域
”
。
B
．
It requires a
very unusual mind
，
Whitehead
said
，
to undertake the
analysis of a fact
．
怀特黑德说过，需要一种极不寻常的头脑去分析一个事件。
7
．
ANT
ICIPATION
：
in anticipation of
a rise
／
fall
／
success
A
．
All experience
a good deal of
anticipation
，
but the
anticipation pales
next to the
excitement of first communicating
verbally
．
所有这一切都
经历了许多的盼望，但这种盼望比起第一次语言交流的兴奋要逊色多了。
B
．
The financial
markets had raised interest rates in anticipation
of a squeeze.
金融市场因预计到银根紧缩而提高了利率。
C
．
in anticipation
of an early reply
期待早复
8. ANTIDOTE: (serve) as an
(strong/powerful) antidote to boredom
A
．
He
supported
，
for
example
，
universal
education
as
an
antidote
to
the
numbing
effects
of
economic specialization.
例如他支持全民教育可以克服经济专业化带来的麻木的影响。
9. ANTIPATHY:
have/arouse/provoke/natural antipathy to/towards
A
．
Without questio
n
，
however
，
the first major thinker to express a clear
antipathy to the urban way
of life was
Thomas Jefferson
．
毫无问题，第一个表示出对城市生活反感的大思想家是托马斯
?
杰佛逊。
10.
APA
THY: show/have/with an
(political/election) apathy toward sth.
A
．
How can we curb
this growing student apathy and assure ourselves
of capable
，
responsible
leadership for the future?
如何才能制止学生中日益发展的冷漠态度，以确保我们在将来成为有能力、有责任的领导
人
?
11. APPEAL:
make a direct/strong appeal to
A
．
The appeal to
venture capitalists of investing in United States
high technology companies is
quite
obvious
．
对风险资本家来
说，投资于美国高技术公司的吸引力是显而易见的。
B
．
He holds a
special appeal to little children.
他对小孩有种特殊的吸引力。
12. APPETITE have/stimulate a
strong/keen appetite
for
（爱好，追求）
1. He
has a great appetite for
knowledge.
他强烈的求知欲。
2
．
The long hours
in the office or the factory bring with them as
their reward
，
not only the
means
of
sustenance
，
but a keen
appetite for
pleasure even in its
simplest and most modest
forms
．
在办公室或工厂里长
时间的工作，
给他们带来的报酬不仅仅是生活给养，
而且是对乐
趣的强
烈追求，即使是最简单、最朴实的乐趣。
13. APPLICATION: the
application of knowledge/theory
A. We
ale dealing with the application of psychology to
advertising and political
propaganda
．
我们说的是把心理学应用于广告和政治宣传。
B
．
In
general
，
the
application---or
misapplication---of
science
and
technology
in
all
fields
is
certain to affect the structure of
society as a whole
．
总的说来，科学技术在各个领域中的应用或误用，必然会影响整个社会的
结构。
14. APPRECIATION:
cultivate/deepen/express/show an (better/keen)
appreciation of
A
．
cultivate the appreciation of good
music
培养对音乐的欣赏能力
B
．
We
take this opportunity of expressing / to express
our sincere appreciation of your help.
对于你们的帮助，我们趁这个机会向你们表示衷心的感谢。
C
．
promote/deepen
the appreciation of Chinese arts and letters in
the United States of America
促
进
/
加深美国对中国文学艺术的理解。
D
．
He has a
keen appreciation of the students’
needs.
他深刻了解学生们的需要。
15. ASSESSMENT: make an assessment of
A
．
Although it
is
，
of
course
，
much more
difficult
，
he can also make a
subjective assessment of the
percentage
of his emotional energy invested in the
job
．
虽然这很困难，但是他还
能对在这份工作中投入多少精力作一个主观的评价。
B
．
The other thing
we have to notice is that the assessment of the
intelligence of any subject is
essentially a comparative
affair
．
我们必须注意的另一件事是，对智力评估实质上是相对的。
16. ASSOCIATION: be/have an
association with
；
in
association with
A
．
do sth in
association with sb
和某人一起做某事
B
．
They suggest
the answer may be the lack of association with
other humans during the period of
sleep
．
他们暗示这个回答或许和睡眠中缺少与其他人的联系有关。
17
．
A<
/p>
TTACK: come under (personal/sharp)
attack
A
．
Today,
American colleges and universities originally
modeled on German ones are under strong
attack.
今天美国大学
(<
/p>
最初是按照德国大学模式
)
正受到社会的
激烈批评。
18.
A
TTAINMENT: the attainment of
goals/aim/objective
A
．
This
will
deeply
impress
them
on
your
memory,
and
these
memory
traces
will
soon
start
influencing your
everyday behavior toward the attainment of the
goal
．
这将会把它们深深地铭
记在你的脑海里。
而这些记忆痕将很快开始影响你的日常行为，
促使
你朝着实现目标而努力。
B
．
Schools usually
set as their educational objective the attainment
of a balanced development of a
person
．
学校通常把一个人获得平衡发展作为教育的目标。
19. A
TTENTION:
bring...to public attention/claim/draw/come to the
attention of
A
．
Many
of
these
workers
are
poorly
educated
and
unskilled
，
and
they
often
lack
the
union
representation that has helped bring
other industrial disease to public
attention
．
这些工人中
许多没受过什么教育，
又缺乏技术，
他们往往没有自己的工会代
表可以帮助他们
让公众知道其他的职业病。
B
．
As for sowing
methods-probably over half of Europe's seed was
wasted every year before the
Chinese
idea of the seed drill came to the attention of
Europeans
．
至于播种方
法，
在中国人关于种子条播机的想法引起欧洲人的注意之前，
也
许欧洲每年要浪
费一半以上的种子。
C.
The
sad
condition
of
women
working
as
domestics
around
the
world
received
much
media
attention earlier this
year in several highly publicized cases.
< br>今年初几个透明度颇高的案例中，有关世界各地女佣的悲惨状况引起了新闻媒体的关注。
< br>
20.
A
TTEMPT: make an attempt/in an attempt
to
A
．
Attempts to
break up this old system have been made in every
presidential election in the past
one
hundred years
．
在
过去的
100
年中，人们极力想打破这个在历届总统大选中都实
行的旧体制。
B
．
In
an attempt to do sth,
...
为了
...
do sth
in an attempt to do
做某事是为了
21.
A
V
AILABILITY: the
availability of information/money
A
．
They do this in
order that births occur with the arrival of the
rains, the availability of grazing,
and
the mother's adequate supply of milk for the
young.
它们这样做，
是为了使生育正好与雨季相遇，
并有大量的青草生长，
这样母畜就有足够的奶
< br>水喂养幼仔。
22.
AW
ARENESS:
heighten/reduce/increase/sharpen/spark/obscure
one's awareness of
A
．
The
Bhopal
tragedy
five
years
ago,
when
thousands
of
Indians
died
after
an
escape
of
chemicals, sparked a
belated environmental awareness among India's
middle classes.
5
年前，因化学气体的泄
漏而发生的伯帕尔惨剧使成千上万的印度人丧生。这个惨剧在印度
的中产阶级中唤起了一
种姗姗来迟的环保意识。
B
．
The computer
could obscure man's awareness of the need to come
to terms with himself
．
电脑可能模糊了人需要对自身有限能力妥协的认识。
C
．
The intelligent
listener must be prepared to increase his
awareness of the musical material and
what happens to
it
．
聪明的听众必须随时提高自
己对音乐素材的认识以及有关这方面的意识。
23. BARRIER: a barrier to the
development/progress
A
．
But it is the
lack of political will and the ineptness of
established sociopolitical structures that
are major barriers to the progress in
this field
．
但是，<
/p>
由于缺少政治意志加上现有的社会政治结构的不完善，
这就极大地
阻碍了这个领域的
发展。
B
．
A strict
schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to
wander off on his own
；
and
anyway
，
language is always a
barrier to the contact with the local
population
．
紧凑的日
程安排使得旅游者不可能自己随便闲逛。
不管怎样，
语言总会阻
碍他们同当地人的
接触。
24. BELIEF: express/foster/hold a
belief in; there is a widely accepted/held belief
that; contrary to
popular/general/growing belief
A
．
The enormous
success of science has led to the general belief
that scientists have developed
and are
employing effective methods in gaining new
knowledge
．
科学的巨大
成功，
使一般人认为，
科学家人数在发展，
他们在利用有效的方法获得新的知识。
25. BOREDOM: to
escape/interrupt/relieve boredom
A
．
Only
an
occasional
stop
at
a
gasoline
station
or
at
a
drugstore
to
read
movie
magazines
interrupts their
boredom
．
去加油站溜溜歇
歇脚或到药店走走，读读电影画报这样可以解解闷气。
B
．
This includes
keeping them in more suitable cages, allowing
social animals like dogs to live
together and trying to reduce the
boredom that these animals can experience.
其中包括把它们饲养在较合适的笼子里，
让狗这一类爱结交的动物生活在一起
，
尽量减少它
们的寂寞。
26. CAPACITY: ( have a )
capacity for development/organization
A
．
Hitler
，
< br>aided by a phenomenal capacity for organization and by the readiness of Germany's
great
industrialists to finance his
campaign
，
shrewdly utilized
the prevailing attitude to establish
his power
．
由于他非凡的组织能力以及德国大企业家们愿意资助他的竞选，
希特勒精明
地利用了社会上
的这种态度，建立了他的政权。
B
．
But of all our
problems
，
the most immediate
and pressing, the one which threatens to paralyze
our very capacity to
act
，
to obliterate our vision
of the future
，
is the plight
of the Negro of the
center
city
．
但是，
在所有我们最直接和紧迫的问题中，
威胁到损伤我们的行动能力，
威胁到遮住我们对
未来的展望的就是市中心黑人的困境。
27. CELEBRATION: a
celebration of freedom/achievement/success
A
．
Any celebration
of what has been accomplished during our first two
centuries also requires a
commitment to
what remains to be done during the third
century
．
庆祝在过去两个
世纪里所取得的成就，
同样需要对第三个世纪里所要做的事情承担起责任。
B
．
At this
time
，
and in the place where
so many great names in American history have
trod
，
we
renew
this
celebration
of
freedom
in
the
full
and
certain
knowledge
that
with
it
comes
great
responsibility
．
此时，
在美国历史上许多伟人所踩过的地方，
< br>我们重新庆祝获得的自由，
确信随之而来的是
巨大的责任
。
28.
CERTAINTY: be/become a certainty with/has
certainty
A
．
It
can be said wit
h certainty that…
可以断言
B
．
I had the
certainty that he was at
home.
我确信他在家。
C
．
Some
children
learn
best
by
rote
，
in
structured
environments
with
high
certainty
and
strict
discipline
．
0thers
gain
success
in
the
less
structured“permissive”
atmosphere
of
a“progressive”school.
有的孩子在高度稳定和严明纪律的严格环境中以死记硬背取得好成绩，
另有
一些则在
“
先进
”
学校比较宽松的环境里获得了成功。
29. CHALLENGE: meet/accept the
challenge
A
．
Because I had
no formal training in any of these fields with the
exception of engineering
，
I
had
to learn to meet each challenge of
managing a business as it
arose
．
除了工程学，
在所有这些领域里我都没受过正规的教育，
所以每当出现一个工商管理
方面的
挑战时，我只好学着去迎接它。
30. CHANGE: undergo/bring
about/inaugurate great/marked change
A
．
After
crossing
several
time
zones
，
sleep
rhythms
undergo
marked
changes
during
the
first
night.
经过几个时区后，睡眠规律就会在第一个晚上发生很大变化。
31. CHOICE: make a wise
choice
A
．
Not
only do lies not provide any
hope
，
they invade the
autonomy of patients and render them
unable to make informed choices
concerning their own health
．
对病人隐瞒真情，
不仅不能给予病人任何希望，
还会侵犯病人的自由，
使他们不能对自己的
健康做出明
智的选择。
B
．
When choices
are made among alternatives such as those just
described
，
it
becomes plain that
choosing one
alternative often involve giving up
another
．
在上述几个方案
中做出选择，显然，挑选一个意味着放弃另一个．
32. COMBINATION: (express/symbolize) a
rare/ happy combination of
A
．
He turned out
to be an incredible combination of strength and
relaxation on the track
．
在这方面他证明是把力量和放松结合得最好的人。
B
．
The modern
world is a combination of Eastern and Western
ingredients which are inextricably
fused
．
现代世界是一个东西方紧密融合的结合体。
33
．
COMFORT:
take/derive/seek comfort from/enjoy the comfort of
A
．
People have
taken comfort from the idea that our brains are
magically unique and could never
be
duplicated
，
never mind
surpassed
，
by
machines
．
人的大脑是神
奇般独特的、不能被复制、
不用担心会被机器超过，
想到这一点
，人们感到了
极大的安慰。
34. COMMAND: acquire/has/secure a good
command of
A
．
But
this
is
not
a business
that
can
be
undertaken
in
a day
or
swiftly
improvised
by
a
mere
command of the will.
但这种事并非
一天就能做成的，也不是靠征服意志就能一蹴而就的。
35. COMMENT: make comment about
A
．
Old people are
always saying that the young are not what they
were. The same comment is
made from
generation to generation and it is always
true
．
老年人总是说年轻人不
像他们同龄时那样了。一代一代人做出相同的评论，而且总是真实
的。
< br>
36. COMPARAISON: in
comparison with/to make comparison
A
．
Yet culture
shock is relatively mild in comparison with the
much more
serious
malady
，
future
shock
．
与更严重的弊证、即未来冲击相比，文化冲击相对来说要轻些。
B
．
The
boredom
that
a
man
feels
when
he
is
doing
necessary
though
uninteresting
work
is
as
nothing in
comparison with the boredom that he feels when he
has nothing to do with his
days
．
一个人当他在必须做无
趣味的工作时所感到的乏味，和他成天无所事事而感到的乏味相比，
几乎算不了什么。<
/p>
C
．
The
first two must be equal for all who are being
compared
，
if any comparison
in terms of
intelligence is to be
made
．
如果就智力进行比较的
话，前两个因素对所有要比较的人必须是一样的。
37. COMPETITION: enter/get into
competition with
in competition
with/for
A
．
In
the Olympic Games
，
women not
only cannot win any medals in competition with
men
，
the
gulf
between them is so great that they cannot even
qualify for the contests with
men
．
在奥运会上，
女运动员在同男的竞争中不仅不能夺奖牌，
而且他们之间的鸿沟这么大，<
/p>
她们
甚至没有资格和男运动员同场竞技。
B
．
It would also
place him in competition with other
workers
，
which
would be playing into the
bosses’hands
．
这样做还会把他置于同其他工人的竞争中，而这正中老板之意。
38. CONCENTRATION: the
concentration of
A
．
The lack of goo
ds
，
services
，
and household aids
，
brought on by the
country's concentration on
heavy
industry at the expense of consumer goods, affects
women much more than men
．
<
/p>
国家重视重工业，
忽视消费品生产，
由此
带来的商品、
服务设施和家用器具的短缺对女士的
影响要比男士
的大。
B
．
Strong
economic
and
social
currents
encourage
the
continued
concentration
of
the
urban
population which otherwise might
disperse into more sparsely settled
areas
．
经济和社会的向上形
势鼓励人们不断向城市集中，
要不然的话这些人口会分散到人口较少的
< br>地区。
39.
CONCERN: there is/express/arouse/show/give concern
over/for/about/with
A
．
I have a deeper
concern about higher education and the current
national mood
．
我对高等教育和目前国家形势所处的状态的深深关切。
B
．
Meanwhile
the
public
show
little
concern
about
the
danger
of
total
destruction
by
nuclear
weapons
：
a
possibility people are consciously aware
of
．
同时公众对核武器造成的全
球毁灭的危险很少关心，虽然他们意识到这种可
能性。
40. CONSIDERATION: give
consideration/thought to;
take sth.
into consideration
A
．
All the
argument sounds logical
，
but
it is obvious that no consideration is to be given
to his
concern for either the women or
the children
．
所有
这些论点听上去有道理，但它没有考虑到对妇女或者对孩子的关心。
41. CONNECTION: there
is/bear connection to
A
．
It
also
enables
us
to
tell
ourselves
that
the
despair
of
homeless
people
bears
no
intimate
connection to the
privileged existence we enjoy--
when
，
in
fact
，
we rent or purchase one
of those
restored townhouses that once
provided shelter for people now huddled in the
street
．
同时也使我们告诫
自己，
无家可归者的绝望和我们享受到的特权生活没有密切关系的。
而实
际上，我们租的或买的那些修建过的市中心房子，曾经是现在流浪街头人的住所
。
42.
CONSCIOUSNSS: a national/world/class/ deep
consciousness
A
．
In other
words
，
the world of urban
America as a dark place undeserving of support or
help has
become fixed in the American
consciousness
．
And we are
paying for that attitude in our cities
today
．
换句话说，
美国城市作为一个黑暗的地方，
不值得投资和帮
助，
这种想法已深深扎根于美国
人民的思想意识中。今天我们的
城市正在为这种态度付出代价。
B
．
Further study
and better public understanding are
needed
，
of
course
．
But what
is essential is a global
consciousness
．
当
然，需要进一步研究和更好地理解公众，当然，更为重要的是全球的意识。
C
．
the moral
consciousness of a
nation
一个民族的道德意识
recover national
consciousness
恢复民族意识
It has awakened millions to political
consciousness.
它唤起了千百万人的政治觉悟。
43.
CONTACT:
come
into/establish/create/need/
regain/retain/strengthen
(close/frequent/understanding) contacts
with/between; bring/take sb. into contact with
A
．
But our modern
world of music also brings us into contact with
music that is not always so
quickly
grasped.
然而，现代音乐世界却也让我们总是不能很快理解接触的音乐。
B
．
Hence
，
it can be argued that the people with
whom
we come
into contact in
these various