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英语词法总结

作者:高考题库网
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2021-02-17 01:13
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2021年2月17日发(作者:adequately)


词法总结



一、名词



1


.可数名词复数:



(1)


一般情况在词尾


+S


(2)



s



x



ch



sh


,结尾的词


+es


bus→buses




class→classes




box→boxes




watch→watches




brush→brushes





stomach



stomachs


(3)


以辅音母加

y


结尾的词变


“y”


< p>
“i”



+es


factory→factories,



country→countries,



family→families




★以元音字母加


y


结尾的名词的复数形 式只加


s


boy→boys


,



day→days




(4)



o


结尾的词多数都


+es


hero→heroes




negro



negroes,



potato→potatoes




tomato→tomatoes




★词末为两个元音字母的词只


+s


zoo→zoos




radio→radios




★某些外来词只


+s




photo→photos




piano→pianos




★注意:


zero



zeros / zeroes




zero


既可


+s


,也可


+es



(5)



f



fe


结尾的词, 多数变


f



v


再加


-es


,例如:



knife→knives




leaf→leaves,



half→halves


,



shelf



shelves ,



thief



thieves ,




:



roof



roofs ,



chief



chiefs ,



handkerchief



handkerchiefs


(6 )


少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:



man→men




woman→women




tooth→teeth




foot→feet




child→children




mouse→mice



< p>


man



woman< /p>


构成的合成词,


其复数形式也是


-men



-women



an Englishman



two Englishmen





German


不是合成词,复数


Germans



man,


woman


作定语,单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,


如:



men workers




women teachers






其他名词做定语,不用复数,如


three girl students



★单复数一样:


Chinese



Japanese



sheep



deer



fish





fish


表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数。



(7)


哪国人的单复数口诀:中日不变英 法变,其余


s


加后面。



一样:


Chinese



Chinese



Japanese



Japanese


变:


Frenchman



Frenchmen



Englishman



Englishmen


+s



German



Germans



American



Americans


(8)


形单实复:


people, police


(9)


数词


+


名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字


符。



ten-minute walk



an 8-year-old girl



a seven-day holiday




(10)



合成名词的复数只需把中心词变为复数:


the girl students




man,


woman



成的


合成


词,就


要两


个都

< br>变复数



the


women


workers


(11)


有些名词 仅有复数:


trousers



clo thes



chopsticks


,< /p>


glasses




goods




ashes



scissors


,< /p>


compasses




(12)


形复实单:


physics,


mathematics/maths,


the


United


States,



Niagara Falls , news, falls



(13)


修饰复数的词:


many , several , a few , a number of ,both


以< /p>


及不包括“一”的基数词


,



two,three


,后跟可数名词复数。



(14)


人名、地名的复数直接


+s ,


字母、符号、数字的复数


+



s


?


There are three Johns in this class.



这个班里有三个叫约翰的人。



(


此时



three Johns = three persons called John)


?


The teacher had only four A's in his class.


(15)


成双成套的词:



trousers




裤子



shorts




短裤



glasses




眼镜



gloves




手套



compasses




圆规



pants




裤子



★单独做主语,谓语动词用复数。



★ 和


pair


连用,谓语动词取决于


pa ir


的形式。



?


The glasses are on your nose.



?


This pair of glasses is mine.


?


This two pairs of shoes are mine.


(16)


形似复数实为新单词的名词:



work(


工作


)







works(


著作


)


paper(


纸,报纸


)






papers(


资料,文件


)


wood(


木头,木材


)





woods(


树林,森林


)


sand(



)







sands(


沙滩


)


(17)


一些词汇的名词形式:



teach(v


,教


)





teacher(n


,教师


)


sing(v


,唱歌


)




singer(n


,歌手


)


wait(v


,等待


)




waiter(n


,服务员


)


win(v


,获胜


)





winner(n


,获胜者


)


run(v


,跑


)





runner(n


,跑步者


)


visit(v


,参观


)





visitant(n


,参观者


) < /p>


sunny(adj


,阳光充足的,暖和的


)





sun(n


,太阳


)



sunshine(n


,阳光


)

windy(adj


,刮风的,风大的


)





wind(n


,风


)


cloudy(adj


,多云的,阴天的


)





cloud(n


,云


)


2


.不可数名词





的表示方法



十大不可数名词:



work









工作



progress








进步



news









消息



health








健康



information







信息



advice









建议



weather








天气



music








音乐



fun









乐趣



luck









运气



(1)



much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, some, any, a bit of , plenty


of


等表示,例如:



The rich man has a lot of money




There is some milk in the bottle




Is there any water in the glass




I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice




(2)

用“数词


+


名词


(



)+ of +


不可数名词”这类定语,例如:



a piece of paper/ wood/bread/news/meat


a bottle/glass of orange/ water/milk/juice


a cup of tea/coffee







a bag of rice


two cups of tea


four pieces of paper


three glasses of wate


★谓语动词看


“中心词”


决定单复数,


中心词:


bottle,cup,bag,piece



名词的所有格



1


.单数


+



s


,复数


+s



,复数不是< /p>


s


结尾,也


+



s


a student's room


students' rooms


Children's Day


2


.以


s

结尾的单数名词或人名后应加


-


’s


构成所有格



a waitress



s job


Charles



s address


3


.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词 时,


所有格要用



's


,例如:



a twenty minutes' walk = a ten-minute walk


ten miles' journey


a boat's length


two pounds' weight


ten dollars' worth


today



s newspaper


4


.如果某物为两人共有,只在后一个词尾

+


’s


,


如果不是两人共有,


两个名词后都要


+


’s


Lucy and Lily



s bedroom



Lucy



Lily


的卧室


,



Jane



s and T


om



s books



Jane


的书和

< br>T


om


的书


(

< br>能分开


)


5


.无生命名词的所 有格则通常用


of


结构



a map of China


the end of this term


the capital of our country


the color of the flowers


two boxes of apples




中心词和


of


后面的词都用复数。



★谓语单复数看 “中心词”


,不看


of


后面的词。



6


.双重所有格:


a friend of my father's


7


.表示“某人的家”



“店铺”等生活、工作场所的所有格后面的名


词通常省略。如:



at Mr Wang



s





(


在王先生家


)


at the doctor



s




(


在医生诊所


)



二、冠词



a, an


的区别是以辅音或元音音素,不是字母。



用不定冠词


an


的字母有:


A . E. F. H. I. L. M. N. O. R. S. X




元音字母开头用


a : a useful book



a university


辅音字母开头用


an: an hour, an honest


冠词



+ (


形容词


+


名词


)


,冠词由前面的形容词确定。



1


.不定冠词



(1)


表示“每一”的意思,


= every


?


T


ake the medicine three times a day. (every day)


?


They go to see their parents once a week.


(2)


用在序数 词前表示“又一


,


再一”



I’ve tried three times


. Let me try a fourth time.


They


had a daughter called Jane.


Then they


had


a second


child




a son .


(3)


固定短语



a few/little


a cup/bottle of


catch a cold/bus


have a good time


have a look


in a minute


make a mistake


a lot of


have a rest


half an hour


a kind of


a number of


make a contribution


have a talk with


2


.定冠词



(1)


特指某(些)人或某(些)事物



?


The book on the desk is an English dictionary.


?


Beijing is the capital of China.


(2)


指说话人和听话人都知道或熟悉的人或事物



?


Open the door, please.


?


Where is the teacher ?


?


Jack is in the library


.


(3)


上文提到过的人或事物



?Y


esterday John’s father bought


him


a


new bike.


The bike


cost him 200 yuan.


(4)


表示世界上独一无二的事物



?


The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.


(5)


用在序数词和形容词最高级之前



?


Shanghai is the biggest city in China.


?


January is the first month of the year.


(6)


用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物



?


The nurse is kind to the sick.


?


We should take good care of the old.


(7)


用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词之前



the Great Wall


the Summer Palace


the People



s Republic of China


in the morning


in the open air


(8)


用在姓氏复数之前,表示“某某一家人”



“某某夫妇”



the Browns


the Whites


(9)


用在器乐名称和方位词前



?


He is playing the piano.




on the right/left,



in the east/south,



in the front of(



in front of


的区别


)


[


注意


]


( 1)moon



sun



morning/afternoon/evening


之前有形容词时,可 用


a/an


a full moon,


on a cold morning


(2)



of the two


修饰的比较级前要用定冠词



?


T


om is the taller of the two.


(3)


在表示“越?


. ,


越?


.


”句型中


,


比较级前要用定冠词



The busier the farmers are



the happier they will be




(4)the +spring/summer


?



+ of




具体的某个阶段里的季节



?


The scientist came back to China in the spring of 1984.


(5)a/an + adj + supper/lunch


?





表示某一顿饭



?


Y


esterday Bill had a very nice supper.


3


.不用冠词



(1)


专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词



China,


Canada,


London,


Japanese,


T


om,


glass,


water,


wood,


love


(2)


名词前已有作定语用的


this , that, my,


your,


whose, some,


any


,


no, each, every


等代词时,不用冠词



?


That is my cap.


(3)


复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词



?


They are workers.


?


We are students.


(4)


称呼语前不用冠词,表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词



?I don’t feel well today


,


Mother.


?


Our English teacher is Miss Gao.


(5)


三餐名称前,球类活动,学科和节目名词前,常不用冠词



?


I have lunch at home.


?


He often plays football after class.


?


We have English and maths every day


.


(6)


在季节、月份、星期、节日前不加冠词



?


Everything begins to come out in spring.


但如果这些词前面有修饰词,要加定冠词


the


?


He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.


(7)


某些固定词组,名词之前常不用冠词



①与


by


连用的交通工具名称前:



by bus, by bike, by plane/air, by ship/sea, by train, by car


②名词词组:



day and night, brother and sister, hour after hour, here and there



③介词词组



at home, in bed/hospital, in time, on time, at once, in front of ,



on foot, at noon, on duty, at night




④常用词组



go to bed, go to school/class/work, go home,



go shopping/swimming/fishing/boating


等。



4.


冠词的位置



(1)


通常情况:


冠词位于名词前,


若名词前有形容词修饰,


冠词要放


在形容词之前。







the book



the beautiful flower


(2)


特殊情况:





不定冠词在


half, such, what, many


之后



such a nice girl (=so nice a girl)


half an hour


?


Many a student has passed the exam .



(= Many students have passed the exam.)


?


What a beautiful flower !





( = How beautiful !)




不定冠词在


as, so, how, too


修饰的形容词之后



?


How cold a day it is !




(= What a cold day it is !)




副词


quite



rather

< p>
可置于不定冠词之前



?It’s


quite a nice horse .



(


=It’s a very nice horse)



?It’s


rather a


hot day today


.





(=It’s a very hot day today)




< br>当名词由


both



all, whole


修饰时,定冠词须放在


both


all


之后


, whole


之前



all the students ,




both the children,




the whole story


5.


有无冠词的词语辨析



in hospital --


住院



in the hospital --


在医院里



?


Linda was ill in hospital .


?


The woman works in the hospital .


{


in bed (


躺、病、睡


) --


在床上



on the bed --


在床上



?


Don



t read in bed .


?


Y


ou can put it on the bed .


{


in class --


在上课中



in the class --


在班上



?


Don



t talk in class .


?


They often have parties in the class .


{


at table --


在进餐



at the table --


在桌旁


/




?


The Greens are at table now .


?


She is writing a letter at the table .


{


in front of --


在?前面



in the front of --


在?前面


(


内部


)



{


go to school --


去上学



go to the school --


到学校去



?


She



s too young to go to school .


?


They are going to the school to have a meeting .


{


at school --


在上学



at the school --


在学校里



?


Both of my children are at school .


?


I teach English at the school .


{


go to bed --


去睡觉



go to the bed --


到那张床边



?


It



s late . I



ll go to bed .


?


Go to the bed , and you



ll find a box .


{

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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