-
词法总结
一、名词
1
.可数名词复数:
(1)
一般情况在词尾
+S
(2)
以
s
,
x
,
ch
,
sh
,结尾的词
+es
bus→buses
,
class→classes
,
box→boxes
,
watch→watches
,
brush→brushes
。
p>
★
stomach
→
stomachs
(3)
以辅音母加
y
结尾的词变
“y”
为
“i”
再
+es
factory→factories,
country→countries,
family→families
。
★以元音字母加
y
结尾的名词的复数形
式只加
s
boy→boys
,
day→days
。
(4)
以
o
结尾的词多数都
+es
hero→heroes
,
negro
→
negroes,
potato→potatoes
,
tomato→tomatoes
。
★词末为两个元音字母的词只
+s
zoo→zoos
,
radio→radios
,
★某些外来词只
+s
:
photo→photos
,
piano→pianos
。
★注意:
zero
→
zeros / zeroes
-
zero
既可
+s
,也可
+es
。
(5)
以
f
或
fe
结尾的词,
多数变
f
为
v
再加
-es
,例如:
knife→knives
,
leaf→leaves,
half→halves
,
shelf
→
shelves ,
thief
→
thieves ,
但
:
roof
→
roofs ,
chief
→
chiefs ,
handkerchief
→
handkerchiefs
(6
)
少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:
man→men
,
woman→women
,
tooth→teeth
,
foot→feet
,
child→children
,
mouse→mice
。
★
man
和
woman<
/p>
构成的合成词,
其复数形式也是
-men
和
-women
。
an
Englishman
,
two
Englishmen
。
★
German
不是合成词,复数
Germans
★
man,
woman
作定语,单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,
如:
men workers
,
women teachers
。
其他名词做定语,不用复数,如
three girl
students
★单复数一样:
Chinese
,
Japanese
,
sheep
,
deer
,
fish
。
★
fish
表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数。
p>
(7)
哪国人的单复数口诀:中日不变英
法变,其余
s
加后面。
一样:
Chinese
–
Chinese
,
Japanese
–
Japanese
变:
Frenchman
–
Frenchmen
,
Englishman
–
Englishmen
+s
:
German
–
Germans
,
American
–
Americans
(8)
形单实复:
people,
police
(9)
数词
+
名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字
符。
ten-minute
walk
,
an 8-year-old
girl
,
a seven-day
holiday
。
(10)
合成名词的复数只需把中心词变为复数:
the girl
students
。
man,
p>
woman
组
成的
合成
词,就
要两
个都
< br>变复数
:
the
women
workers
(11)
有些名词
仅有复数:
trousers
,
clo
thes
,
chopsticks
,<
/p>
glasses
,
goods
,
ashes
,
scissors
,<
/p>
compasses
。
(12)
形复实单:
physics,
mathematics/maths,
the
United
States,
Niagara Falls , news, falls
(13)
修饰复数的词:
many
, several , a few , a number of ,both
以<
/p>
及不包括“一”的基数词
,
如
two,three
,后跟可数名词复数。
(14)
人名、地名的复数直接
+s
,
字母、符号、数字的复数
+
’
p>
s
?
There are three
Johns in this class.
这个班里有三个叫约翰的人。
(
此时
three Johns = three persons called
John)
?
The teacher had only
four A's in his class.
(15)
成双成套的词:
trousers
–
裤子
shorts
–
短裤
glasses
–
眼镜
gloves
–
手套
compasses
–
圆规
pants
–
裤子
★单独做主语,谓语动词用复数。
★
和
pair
连用,谓语动词取决于
pa
ir
的形式。
?
The glasses are on your
nose.
?
This pair
of glasses is mine.
?
This
two pairs of shoes are mine.
(16)
形似复数实为新单词的名词:
work(
工作
)
–
works(
著作
)
paper(
纸,报纸
)
–
papers(
资料,文件
)
wood(
木头,木材
)
–
woods(
树林,森林
)
sand(
沙
)
–
sands(
沙滩
)
(17)
一些词汇的名词形式:
teach(v
,教
)
–
teacher(n
,教师
)
sing(v
,唱歌
)
–
singer(n
,歌手
)
wait(v
,等待
)
–
waiter(n
,服务员
)
win(v
,获胜
)
–
winner(n
,获胜者
)
run(v
,跑
)
–
runner(n
,跑步者
)
visit(v
,参观
)
–
visitant(n
,参观者
) <
/p>
sunny(adj
,阳光充足的,暖和的
)
–
sun(n
,太阳
)
,
sunshine(n
,阳光
)
windy(adj
,刮风的,风大的
)
–
wind(n
,风
)
cloudy(adj
,多云的,阴天的
)
–
cloud(n
,云
)
2
.不可数名词
“
量
”
的表示方法
十大不可数名词:
work
工作
progress
进步
news
消息
health
健康
information
信息
advice
建议
weather
天气
music
音乐
fun
乐趣
luck
运气
(1)
用
much, a
little, little, a lot of, lots of, some, any, a
bit of , plenty
of
等表示,例如:
The rich man has a lot of
money
.
There is
some milk in the bottle
.
Is there any water in the
glass
?
I don't
like winter because there's too much snow and
ice
.
(2)
用“数词
+
名词
(
量
)+ of
+
不可数名词”这类定语,例如:
a
piece of paper/ wood/bread/news/meat
a
bottle/glass of orange/ water/milk/juice
a cup of tea/coffee
a bag of rice
two cups of
tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of wate
★谓语动词看
“中心词”
决定单复数,
中心词:
p>
bottle,cup,bag,piece
…
名词的所有格
1
.单数
+
’
s
,复数
+s
’
,复数不是<
/p>
s
结尾,也
+
’
s
a student's room
students' rooms
Children's
Day
2
.以
s
结尾的单数名词或人名后应加
-
’s
构成所有格
a
waitress
’
s job
Charles
’
s address
3
.在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词
时,
所有格要用
's
,例如:
a twenty minutes' walk = a ten-minute
walk
ten miles' journey
a
boat's length
two pounds' weight
ten dollars' worth
today
’
s newspaper
4
.如果某物为两人共有,只在后一个词尾
+
’s
,
如果不是两人共有,
p>
两个名词后都要
+
’s
Lucy and
Lily
’
s bedroom
–
Lucy
和
Lily
的卧室
,
Jane
’
s and
T
om
’
s books
–
Jane
的书和
< br>T
om
的书
(
< br>能分开
)
5
.无生命名词的所
有格则通常用
of
结构
a map of China
the end of
this term
the capital of our country
the color of the flowers
two
boxes of apples
–
中心词和
of
后面的词都用复数。
★谓语单复数看
“中心词”
,不看
of
后面的词。
p>
6
.双重所有格:
a friend
of my father's
7
.表示“某人的家”
、
“店铺”等生活、工作场所的所有格后面的名
词通常省略。如:
at Mr
Wang
’
s
(
在王先生家
)
at the doctor
’
s
(
在医生诊所
)
二、冠词
a,
an
的区别是以辅音或元音音素,不是字母。
用不定冠词
an
的字母有:
A
. E. F. H. I. L. M. N. O. R. S.
X
。
元音字母开头用
a : a useful book
a university
辅音字母开头用
an: an hour, an
honest
冠词
+ (
形容词
+
名词
)
,冠词由前面的形容词确定。
1
.不定冠词
(1)
表示“每一”的意思,
=
every
?
T
ake the
medicine three times a day. (every day)
?
They go to see their
parents once a week.
(2)
用在序数
词前表示“又一
,
再一”
I’ve tried three times
. Let
me try a fourth time.
They
had a daughter called Jane.
Then they
had
a
second
child
-
a son .
(3)
固定短语
a few/little
a cup/bottle of
catch a cold/bus
have a good
time
have a look
in a minute
make a mistake
a lot of
have a rest
half an hour
a kind of
a number of
make a contribution
have a
talk with
2
.定冠词
(1)
特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
?
The book on the desk is an
English dictionary.
?
Beijing
is the capital of China.
(2)
指说话人和听话人都知道或熟悉的人或事物
?
Open the door, please.
?
Where is the teacher ?
?
Jack is in the
library
.
(3)
上文提到过的人或事物
?Y
esterday John’s father
bought
him
a
new
bike.
The bike
cost him 200
yuan.
(4)
表示世界上独一无二的事物
?
The sun rises in the east
and sets in the west.
(5)
用在序数词和形容词最高级之前
?
Shanghai is the biggest
city in China.
?
January is
the first month of the year.
(6)
用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物
?
The nurse is kind to the
sick.
?
We should take good
care of the old.
(7)
用在某些由普通名词构成的专有名词之前
the Great Wall
the Summer
Palace
the
People
’
s Republic of China
in the morning
in the open
air
(8)
用在姓氏复数之前,表示“某某一家人”
p>
,
“某某夫妇”
the Browns
the Whites
(9)
用在器乐名称和方位词前
?
He is playing the piano.
on the
right/left,
in the
east/south,
in the front
of(
和
in front
of
的区别
)
[
注意
]
(
1)moon
,
sun
,
morning/afternoon/evening
之前有形容词时,可
用
a/an
a full moon,
on a cold morning
(2)
被
of the
two
修饰的比较级前要用定冠词
?
T
om is the
taller of the two.
(3)
在表示“越?
. ,
越?
.
”句型中
,
比较级前要用定冠词
The
busier the farmers are
,
the
happier they will be
。
(4)the
+spring/summer
?
+
of
具体的某个阶段里的季节
?
The scientist came back to
China in the spring of 1984.
(5)a/an +
adj + supper/lunch
?
表示某一顿饭
?
Y
esterday Bill
had a very nice supper.
3
.不用冠词
(1)
专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词
China,
Canada,
London,
Japanese,
T
om,
glass,
water,
wood,
love
(2)
名词前已有作定语用的
this
, that, my,
your,
whose,
some,
any
,
no,
each, every
等代词时,不用冠词
?
That is my cap.
(3)
复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词
?
They are workers.
?
We are students.
(4)
称呼语前不用冠词,表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词
?I don’t feel well today
,
Mother.
?
Our
English teacher is Miss Gao.
(5)
三餐名称前,球类活动,学科和节目名词前,常不用冠词
?
I have lunch at home.
?
He often plays football
after class.
?
We have
English and maths every day
.
(6)
在季节、月份、星期、节日前不加冠词
?
Everything begins to come
out in spring.
但如果这些词前面有修饰词,要加定冠词
the
?
He joined the Army in the
spring of 1982.
(7)
某些固定词组,名词之前常不用冠词
①与
by
连用的交通工具名称前:
by bus, by bike, by plane/air, by
ship/sea, by train, by car
②名词词组:
day and
night, brother and sister, hour after hour, here
and there
③介词词组
at home, in bed/hospital, in time, on
time, at once, in front of ,
on foot, at noon, on duty, at
night
等
④常用词组
go to bed,
go to school/class/work, go home,
go shopping/swimming/fishing/boating
等。
4.
冠词的位置
(1)
通常情况:
冠词位于名词前,
若名词前有形容词修饰,
冠词要放
在形容词之前。
the book
,
the
beautiful flower
(2)
特殊情况:
①
不定冠词在
half, such, what,
many
之后
such a
nice girl (=so nice a girl)
half an
hour
?
Many a student has
passed the exam .
(= Many
students have passed the exam.)
?
What a beautiful flower !
( =
How beautiful !)
②
不定冠词在
as, so, how,
too
修饰的形容词之后
?
How cold a day it is !
(= What a cold
day it is !)
③
副词
quite
和
rather
可置于不定冠词之前
?It’s
quite a nice horse .
(
=It’s a very nice
horse)
?It’s
rather a
hot day
today
.
(=It’s a very hot day
today)
④
< br>当名词由
both
或
all,
whole
修饰时,定冠词须放在
both
或
all
之后
, whole
之前
all the
students ,
both
the children,
the whole story
5.
有无冠词的词语辨析
in
hospital --
住院
in the hospital --
在医院里
?
Linda was ill in hospital .
?
The woman works in the
hospital .
{
in bed
(
躺、病、睡
) --
在床上
on the bed --
在床上
?
Don
’
t
read in bed .
?
Y
ou can put it
on the bed .
{
in class --
在上课中
in the class
--
在班上
?
Don
’
t
talk in class .
?
They often
have parties in the class .
{
at table --
在进餐
at the table
--
在桌旁
/
边
?
The Greens are at table now
.
?
She is writing a letter
at the table .
{
in front of
--
在?前面
in the
front of --
在?前面
(
内部
)
{
go to school --
去上学
go to the
school --
到学校去
?
She
’
s
too young to go to school .
?
They are going to the
school to have a meeting .
{
at school --
在上学
at the
school --
在学校里
?
Both of my children are at
school .
?
I teach English at
the school .
{
go to bed --
去睡觉
go to the
bed --
到那张床边
?
It
’
s
late . I
’
ll go to bed .
?
Go to the bed , and
you
’
ll find a box .
{
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