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考研英语如何翻译并列句

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2021-02-16 14:13
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2021年2月16日发(作者:hanoi)


考研英语如何翻译并列句





英语


中的并列句由并列连词或短语< /p>


and



for



so



but



either…or…


等引导或由逗号隔

< br>开,


各个分句在语法上具有并列的关系,


但在意思上除了 一部分具有并列关系外,


还有一部


分具有条件或假设,


或具有选择、


因果等复合关系,


所以翻译时应根 据各个分句之间在意思


上的相互关系来决定其译法。下面我们将逐一介绍它们的译法。< /p>





1.


表示并列关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





如果各分句在意思上表示并列关系,


可按原文译成并列复句。


这种句型一般用


and


连接


或用逗号隔开。如:





经典例题


354 During the rush hour yesterday evening two cars collided and two bicycles


collided



too.




参考译文昨天傍晚在交通拥挤时, 有两辆汽车相撞,而且还有两辆自行车相撞。





经典例题


355 All matters consist of molecules



and these of atoms .


分析:如其中用


and


< p>
接,这个


and


可以省译。





参考译文一切物质都由分子组成,而分子由原子组成。





经典例题


356 The end of the short_lived age of fossil fuels is already in sight



soon we will


have consumed all the world?s resources of oil and coal.





参考译文短暂的矿物燃料时代结束的日子已经在望;


不久,


我们就会耗尽世界上所有的


石油和煤炭资 源。





2 .


表示假设和条件关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





虽然有些并列句是用


and


连接的,


但其分句在意思上是条件或假设关系 ,


就可把它译成


条件或假设关系。如:





经典例题


357 Keep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see your shadow.




参考译文你要是面对阳光,那就看不到自己的影子。





经典例题


358 Start a sound into the air



and it will make waves which you cannot see.




参考译文如果向空中发出一个声音,它就会产生你看不到的声 波。





经典例题


359 Refer to the table



and you will find water has a high specific heat.




分析:这种句子第一分句一般为祈使句。





参考译文如果查一下表,你就会发现水的比热很高。





3.


表示 选择关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





如果并列句的各个分句在意思上具有选择关系,


就可以译成选择 关系。


这种句子一般有


连词


or“


否则





要不然




othe rwise“


否则




or else“


否则



或连 词短语


either…or“


不是


…< /p>







要么



要么


…“


等等。如:





经典例题


360 Light and radiant heat both travel through a vacuum

< p>


or



otherwi se



the sun?s


light and heat would not reach us.




参考译文光和辐射热都能穿过真空 传递,否则太阳的光和热便不会到达地球上。





经典例题


361 Milk must be kept in a cool place



or else it will go sour.




参考译文牛奶要放在阴凉的地方,否则就会变酸。





经典例题


362 Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well.




参考译文不是他没讲清楚,就是我没听明白。





经典例题


363A gas has neither volume nor shape of its own.




参考译文气体既没有特定的体积,也没有一定的形状。





4.


表示 因果关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





具有因果关系的并列句,有两种情况:一种是后一分句用


for


引导,而


for


本身具有表

< p>
示原因的作用;一种是在后分句前使用


therefore


连接,表示结果。如:





经典例题


364 The fuel must have been finished



for the engine stopped.




参考译文燃料准是用完了,因为发动机熄火了。





经典例题


365 The table tilted and the plates slid off it to the floor.




分析:


这个句子使用


and


连接的,


虽然结构上是并列,

< br>但其内在逻辑关系却是表因果的。


有时前句表原因,后句表结果,有时与此相反。





参考译文桌子倾倒,致使这些碟子滑落到地板上。





5.


表示 转折关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





如果分句在意义上互不协调,


并显示出转折关系,


就要译成转折句式。


表转折的并列连


词有

< p>
but“


但是




yet“


然而



,< /p>


still“


仍然



however“


然而



等。而这些词本身就具有表转折的


意思。如:





经典例题


366 This machine is simple in design



yet it is efficient in operation.




参考译文这机器结构简单,但操作有效。





经典例题


367 Everyone thinks this is a simple method



but yet he cannot believe it.




参考译文大家都认为这是个简单的方法,可是他还不相信。





经典例题


368 You had difficulties



still you could have done it better.




参考译文你虽然有些困难,但可以把这件事做得更好。





经典例题


369 Most of living creatures are unable to live far outside the region that suits them


best



however



man can go almost everywhere.




参考译文大多数生物在远离了最适合的地方后是难以生存的,


然而,


人类几乎可以去任


何地方。





表示对比关系、递近关系和连贯关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





6.


表示 对比关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





这类分句中一般有


while



whereas



and


but



however


等连词,翻译时译成表示对比


关系即可。如:





经典例题


370Motion is absolute



while stagnation is relative.




分析:这里 的


while


是并列连词,意思是


“< /p>




,含有对比的意思,而不是只用作从 属连


词,连接时间状语之意。参考译文运动是绝对的,而静止是相对的。





经典例题


371 Wise men love truth



whereas fools shun it.




参考译文智者爱真理,而愚人却回避它。





经典例题


372 She speaks English very fast



nevertheless we understand what she says.




分析:


在并列句中,


连词位于后一个分 句之前,


且本身具有对比关系的分句才采用此译


法。

< p>




参考译文她英文说得很快,可是我们还可以听懂她所说的。





7.


表示 递进关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





在并列句中,如果句型是


not only…but

< p>


also




,或是两分句中后一句比前一句的意


思更进一步,那就可以翻译成



不但



而且


…”



“…


而且


…”


。如:





经典例题


373 Not only the oxygen is an element



but also it becomes necessary to man.




参考译文氧气不仅是一种元素,而且是人类所必需的东西。





8.


表示 连贯关系的并列句该怎样翻译?





如果英语并列句中,


各个分句所陈述的动作在意义上有明显的先 后顺序,


那么在翻译时,


汉语就要用连贯的复句表示,而这种译 法多在主语相同的并列句中采用。如:





经典例题


374 Eva sang a Japanese song



and then she sang a number of Chinese folk songs.




参考译文依娃唱了一首日本歌,接着又唱了几首中国民歌。





历年


真题分析





经典例题


375 The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time



and in any case



the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.



1991


年)





结构分析:句子的框架是


The supply of oi


l can be shut off…and the oil wells will all run


dry…


本句由

< br>and


连接两个单句,表示意思递进;


rate


这里应译为



速度


”< /p>






参考译文石油供应可能会随时中断;


不管怎样,


以目前这种消费速度,


只需


30


年左 右,


所有的油井都会枯竭。





经典例题


376New sources of energy must be found



and this will take time



but it is not


likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we


have had in the times past.



1991


年 )





结构分析:句子的框架是


New sources of energy must be found



and this will take time



but it is…any situation that will ever restore that sense…we have had…


。本句由


and


引出单句,


紧跟前句,意思递进;


but


引出长句,意思转折,长句中


that


引出 定语从句修饰


ituation


,定


语 从句中又有


we have had in the times past

< p>
定语从句修饰先行词


sense


;本句中结构


it is not


likely to…


译为



没有可能


< br>。





参考译文我们必须找到新的能源,


这需要时间;


而过去我们感 觉到的那种能源价廉而充


足的情况将不可能再出现了。





经典例题


377 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the


necessary mode of working of the human mind



it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are


reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.



1993

< p>
年)





结构分析:


句子的框架是


The method of scientific investigation is nothing but…



it is simply


the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given…


。本句分号前为长单句,分号< /p>


后句子与前句并列,


意思递进,


whic h


引出定语从句修饰


mode



结构


nothing but


译为

< p>


只是







参考译文科学研究的 方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式,


也就是对一切现象进行


思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。





经典例题


378 You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction


(归纳法)


and deduction



that by the help of these operations



they



in a sort of sense



manage


to extract from nature certain natural laws



and that out of these



by some special skill of their


own



they build up their theories.



199 3


年)





结构分析:句子的框架是


Y


ou have all heard it…that…



that …



and that…


。句中的


it


是形式宾语,


真正的宾语是后面的三个 并列分句:


men of science work…and deduction



by the help of these operations



they…manage to…certain natural laws



that…



they…their theories.


在第二个分句中,


they


指代前面的


men of science



these operations


指前


文的


means of induction and deduction



oper ations


在这里根据上下文要译成



方法



而不能译


< br>“


操作



;在第三个分句中,代 词


these


指代第二个分句中的


ce rtain natural laws.




参考译文你们都多次听说过,


科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的,

< p>
他们用这些方法,



某种意义上说,


力求从自然界找出某些自然规律,


然后他们根据这些规律,

< br>用自己的某种非


同一般的本领,建立起他们的理论。





经典例题


379The target is wrong



for in attacking the tests



critics divert attention from the


fault that lies with ill_informed or incompetent users.



1995


年)





结构分析:句子的框架为


The target is wrong



for…critics divert…fault that lie with…



连词


for


引出表原因的并列分句,


分 句中


that


引出定语从句修饰先行词



原意为






,在此句中应根据上下文转译为


“< /p>


把标准化测试作为抨击目标




lie with


原意为


应由某


人负责



,这里指



来源于







参考译文把标准 化测试作为抨击目标是错误的,


因为在抨击这类测试时,


批评者 不考虑


其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。





经典例题


380 Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and


balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures



and may report their findings soon.



1998


年)





结构分析:


句子的框架是


Astrophysi cists…are closing in on such structures



and may report


their findings soon.


连词


and


连接前后两句,意思递进;


working with…


现在分词作为定语修



as trophysicists



are closing in on such structures


译为



对于这些云系的研究在距离上越来越





structure


不能直译为

< br>“


结构



,而应根据上下文译为



云系,团状物质


< br>。





参考译文天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器,正越来越近地观测这些云系,


也许不久就会报告他们的观测结果。





经典例题


381 Owing to the remarkable development in mass_communications



people


everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas



while


governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.



2000


年)





结构分析:句子的框架是


Owing to…



people everywhere are feeling…and are being


exposed to



while governments are often forced to…


。连词


while


引出并列句,与前句对比,


前句中


and


连接两个谓语;介词结构


owing to


作 原因状语。


want


译为


< p>
需要




be exposed to


直译为



暴露于



,这里译为



接触







参考译文大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需 求,


不断接触到新的习俗


和思想,由于上述原因,政府常常得推 出更多的革新。





经典例题


382 In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization


with all the far_reaching changes in social patterns that followed as spread over nearly a century



whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.



2000

< br>年)





结构分析:句子的框架是


…the process of industrialization…in social patterns that followed


was spread…



whereas nowadays


a developing nation may undergo…


。连词


whereas


引出并列


句,


表对比;


前句中


that followed


作定语修饰


social patterns



social patterns


译为



社会结构




undergo


译为


经历



,这里用



完成



较好。





参考译文在先期实现 工业化的欧洲国家中,


其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社


会结构变革,


持续了大约一个世纪之久,


而如今一个发展中国 家在十年左右就可能完成这个


过程。





经典例题


383 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips



computers with


in_built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools



relaxation will be in front of


smell television



and digital age will have arrived.



2001

< p>
年)





结构分析:句子的框架是


Children will play with…



comp


ut ers…will be regarded as…



relaxation will be…



and digital age will have arrived.


整句是一个四个简单句的并列长句。


personality chips


译为



个性化芯片







参考译文儿童将与装有个性化芯片 的玩具娃娃玩耍,


具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工


作伙伴而不 是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就来到了。





熟能生巧





经典例题


384 But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited



and it is even


possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life”



the time it will take to exhaust


all known sources and reserves of these materials.




结构分析:句子的框架是


But now it is realized that supplies…are limited



and it is even


possible to…life“



the time it will take to exhaust…sources and reserves of these



导的从句与


and


后 句构成并列,前句中


it


作形式主语,真正主语是


that


引导的从句,


and




it


作形式主语,真正主语是不 定式;


the time



expectation of life


的同位语,同时作其后


所跟定语从句的宾语;


翻 译时,


将句子第一部分的被动语态转化为主动语态;


同时将同位 语


宾语作状语翻译。





参考译文可是现在人们意识到,


其中 有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,


人们甚至还可以比


较合理的估计 出这些矿物质



可望存在多少年



,也就是说,经过若干年后,


这些矿物质的全


部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。





经典例题


385 Prior to the twentieth century



women in novels were stereotypes of lacking


any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions


imposed by the male_dominated culture.




结构分析:


句子的框架为


Prior to…



women…were stereotypes of…features that made them


unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by…


连接


前后 两句,构成并列。前句中,


that


引导的定语从句修饰


features


;后句中,过去分词短语


i mposed by…culture


修饰


restricti ons


,作定语。


prior to…


翻译为





之前




be subject to



译为



屈从 于







参考译文在


20

世纪以前,小说中的妇女形象都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点,因而


无法成为具有 个性的人;她们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。





经典例题


386 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction



and realized that it was a


sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and


independent judgment



they would not be so hurt



and therefore would not drive the child into


opposition by resenting and resisting it.




结构分析:


句子的框架是


If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction



and realized


that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing…judgment



they would not be so


hurt



and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

整句话使


用了虚拟语气;


第一个划线


and


连接条件状语从句中并列的两个谓语,


其中第二个谓语 中含


有一个宾语从句,这个宾语从句的


it

是形式主语,真正的主语是宾语从句中


sign


的同位语< /p>


从句,同位语从句中的


and


连接两个谓 语结构;第二个


and


连接两个并列主句,

by resenting


and resisting it

< br>方式状语,其中的


it



chi ld.




参考译文如果父母对这种 青少年的反应有所准备,


而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在发


展 珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,


他们就不会感到如此伤心,


所以也就不会因此有愤


恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。





经典例题


387 Television



it is often said



keeps one informed about current events



allows


one to follow the latest developments in science and politics



and offers an endless series of


programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.




结构分析:句子的框架是


Television




keeps one…



allows one to…



and offers an


endless series of programmes which are…



主语后跟三个并列的谓语,


其中第三 个谓语的宾语


又跟有一个由


which


引导的定语从句;


it is often said


作为插入 语,可以放在句首。


keep…informed about…


翻译为



使



知晓







参考译文人们常说,


通过电视可以了 解时事,


掌握科学和


政治


的最新动态。


从电视里还


可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节 目。


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