-
Note-taking and
Transitions:
种类
例词
first, later,
next, finally, before, after,
时间顺序
now,
previously, last, then, when,
说话人想按时间顺序叙述事件
,
例如：
First
, you get
所表达的含义
immediately, formerly, subsequently,
up at 6 am.
Next,
you go to the toilet and wash your
Time-Sequence
presently,
initially, ultimately
meanwhile
举例子说明：
Black
English used to be considered
simply
poor English until linguists realized that the
so-called errors were actually
consistent alternative
举例
for example, such as, for instance,
illustrate
grammatical
forms, some of which originated in
African linguistic patterns.
For example
, the word
the infinitive
also be used to indicate a repeated
action or existential
state (Labov,
1972).
说话人罗列观点（有时想暗示各观点不同的重要
性
):
Firstly
, I would like to
talk about classical
列举
and, too, finally, furthermore,
first(ly), second, third, last,
another,
Enumeration
next
music and its representative
composers.
Next
I would
like to talk about Jazz music and some
influential
albums in the history of
Jazz.
Finally
, I will move
on
to pop music in the last century.
说话人在继续讨论同一话题，
并欲补充更多的信息
< br>:
A computer is often called a
“thinking machine,” and
in many ways it
is just that. Computers perform
补充
also, in
addition, and,
further,
another, as well as
difficult and timesaving mathematical
computations,
as well as
problems in logic and reasoning.
In
addition
, computers run
other machines and answer
questions.
Also
, they are used to guide
astronauts on
take-off.
比较或反差
说话人想说出一个与之前
的观点相同，不甚相同甚
比较类
like,
likewise, as, similarly, at
至是相反的观点：
The sex of the
instructor affected
Comparison or
the same time, as well as, both, all,
in
the extent of active student
participation. In classes
face.
Example
Continuation
Contrast
comparison,
taught by men with roughly equal
proportions of male
and female
students, male students were responsible
反差类
on the other
hand, in
contrast, however, but, in
spite of, on
the contrary, despite,
nevertheless, on
the contrary, instead,
rather,
notwithstanding, though, yet,
regardless, unlike, although, even
though, whereas
important to note, most, above all,
especially valuable, a central issue,
especially relevant, should be noted,
强调
the most
substantial issue, remember
that, a
major event, the principal
Emphasis
item, pay particular attention to, the
chief factor, most of all, a
significant
factor, a primary concern,
a key
feature, the main value
for about 75% of all class discussion.
Similarly,
with
women as instructors, female student
participation
rose from 25% to 42%;
in contrast
, male
participation
slipped from 75% to 58%.
说话人想说出最重要最核心的内容，说话人用这些
词引起听众的
注意
:
Although the resources
of our
world are limited, the wants of
people are not. Indeed,
one of
the most important assumptions
of
economics is that the
total human wants can never be
satisfied. No matter how much we have,
we seem to
want more. As people's
income increase, so does their
desire
for more and better goods and services.
说话人欲表现两个或多个事物之间的联系
,
尤其是
它们之间的因果关系
: Atherosclerosis is the
result
of
the
buildup of fat, fibrin, parts of dead cells, and
因果
because,
accordingly, for this reason,
calcium
on the inside of the arteries. No one knows
hence, resulting, as a result, o, then,
what
causes t
his
disease, but a number of things can
Cause-Effect
thus,
therefore, since, consequently
speed
its development. These include smoking
cigarettes and eating animal fat and
cholesterol.
Others include age,
hypertension, diabetes, stress,
heredity, and sex (males have more
heart attacks).
说话人欲复述或总结之前的话语：
Euthanasia is
thus, in short, to conclude, in brief,
in
总结
the end, in
summary, to reiterate, in
conclusion,
to sum up, finally,
therefore, thus, as
already stated
defined as mercy
killing, either by the sick people
themselves or by their relatives or
close friends. One
controversial doctor
is a strong proponent of this act:
Dr.
Jack Krevorkian. Dr. Krevorkian has publicly
admitted to giving assistance to people
who have
committed suicide.
As a result
, he has been called a
Summary