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第一讲
句子成分
一．句子的定义
句子是包含主语和谓
语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开
头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。如：
foundation of democracy is the will of
the people to preserve liberty.
motives governed his actions?
a
beautiful girl she is!
二．词类概述
能够自由运用的最小语
言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（
parts
of speech
）
。
英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词 。
三．句子成分
句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部
分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、
< br>宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（一）主语
(Subject)
是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在
there b
e
结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位
于谓
语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表
示。例如：
the 1990s,
American country music has become more and more
popular.
often speak
English in class.
-third of
the students in this class are girls.
swim in the river is a great pleasure.
g does harm to the health.
rich should help the poor.
指出下列句中主语的中心词
①
The teacher with two of his
students is walking into the classroom.
②
There is an old
man coming here.
③
The useful dictionary was given by my
mother last year.
④
To do today's homework without the
teacher's help is very difficult.
⑤
Exercising half
an an hour a day is good to our health.
⑥
where to find
help is still a problem.
⑦
That he won the first prize surprised
us all.(It surprised us all that he won the first
prize.)
指出必修一
Uni
t2
课文第一段句子主语的中心词
①
At the end of the 16th
century, about five to seven million people spoke
English.
②
Nearly all of them lived in England.
③
Later in the
next century, people from England made voyages to
conquer other parts of the world and because of
that,
English began to be spoken in
many other countries.
④
Today, more people speak English as
their first, second or a foreign language than
ever before.
1
（二）谓语
谓语
(Predicate)
说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构
成
如下：
1
、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every
morning.
The
plane took off at ten
o
’
clock.
2
、复合谓语：
（
1
）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
You may keep
the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（
2
）由系
动词加表语构成。如：
We
are students.
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
（三）表语
表语
(Predicative)
用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于
系动词（如
be, become, get, look, grow, turn,
seem
等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、<
/p>
副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表
示。例如：
teacher of English is an
American.
（名词）
it
yours?
（代词）
weather has turned
cold.
（形容词）
speech is exciting.
（分词）
times seven is twenty
one?
（数词）
job is
to teach English.
（不定式）
hobby is playing
football.
（动名词）
meeting is of great
importance.
（介词短语）
is up. The class is
over.
（副词）
truth
is that he has never been
abroad.
（表语从句
注意：系动词（
Linking verb)
< br>用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等
1
）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有
be
一词，例如：
He
is a teacher.
2
）
持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有
keep, rest,
remain, stay, lie, stand,
例如：
He always
kept silent at meeting.
3
）表
像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有
seem, appear,
look,
例如：
He seems (to be)
very sad.
4
）感官系动词主要有
feel,
smell, sound, taste,
例如：
This
kind of cloth feels very soft.
5
）
变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，
主要有
become, grow, turn, fall, get,
go, come, run.
例如：
He became
mad after that.
6
）
< br>终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，
主要有
prove,
turn out,
表达
证实
，
变成
之意，
例如：
The
rumor proved false.
His plan turned out a success.
（四）宾语
宾语（
Object
）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及
物动词和介词后面。例如：
went to see an exhibition yesterday.
heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on
time.
many dictionaries do you have? I
have five.
2
helped the old with their housework yesterday.
pretended not to see me.
6.I enjoy listening to popular music.
7.I think
（
that
）
he is fit for his office.
宾语种类：
（
1
）双宾语（间接宾语
+
直接宾语）
，例如：
Lend me your dictionary,
please.
To: write, tell, pass, give,
send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring,
throw
等，例如：
He sent the novel
to William
yesterday.
For:
leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get,
order, post, save
等，例如：
She bought a gift for her
mother.
（
2
）复合宾语（宾
语
+
宾补）
，例如：
< br>They elected him their monitor.
下列动词只能接不定式做宾语
: ask, agree,
care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail,
help, hope, learn, manage,
offer, plan,
prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish,
desire
等，如：
He
refused to lend me his bike.
下列动词只能接动名词做宾语
: admit, avoid,
advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish,
imagine, mind, practise,
suggest
等，如：
John has admitted breaking the window .
下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如
stop, mean, try, remember, forget,
regret
等。
（五）宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动
词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（
Object Compleme
nt
）
，才能使句子的意义
完整。带有
宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如
make
等
)+
宾语
+
宾补）<
/p>
。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、
不定式、分词、介词短语和从句
充当。例如：
father
named him Dongming.
painted their boat
white.
the fresh air in.
mustn
’
t force him to lend
his money to you.
saw her entering the
room.
found everything in the lab in
good order.
will soon make our city
what your city is now.
（六）定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语
(Attribut
e)
。定语可由以下等成分表示：
is a beautiful city.
（形容词）
is a developing country; America is a
developed country.
（分词）
are thirty women teachers
in our school.
（名词）
rapid
progress in English made us
surprised.
（代词）
monitor is always the first to enter the
classroom.
（不定式短语）
teaching plan for next term has been
worked out.
（动名词）
is reading an article about how to learn
English.
（介词短语）
s
who saw us stared at us as if we are walking
skeletons.
(
定语从句
)
更多例子：
They are
women workers.
她们是女工。
（名词作定语）
Tom's father didn't write home until
yesterday.
汤姆的父亲直到昨天才给家里写信。
（
所有格名词作定语）
Equal
pay for equal work should be introduced.
应当实行同工同酬。
（形容词作定语）
The play has three acts.
这出戏有三幕。
（数词作定语）
3
This is her
first trip to Europe.
这是她首次欧洲之行。
（代词、数词和介词短语作定语）
China is
a developing country.
中国是一个发展中国家。
（现在分词作定语）
You haven't
kept your promise to write us often.
你没
有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。
（动词不定式短语作定语）
My cat has a good nose for
milk.
我的猫对牛奶嗅觉灵敏。
（介词短语作定语）
Those who want to go to Tibet
are to sign their names here.
想去西藏的人须在此
签名。
（从句作定语）
（七）状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词
或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（
Adverbial
）
。可由以下形式表
示
：
travels most
quickly.
has lived in the city for ten
years.
is proud to have
passed the national college entrance examination.
is in the room making a model plane.
a minute.
you begin, you
must continue.
更多例子：
These
products are selling quickly.
< br>这些产品现在十分畅销。
（副词作状语）
He is knee deep in snow.
他踩在齐膝深的雪里。
（名词作状语）
The best fish swim near the bottom.
好鱼居水底。
（有价值的东西不能轻易得到。
）
（介词短语作地点状语）
She
sat there doing nothing.
她坐在那里无所事事。
（现在分词短语作伴随状语）
We'll
send a car over to fetch you.
我们将派一辆车去接
你。
（动词不定式短语作目的状语）
She was slow to make up her mind.
她迟迟不能下决心。
（动词不定式短语作状语）
Strike while the iron is hot.
趁热打铁。
（从句作时间状语）
9
种状语种类如下：
1. How about meeting again at six?
night she didn
’
t
go to the dance party because of the rain.
3.I shall go there if it
doesn
’
t rain.
Smith lives on the third floor.
put the eggs into the
basket with great care.
She came in
with a dictionary in her hand.
order
to catch up with the others, I must work harder.
was so tired that he fell
asleep immediately.
works
very hard though she is old.
9.I am
taller than he is.
（八）同位语（
Ap
positive
）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从
句担任，如：
This is Mr. Zhou, our
headmaster.
（九）插入语（
Parenthes
is
）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有
to be
honest , I think (suppose,
believe---)
等，如：
To be frank, I
don
’
t quite agree with you.
巩固练习
(
一
).
用横线划出下列句中
主语
的中心词
①
The teacher with two of his
students is walking into the classroom.
②
There is an old
man coming here.
③
The useful dictionary was given by my
mother last year.
4