-
概要写作中的
paraphrasing
<
/p>
概要写作：提供一篇
350
词以内的短文
，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇
60
词左右的内
容概要。
评分要点：
1
）理解准确，涵盖全部要点；
2
）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；
3
）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑；
4
）使用自己的语言表述。
这一题型要求考生在通读全文，明确主题的基础上，划分段落
，确定要点（
main ideas
+ main poin
ts
），并能用自己的语言来表达要点，并将要点连接成文。
如何用自己的语言来概括要点而不照抄原文呢？
我们可以下几个方面入手来解决这一难题。
1.
第一招：运用正反法。即把肯定形式改成否定形式，否定
改成肯定。
例：
1)
You will fail.
→
You will not succeed.
2)
Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but
he still hoped to.
→
Though Jack failed to
pass
the driving test, he still hoped to.
2.
第二招：同义替换法。即用相同或相近含义的词来替换原
句中的表达。
例：
1)
Keeping silent can actually make your
anger longer. → Keeping silent may not
help and can lengthen your anger.
2
)
I didn’t catch any fish
because I was not patient. → I didn’t catch any
fish
owing to the fact that I was not
patient.
3.
第三招：词
性转换法。即改变原句中一些重要词汇的词性来表达相同的含义。
例：
1)
Patience is very important. → Patience
is of great importance.
2)
The pollution makes people very anxious
about their living environment.
→
People show great anxiety
about their living environment.
4.
第四招：句式变换法。即运用不
同的句式来表达相同的句意。
例：
1)
Parents should give children more
praise.
→
Children should be
given more
praise.
（主动句转换成被动句）
1
2)
Children should be
encouraged more. This will help them learn faster.
→
Children should be
encouraged more, which will help them learn faster
.
（简单句转换成复合
句）
3)
Children are given more praise. They
will achieve more success.
→
When
given more praise,
children will achieve more
success.
（简单句转换成复合句）
5.
第五招：连词衔接法。即运用连
词把单句衔接起来。
例：
1)
We should encourage students. We should
not scold them.
→
We should
encourage students instead of scolding
them.
2)
Cold and wet have nothing
to do with catching colds, why are they more
frequent in the winter?... No one has
yet found the answer.
→
However, no one has yet
found the answer why colds are frequent
in the winter.......
6.
第六招：细节省略法。即省略原文中的一些细节，不改变句子主要含义。
例：
Recordings
of angry bees are enough to send big, tough
African elephants running
away!
→
Recordings of angry bees
can send African elephants running away!
7.
第七招：句意理解法。即根据
对原文句子意思的理解重新写一个句子。
例：
1)
Because he played carelessly we lost
the game.
→
But
for his carelessness, we
wouldn’t have
lost the match.
2)
Shopping on
the internet is becoming increasingly popular.
→
More and more
people prefer Internet shopping.
小测试
1. What is beneficial to nature may not
be good for people.
Everything __________ nature is not
necessarily good for people.
2. She
went to study in New Zealand because she intended
to immigrate there.
She
went to New Zealand ___________________
immigrating there.
3. The police said
that the case was being investigated.
According to the police, the case is
__________________.
4. Because he
played carelessly we lost the game.
______________________, we wouldn’t
have lost the match.
5.
Studies showed that they were endowed with
something special.
Studies _______ that they
_______________ something special.
6. On a personal note, the Internet is
very valuable.
_______, the Internet ________________.
7. In general men are not aware of this
problem as women.
Men should raise the
______________ of this problem in general.
8. The more one knows about pollution,
the more one can do for our environment.
One should
_______________________ of pollution to contribute
to the environment.
9. Children’s
culture affects
their cognitive
development.
Children’s cognitive development
___________ their culture.
10. She lay under the building and she
was trapped there for three days.
She lay ________ under the building for
three days.
2
Exercise 1:
Once
upon a time, industrial goods were made to last
forever. If you bought a car or a
stove, it was a once-in-a-lifetime
investment. You paid good money for it, and you
took care
of it.
Nowadays
industry
has
persuaded
us
that
products
couldn’t
last
a
long
time.
It
is
cheaper t
o throw them away
than to repair them. This has led directly to the
“throw
-away
society” which
is a great waste of the earth’s resources. Just
think of the cars that are traded
daily, just because they are out of
style. Think of the expensive packaging material
that is
thrown
away
every
time
a
new
object
is
bought.
And
we
shoppers
have
to
pay
for
that
material!
Our
industrial society has turned us into spoiled
children. This wastefulness has got us
into the great trouble we are in now.
When we have no resources left, then we will start
to
take care of what we have. But why
can’t we act before this happens? Why can’t we try
to
build a society in which the
prevention of waste is a virtue?
(182 words)
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________60 _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _ _
3
Exercise 2:
The
food we eat seems to have a great effect on our
health. Although science has made
big
steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at
the same time, made many foods unfit to
eat. Some research has shown that
perhaps eighty percent of human illness is related
to food
and forty percent of cancer is
related to food as well. That food is related to
illness is not a
new discovery. In
1945, some researchers realized that things
commonly used to keep colour
in meats
and other food
additives
（添加剂）
caused cancer.
Yet, these additives remain
in our food, and it is difficult to know which
things on the
wrappings
（包装）
of
foods are helpful or harmful. The additives which
we eat are not all so
direct. Farmers
often give penicillin to their animals, and
because of this, penicillin has been
found
in
the
milk
of
cows.
Sometimes
similar
tings
are
supplied
to
animals
not
for
their
health, but just to
make a profit.
The farmers
are simply trying to fatten the animals in order
to get a higher price on the
market.
Although some countries have tried to control such
things, the practice continues.
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
__________
_________
_________
__________60 _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _ _
4
Exercise 3:
Weight
loss
is
most
likely
to
be
successful
when
people
change
their
habits.
Here
are
several ways to make that happen.
Regular physical activity
burns calories and builds muscles
---both of which help you
look and feel good and keep weight off.
Walking the family dog, cycling to school, and
doing
other things that increase your
daily level of activity can all make a difference.
One
reason
people
get
less
exercise
these
days
is
because
of
an
increase
in
“screen
time”
---
the
amount
of
time
spent watching TV
,
looking
at
the
computer,
or playing video
games. Limit recreational screen time
to less than 2 hours per day. When you really get
away
from “screens”, such as
TV
, computers, IPad or mobile phones,
you will really benefit a lot.
Portion
sizes
are
bigger
than
they
used
to
be,
and
these
extra
calories
contribute
to
obesity. Another key factor in weight
gain is that more people drink sugary drinks, such
as
sodas,
juice
drinks,
and
sports
drinks.
So
choose
smaller
portions
(or
share
restaurant
portions) and go for water or low-fat
mild instead of soda.
People who skip breakfast often feel so
hungry that they eat more later on. So they get
more calories than they would have if
they ate breakfast. In fact, people who skip
breakfast
tend to have higher BIMs than
people who eat breakfast.
If you really put the above into
practice at once, you will definitely reduce your
weight
gradually. And wish you have a
good figure.
(251 words)
5