-
Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United
Kingdom
1.
The
flag of Britain :
Union Jack
(英国国旗中没有显示出
Welsh
旗)
2.
The basic information of each country:
Count
ry
Englan
d
Capital
Area
Memo
1.
最不会把自己的
London
最大
“英格兰文化区
别于其他文化”
2.
一个高度城市化
英语国家概况——单文飞
1
的国家,
80%
居
住在城市,
20%
工作于农业。
1.
英国最不平坦的
Edinburgh
爱丁堡,
此
名源于爱
Scotla
nd
尔曼语
(
But the
largest city
is Glasgow
in
Scotland
)
第二大
部分。
(
the
Highlands in the
north and
the
Southern
Uplands in the
south
)
2.
Not conquered
by the romans or
the
Anglo-Saxons.
1. It had rich
coal
第三大
(但在
Wales
Cardiff
(加
的夫)
British
上是最
小)
deposits.(
储存
)
2. Wales has been
dominated
by
than the other
nations of
the
union.
英语国家概况——单文飞
Mainland
England for longer
2
3. It also retains its
own language,
Welsh.
4. Unlike England
it did not
fall to the
Anglo-Saxon
invaders of the 5th
century.
Northe
rn
Ireland
time joining the British
parliament:
However,
in
1707
by
agreement
of
the
English
and
Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined
the Union.
ence
between
the
British
Isles
,UK,
Great
Britain , and England:
?
British Isles:
the island of
Great Britain
the island of
Ireland
英语国家概况——单文飞
< br>Belfast
(贝
尔法斯特)
最小
None
3
surrounding
isles
?
UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland
?
Great Britain
=England +Scotland + Wales
four
major
invasions
in
the
history
of
Great
Britain :
At first, England was occupied by
Celtic people.
Then
in
43AD
Britain
was
invaded
by
the
Roman
Empire.
Result: England
and Wales became a part of the Roman
Empire for nearly 400 years.
the Angle-Saxon
invaded.
Result:
The
land
they
lived
became
Angle-
land
later
changed into
England, the language they spoken became
English.
PS
:
One
of
the
best-known
English
legends
derives
from this time. In 5
century AD,
King Author(
亚
瑟王
)
united the
British, and with his magical
sword,
p>
Excalibur
(被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑)
,
英语国家概况——单文飞
4
drove the Saxons
back.
关于亚瑟王的一些名词:
Excalibur:
被称为“王者
之剑”的圣剑
;
亚瑟王之魔剑
Castle at
Tintagel(
廷塔杰尔
) in Cornwall:
Tintagel
传说
为亚瑟王的诞生
地,这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地
方。
Knight
:
骑士
Camelot:
卡米洛,传说中亚瑟王宫殿所在地。
the Vikings invaded.
(From the late 8
th
century
on)
Result
in
a
certain
cultural
divide
between
northerners
and
southerners
in
England,
which
can
be
expressed
as
对抗;与
...
相对
)
PS:
此时出现的历史人物是:
King Alfred the Great
:
阿尔弗雷德国王,英国历史上
的著名国王,领导英国抗击北欧海盗的入侵。<
/p>
the
Normans(from
northern
France,
who
were
descendants(
后代
)
of
Vikings)
,
William
of
Normandy
invaded this
country.
Result:
This
marks
the
last
time
that
an
army
from
outside
the British Isles succeeded in invading
英语国家概况——单文飞
5
PS:
与此时有关的历史人物是:
William
of
Normandy
(known
as
“
William
the
Conqueror
”
)
:
征服者威廉,
1
066
年通过英吉利海峡
(
Engli
sh
Channel
)对英格兰宣战,打败了哈罗德国
王,获全胜。同年圣诞节威廉在威斯敏斯特教堂
(Westminst
er Abbey)
加冕成为英格兰国王,
史称威廉一
世。
(
William the First
of England
)
Westminster
Abbey:
威斯敏斯特教堂坐落在伦敦泰晤
士河北岸,原是一座天主教本笃会隐修院,始建于公
元
960
年,
1045
年进行了扩建,
1065
年
建成,
1220
年至
1517
年进行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在
1540
年<
/p>
英王创建圣公会之前,它一直是天主教本笃会(天主
教的隐修院修
会之一)教堂。
1540
年之后,成为圣公
会教堂。
King Harold:
哈罗德国王,
英格兰最后一位撒克逊民族
国王,在关键的<
/p>
Hastings
战斗中被杀。
The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st
C., made up
of many tribal kingdoms of
Celtic people)
When
43
AD
—
Who
Where from
Which part
conquered
Latin-speaking
Mediterranean
England
Roman
countries
and Wales
英语国家概况——单文飞
6
AD.5th
C
(not
Scotland
or Ireland)
Eastern
Angles and
Saxons
and
Southern
Britain
Germany
(not Wales
and most
of
Scotland )
mainly
England
Scandinavia
AD.5
C
—
1066
th
(the
forefathers of
the English;
the founders of
England)
Late
AD.8
C
the ferocious
–
AD
10
C.
AD
11
th
C
(1066)
Norman
French
(William the
th
th
Northern
and
Eastern
England,
Scotland
The next
few
hundred
(
北欧:瑞典、
Vikings
p>
挪威一带。丹
麦、芬兰、冰
岛等
)
Normandy
(northern
France)
英语国家概况——单文飞
7
Conqueror
defeated King
Harold at the
Battle of
Hastings, and
built the
Tower of
London)
years,
joining
various
parts of
the British
Isles under
English
rule
(England,
Wales,
Scotland,
Ireland)
6.
Main cities of England
London
Birmingham
(伯明翰)
—
second largest city of
England.
Liverpool
(利物浦)—
second largest port of England
Manchester
(曼彻斯特)—
industrial
and
commercial
centre.
其他名词解释:
:
London is in the south of
the country, and is
英语国家概况——单文飞
8
dominant
(主要的,
主宰的)
in the United Kingdom in
all sorts of ways. It is by far the
largest city in the country,
with about
one seventh of the nation population; it is the
seat
of
governmen
t(
伦敦是英国政府所在地
);
it
is
the
cultural
centre,
home
to
all
the
major
newspapers,
TV
stations,
and
with
far
and
away
the
widest
selection
of
gall
eries
(画廊,
美术馆)
,
theatres and museums. Also it
is
the
business centre,
headquarters
of the
vast majority
of Britain's
big companies; it is the financial centre of the
nation, and one of the three major
international financial
centres in the
world.
London
’
s
function
= Beijing + Shanghai +
Guangzhou=New York+ Washington +Los
Angeles
London Attractions:
(1).Big Ben
(大本钟(
英议会大厦上的报时钟)
)
and
the Houses of
Parliament
(英国的国会大厦)
.
(2).The Tower of London
(伦敦塔
(
伦敦古堡
,
在泰晤士
河北岸
,
古代曾作宫殿及监狱
,
现为兵械库和博物馆
)
)
,
由威廉一世建造。
p>
(3). Tower Bridge
(
伦敦塔桥,是一座上开悬索桥,位
于英国伦敦,
横跨泰晤士河,
因在伦敦塔附近而得名,
是从
泰晤士河
口算起的第一座桥(泰晤士河上共建桥
英语国家概况——单文飞
9
15<
/p>
座)
,
也是伦敦的象征。
该
桥
始建于
1886
年,
1894
年
6
p>
月
30
日对公众开放,
将伦敦南北区连接成整体。
)
(4). St Paul's Cathedral
(
p>
圣保罗大教堂
,
巴洛克风格建
筑的代表
,以其壮观的圆形屋顶而闻名,是世界第
二
大圆顶教堂,它模仿罗马的
圣彼得大教堂
,是英国古
典主义建筑的代表。
)
(5).the
River
Tha
mes
(
泰晤士河
It
is
the
longest
river
entirely in England
and the second longest in the United
Kingdom, after the River Severn.)
(6).
The
English
Royal
Family
reside
in
London
at
Buckingham
Palace(
白金汉宫
(
< br>英国王宫
)
)
where
you
can see the famous
'
Changing of the Guard'
and
much
more.
(7).
Hadrian
’
s Wall:
哈
德良长城。罗马人保卫不列颠
北疆的屏障,长
118
公里。
2. the
Commonwealth of Nations/the British
Com
monwealth
(英联邦国家)
:
It
’
s a free association of
independent countries that were once
colonies of Britain.
It was established
in 1931, replacing the former British
Empire. Member nations are joined
together
economically and have certain
trading arrangements. The
英语国家概况——单文飞
10
Commonwealth has no special power. The
decision to
become a member of the
Commonwealth is left to each
nation .At
present there are 50 member countries within
the Commonwealth.
h
Empire
(
大英帝国)
:
(
an empire in which the
sun never set”
(
日不
落帝国
)
)
About a
hundred years
ago, as a result of its
imperialist expansion, Britain ruled
an
empire that had one fourth of the world’s people
and
one fourth of the world’s land
area. However, the
two
world
wars greatly weakened Britain. The British
colonies became independent one after
another. The
British Empire gradually
disappeared and it was replaced
by the
British Commonwealth in 1931.
4. the European
Union(
欧洲联盟,欧盟
)
:
The UK has
been a member since 1973.
Hood
:
罗宾汉,英国传说中一位著名撒克逊
族绿林好汉,在森林里盘踞,以劫富济贫、杀贪官
污
吏为宗旨。
英语国家概况——单文飞
11
p>
h:
《
麦克白》
,
莎士比亚创造的四大悲剧之一。
现实生活中的麦克白在
1040
年杀死堂兄,
自立为苏格
兰国王。
1057
年在一场战争中被苏格兰支持的一
方杀
死。
m Wallace:
威廉·华莱士,苏格兰最伟大的民
族英雄之一。
1298
年
7
月
3
日,爱德华一世的军队入<
/p>
侵苏格兰。华莱士率领苏格兰人民奋起反抗,但被爱
德华的军队打
败。之后,他继续带领其队伍在苏格兰
各地与英军对抗,
130
5
年被捕,后在伦敦被处决。
未收录:
the Bruce:
罗伯特·
布鲁斯,
14
世纪苏格兰争
取国家独立的斗士,
1306
年成为苏格兰国王。
1314
年大败英格兰军队,迫使英格兰承认他的地位。根据
《北安普顿条约》
,
英王承认他为苏格兰国王并完全放
弃英格兰队苏格兰
主权的要求。
Battle
of Bannockburn:
班诺克本战役,苏格兰
历史上
的一次大决战。
由
Robert the Bruce
率领。
通过
这次战争,苏格兰重获独立。
英语国家概况——单文飞
12
Elizabeth the First:
伊丽莎白一世,
英格兰历
代最伟大的君主之一。她不愿发动战争,因而保证国
家
稳步走向繁荣。
伊丽莎白时代是英国最辉煌的时代,
以莎士比亚
戏剧为标志的英国文学达到顶峰。此时航
海业也开始发展。伊丽莎白实行了一系列强国政
策,
使英国成为海上霸主,走上了殖民主义道路。
the Sixth of Scotland(also
became James the
First of
England):
苏格兰詹姆斯六世。因为伊丽莎白
无子嗣,他可继承英格兰王位。
1603
年,
在伊丽莎白
逝世后,立即继承英格兰王位。
< br>P7
关于
England
的最后
一段。
Battle of
Culloden:
the last battle on British
soil
Lang Syne
:
著名的苏格兰民歌《友谊天长地
久》
Scott
:
沃尔特·司各特,苏格兰小说家,历
史小说的首创者。
16. Prince of
Wales:
威尔士亲王。
Edward the First
英语国家概况——单文飞
13
named his son the Prince of Wales.
Glyndwr:
欧文·格林道瓦
尔,自称威尔士王
子。率威尔士人反抗英格兰的通知但未成功。
18. Plaid
Cymru:
威尔士党
Unit 3 The Government of
the United Kingdom
1.
The old
Monarchy(
君主政体
) (ruled by the
King )
(1)The oldest
institution of government
(2)
King Egbert
(
埃格伯特国王
): The
ancestor of the
present Queen Elizabeth
II. United England under his
rule in
829.
(3)
Divine(
神授
的;天赐的
) right of kings
(
君权神授
):
The
ancient doctrine
(教义;主义)
held that the
sovereign
(元首;君主)
derived his authority from
God, not from his
subjects.
(
臣民)
This was used by
the kings
as an excuse for abusing power. And the
dispute over the power of the king and
the parliament
led to the civil war.
英语国家概况——单文飞
14