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英语国家概况总结资料

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2021-02-16 12:14
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2021年2月16日发(作者:benefit)


Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom


1.



The flag of Britain :


Union Jack



(英国国旗中没有显示出


Welsh


旗)




2.


The basic information of each country:


Count


ry


Englan


d


Capital


Area


Memo


1.



最不会把自己的


London



最大



“英格兰文化区


别于其他文化”



2.



一个高度城市化


英语国家概况——单文飞



1


的国家,


80%



住在城市,


20%


工作于农业。



1.



英国最不平坦的


Edinburgh


爱丁堡,



名源于爱


Scotla


nd


尔曼语



But the


largest city


is Glasgow


in


Scotland




第二大



部分。



the


Highlands in the


north and the


Southern


Uplands in the


south




2.



Not conquered


by the romans or


the


Anglo-Saxons.


1. It had rich coal


第三大


(但在


Wales


Cardiff


(加


的夫)

< p>


British


上是最


小)



deposits.(


储存


)


2. Wales has been


dominated by


than the other


nations of the


union.


英语国家概况——单文飞



Mainland


England for longer


2


3. It also retains its


own language,


Welsh.


4. Unlike England


it did not fall to the


Anglo-Saxon


invaders of the 5th


century.


Northe


rn


Ireland



time joining the British parliament:



However,


in


1707


by


agreement


of


the


English


and


Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.




ence


between


the


British


Isles


,UK,


Great


Britain , and England:



?



British Isles:




the island of Great Britain



the island of Ireland


英语国家概况——单文飞


< br>Belfast


(贝


尔法斯特)



最小



None


3



surrounding isles



?



UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland


?



Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales





four


major


invasions


in


the


history


of


Great


Britain :




At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.



Then


in


43AD


Britain


was


invaded


by


the


Roman


Empire.




Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman


Empire for nearly 400 years.




the Angle-Saxon invaded.


Result:


The


land


they


lived


became


Angle- land


later


changed into England, the language they spoken became


English.


PS



One


of


the


best-known


English


legends


derives


from this time. In 5 century AD,


King Author(



瑟王


)


united the British, and with his magical


sword,


Excalibur


(被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑)


,


英语国家概况——单文飞



4


drove the Saxons back.



关于亚瑟王的一些名词:



Excalibur:



被称为“王者 之剑”的圣剑


;


亚瑟王之魔剑



Castle at Tintagel(


廷塔杰尔


) in Cornwall:


Tintagel


传说


为亚瑟王的诞生 地,这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地


方。


Knight



骑士


< p>
Camelot:


卡米洛,传说中亚瑟王宫殿所在地。



the Vikings invaded. (From the late 8


th


century on)


Result


in


a


certain


cultural


divide


between


northerners


and


southerners


in


England,


which


can


be


expressed


as



对抗;与



...


相对


)



PS:


此时出现的历史人物是:



King Alfred the Great



阿尔弗雷德国王,英国历史上


的著名国王,领导英国抗击北欧海盗的入侵。< /p>




the


Normans(from


northern


France,


who


were


descendants(


后代


)


of


Vikings)


,


William


of


Normandy


invaded this country.


Result:


This


marks


the


last


time


that


an


army


from


outside the British Isles succeeded in invading


英语国家概况——单文飞



5


PS:


与此时有关的历史人物是:



William


of


Normandy


(known


as



William


the


Conqueror



)



征服者威廉,


1 066


年通过英吉利海峡



Engli sh


Channel


)对英格兰宣战,打败了哈罗德国


王,获全胜。同年圣诞节威廉在威斯敏斯特教堂


(Westminst er Abbey)


加冕成为英格兰国王,


史称威廉一


世。



William the First of England




Westminster


Abbey:

威斯敏斯特教堂坐落在伦敦泰晤


士河北岸,原是一座天主教本笃会隐修院,始建于公



960


年,


1045


年进行了扩建,


1065


年 建成,


1220


年至


1517


年进行了重建。威斯敏斯特教堂在


1540


年< /p>


英王创建圣公会之前,它一直是天主教本笃会(天主


教的隐修院修 会之一)教堂。


1540


年之后,成为圣公

会教堂。



King Harold:

哈罗德国王,


英格兰最后一位撒克逊民族


国王,在关键的< /p>


Hastings


战斗中被杀。



The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st C., made up


of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people)



When



43


AD




Who



Where from



Which part


conquered


Latin-speaking


Mediterranean


England


Roman


countries


and Wales


英语国家概况——单文飞



6


AD.5th


C


(not


Scotland


or Ireland)


Eastern


Angles and


Saxons


and


Southern


Britain


Germany


(not Wales


and most


of


Scotland )


mainly


England


Scandinavia


AD.5



C



1066


th


(the


forefathers of


the English;


the founders of


England)


Late


AD.8


C


the ferocious



AD


10


C.


AD 11


th



C


(1066)


Norman


French


(William the


th


th


Northern


and


Eastern


England,


Scotland


The next


few


hundred


(


北欧:瑞典、


Vikings


挪威一带。丹


麦、芬兰、冰


岛等

< p>
)


Normandy


(northern


France)


英语国家概况——单文飞



7


Conqueror


defeated King


Harold at the


Battle of


Hastings, and


built the


Tower of


London)


years,


joining


various


parts of


the British


Isles under


English


rule


(England,


Wales,


Scotland,


Ireland)



6.



Main cities of England


London


Birmingham


(伯明翰)



second largest city of England.



Liverpool

(利物浦)—


second largest port of England


Manchester


(曼彻斯特)—



industrial


and


commercial


centre.



其他名词解释:



:


London is in the south of the country, and is


英语国家概况——单文飞



8


dominant


(主要的,


主宰的)



in the United Kingdom in


all sorts of ways. It is by far the largest city in the country,


with about one seventh of the nation population; it is the


seat


of


governmen t(


伦敦是英国政府所在地


);


it


is


the


cultural


centre,


home


to


all


the


major


newspapers,


TV


stations,


and


with


far


and


away


the


widest


selection


of


gall eries


(画廊,


美术馆)


, theatres and museums. Also it


is


the


business centre,


headquarters


of the


vast majority


of Britain's big companies; it is the financial centre of the


nation, and one of the three major international financial


centres in the world.


London



s function


= Beijing + Shanghai +


Guangzhou=New York+ Washington +Los Angeles


London Attractions:




(1).Big Ben


(大本钟( 英议会大厦上的报时钟)




and


the Houses of Parliament


(英国的国会大厦)


.



(2).The Tower of London


(伦敦塔


(


伦敦古堡


,


在泰晤士


河北岸


,

古代曾作宫殿及监狱


,


现为兵械库和博物馆


)




由威廉一世建造。



(3). Tower Bridge



伦敦塔桥,是一座上开悬索桥,位


于英国伦敦,


横跨泰晤士河,


因在伦敦塔附近而得名,


是从


泰晤士河


口算起的第一座桥(泰晤士河上共建桥


英语国家概况——单文飞



9


15< /p>


座)



也是伦敦的象征。




始建于


1886


年,


1894



6



30


日对公众开放,

将伦敦南北区连接成整体。





(4). St Paul's Cathedral


(


圣保罗大教堂


,



巴洛克风格建


筑的代表


,以其壮观的圆形屋顶而闻名,是世界第 二


大圆顶教堂,它模仿罗马的


圣彼得大教堂

,是英国古


典主义建筑的代表。


)


(5).the


River


Tha mes


(


泰晤士河


It


is


the


longest


river


entirely in England and the second longest in the United


Kingdom, after the River Severn.)


(6).


The


English


Royal


Family


reside


in


London


at



Buckingham


Palace(


白金汉宫


(

< br>英国王宫


)


)


where


you


can see the famous '


Changing of the Guard'


and much


more.



(7). Hadrian



s Wall:


哈 德良长城。罗马人保卫不列颠


北疆的屏障,长


118

< p>
公里。




2. the Commonwealth of Nations/the British


Com monwealth


(英联邦国家)



It



s a free association of


independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.


It was established in 1931, replacing the former British


Empire. Member nations are joined together


economically and have certain trading arrangements. The


英语国家概况——单文飞



10


Commonwealth has no special power. The decision to


become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each


nation .At present there are 50 member countries within


the Commonwealth.



h Empire



大英帝国)


:



an empire in which the


sun never set”



日不 落帝国




About a hundred years


ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled


an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and


one fourth of the world’s land area. However, the


two


world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British


colonies became independent one after another. The


British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced


by the British Commonwealth in 1931.



4. the European Union(


欧洲联盟,欧盟


)


: The UK has


been a member since 1973.



Hood



罗宾汉,英国传说中一位著名撒克逊


族绿林好汉,在森林里盘踞,以劫富济贫、杀贪官 污


吏为宗旨。




英语国家概况——单文飞



11


h:



麦克白》



莎士比亚创造的四大悲剧之一。


现实生活中的麦克白在


1040


年杀死堂兄,


自立为苏格


兰国王。


1057


年在一场战争中被苏格兰支持的一 方杀


死。




m Wallace:


威廉·华莱士,苏格兰最伟大的民


族英雄之一。


1298


7



3


日,爱德华一世的军队入< /p>


侵苏格兰。华莱士率领苏格兰人民奋起反抗,但被爱


德华的军队打 败。之后,他继续带领其队伍在苏格兰


各地与英军对抗,


130 5


年被捕,后在伦敦被处决。



未收录:




the Bruce:


罗伯特·


布鲁斯,


14


世纪苏格兰争


取国家独立的斗士,


1306


年成为苏格兰国王。


1314


年大败英格兰军队,迫使英格兰承认他的地位。根据


《北安普顿条约》



英王承认他为苏格兰国王并完全放


弃英格兰队苏格兰 主权的要求。




Battle of Bannockburn:


班诺克本战役,苏格兰


历史上 的一次大决战。



Robert the Bruce


率领。


通过


这次战争,苏格兰重获独立。




英语国家概况——单文飞



12


Elizabeth the First:


伊丽莎白一世, 英格兰历


代最伟大的君主之一。她不愿发动战争,因而保证国


家 稳步走向繁荣。


伊丽莎白时代是英国最辉煌的时代,


以莎士比亚 戏剧为标志的英国文学达到顶峰。此时航


海业也开始发展。伊丽莎白实行了一系列强国政 策,


使英国成为海上霸主,走上了殖民主义道路。




the Sixth of Scotland(also became James the


First of England):



苏格兰詹姆斯六世。因为伊丽莎白


无子嗣,他可继承英格兰王位。


1603


年, 在伊丽莎白


逝世后,立即继承英格兰王位。


< br>P7


关于


England


的最后 一段。




Battle of Culloden:


the last battle on British soil



Lang Syne


:


著名的苏格兰民歌《友谊天长地


久》




Scott


沃尔特·司各特,苏格兰小说家,历


史小说的首创者。




16. Prince of Wales:


威尔士亲王。



Edward the First


英语国家概况——单文飞



13


named his son the Prince of Wales.



Glyndwr:


欧文·格林道瓦 尔,自称威尔士王


子。率威尔士人反抗英格兰的通知但未成功。




18. Plaid Cymru:


威尔士党





Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom



1.



The old Monarchy(


君主政体


) (ruled by the King )



(1)The oldest institution of government


(2)


King Egbert


(


埃格伯特国王


): The ancestor of the


present Queen Elizabeth II. United England under his


rule in 829.


(3)


Divine(


神授 的;天赐的


) right of kings


(


君权神授


):


The ancient doctrine


(教义;主义)



held that the


sovereign


(元首;君主)



derived his authority from


God, not from his subjects.



臣民)



This was used by


the kings as an excuse for abusing power. And the


dispute over the power of the king and the parliament


led to the civil war.


英语国家概况——单文飞



14

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