-
选
修
六
Unit1
A
SHORT HISTORY OF
WESTERN
PAINTING
西方绘画艺术简史
Art
is
influenced
by
the
customs
and
faith
of a people.
艺术
是受着人民生活习俗
和
信
仰
的
影
响
的
。
< br>
Styles
in
Western
art
have
changed
many
times
.
西
方
的
艺
术
风
格经历了多次变革。
As
there
are
so
many
different
styles
of
Western
art,
it
would
be
impossible
to
describe all of them in
such
a short text.
由于
西
方的艺术风格多种
多样，
在短短的一篇课
文里不可能进行全面
的描述。
Consequently,
this
text
will
describe
only
the
most
important
ones,
starting from
the sixth
century AD.
因此
,
本文只谈及从公
元<
/p>
6
世纪以来最主要的
几种艺术风格。
The
Middle
Ages
(5th
to the
15th century AD)
中世纪
(
公元
5
世纪到
15
世纪
)
During
the
Middle Ages,
the main
aim
of
painters
was
to
represent
religious
themes.
在
中
世
纪
,
画
家的主要任务是把宗
教的主题表现出
来。
A
conventional
artist
of
this
period
was
not
interested
in
showing
nature
and
people
as
they
really
were
.
一个
传统的艺术家无意于
如实地展现自然和人
物。
A typical picture at
this
time
was
full
of
religious
symbols,
which created
a feeling
of
respect
and love for
God.
那个时期的典型
的绘画充满了宗教的
(
象
)
特征
,
体现出了对
上帝的爱戴与敬重。
But it was evident that
ideas were changing in
the
13th
century when
painters
like
Giotto
di
Bondone
began
to
paint
religious
scenes
in a more realistic way
.
但是
,
很显然到了
13
世
纪时
,
观念
发生变化
,
像
乔托这样的画家开始
以一种比较现实的风
格来画宗教场景。
The
Renaissance
(15th
to
16th
century)
文艺
复兴时期
(
15
世纪到
16
世纪
)
During
the
Renaissance, new ideas
and
values
gradually
replaced
those
held
in
the
Middle Ages.
在文
艺复兴时期
< br>,
新的思想
和价值观逐渐取代了
中世纪的思想和价值
观。
People
began
to
concentrate
less
on
religious
themes
and
adopt
a
more
humanistic
attitude
to
life.
人们开始较少关
注宗教主
题而采取一
种更人性化的生活态
度。
At the same time
painters
returned
to
classical
Roman
and
Greek ideas about art. <
/p>
同时画家们回到了罗
马、
希腊的古典艺术
理
念上。
They
tried
to
paint
people
and
nature
as
they
really
were.
他们力争如实地
画出人物
和自然。
Rich
people
wanted
to
possess
their
own
paintings,
so
they
could
decorate
their
superb
palaces
and
great
houses.
富
人
们
想拥有
自己的艺术品
并用来装饰自己的高
级
宫
殿
和
豪
宅
They
paid
famous
artists
to
paint
pictures
of
themselves,
their
houses and possessions
as
well
as
their
activities
and
ac
hievements.
,
他
们
出
价聘请著名艺术家来
为自己画像
,
画自己的
房屋和其他财物
,
以及
他们的活动和成就。
One of
the most
important
discoveries
during this
period was
how
to
draw
things
in
perspective.
在此期间
,
最重要的发现之一就
是如何用透视法来画
出
事
物
。
This
technique
was
first
used
by
Masaccio
in
1428.
这一手法是
1428
年由马赛其奥第一次
使用的。
When
people
first saw his
paintings,
they
were
convinced
that
they
were
looking
through
a
hole
in
a
wall
at a real scene.
当
人们第一次看到他的
画时
,
还以为是透过墙
上的小洞来观看真实
的场景
,
并对此深信不
疑
。
If
the
rules
of
perspective
had
not
been
discovered,
no
one
would
have
been
able
to
paint
such
realistic pictures.
如没
有发现透视法
,
人们就
不可
能画出如此逼真
的画。
By
coincidence
,
oil
paints
were
also
developed at this time,
which
made
the
colours
used
in
paintings
look
richer
and
deeper
.
巧合的是
这一时期油画颜料也
得到了发展
,
它使得绘
画的色彩看上去更丰
富、更深沉。
Without
the new
paints and the
new
technique,
we
would
not
be
able
to
see
the
many
great
masterpieces for which
this
period
is
famous.
没有新的颜料和新的
(
绘画
)
手法
,
我们就不
能看到很多使这一时
代著名的杰作。
Impressionism
(late
19th
to
early
20th
century)
印象派时期
(
19
< br>世纪后
期到
20
世纪初期
)
In
the
late
19th
century
,
Europe
changed
a
great
deal
from
a
mostly
agricultural
society
to
a mostly
industrial one.
19
世纪后期
,
欧洲发生
了巨大的变化
,
从以农
业为主的社会变成了
以工业为主
的社会。
Many
people
moved
from
the
countryside
to the new
cities.
许多
人从农村迁入到新城
市。
There
were
many
new
invention
s
and
social changes.
< br>有着许
多新发明
,
还有许多社<
/p>
会
变
革
。
Naturally,
these
changes
also
led
to
new
painting
styles.
这些变革也自然而然
地促成了新的绘画风
格
。
Among
the
painters
who
broke
away
from
the
traditional
style
of
painting
were
the
Impressionists,
who
lived
and
worked
in
Paris.
在那些突破传统
画法的画家中有
生活
和工作在法国巴黎的
印象派画家。
The
Impressionists
were
the
first
painters
to
work
outdoors.
印<
/p>
象派画家是第一批室
外写景的画家。
Th
ey
were
eager
to
show
how
light
and
shadow
fell
on
objects
at
different
times
of
day
.
他们急切地想把一天
中不同时间投射到物
体上的光线和阴影
呈
现
出
来
。<
/p>
However,
because
natural
light
changes so quickly, the
Impressionists
had
to
paint
quickly.
然而由
于自然光的变化很快
,
印象派画家们必须很
快
地
作
画
,
Their
paintings
were
not
as
detailed
as
those
of
earlier
painters.
因此
,
他们的画就不像以前
那些画家们的画那样
细
致
了
。
At
first
,
many
people
disliked
this
style
of
painting
and
became
very
angry
about
it. <
/p>
起初
,
许多人都不喜欢这种
画法
,
甚至还怒不可遏。
T
hey
said
that
the
painters
were
careless
and
their
paintings
were ridiculous.
他们说
这些画家作画时漫不
经心、
粗枝大叶
,
而他们
的作品更是荒谬可笑。
Modern
Art
(20th
century to today)
现代
< br>艺术
(20
世纪至今
)
At
the
time
they
were
created,
the
Impressionist
paintings
were
controversial,
but
today
they
are
accepted
as
the
beginning
of
what
we
call
art
在
印象派作品的
创建初