贸易术语图解

EXW

Abbreviation for

ex works

, the Incoterm (delivery term) under which the

Seller

is responsible only for

making the goods available at his designated premises for pick up by the buyer or buyer’s designated

transportation carrier. Upon release of the goods to the buyer or carrier, the seller has no further

responsibilities; all costs and risks of transportation transfer to the

buyer

. Variations on the this term

ex

works

include

ex factory

,

ex mill

,

ex plant

,

ex refinery

,

ex site

,

ex warehouse

, etc., depending upon

the type of origin facility at which goods will be delivered to the buyer by the seller.

Action responsibilities, division of costs and passage of risk,

EXW

terms may be illustrated as follows

when the principal modes of transportation are airfreight and ocean freight:

The official Incoterms publications (

Incoterms 2010

) may be ordered from the International Chamber of

Commerce.

FCA

(

Incoterms

) Abbreviation for

free carrier

(named place). The Incoterm (delivery term) under which the

seller is responsible for handing over the goods, cleared for export, to a transportation carrier named by

the buyer at a named location, typically at either the seller’s facility or else the terminal of the

buyer-nominated carrier or freight forwarder, typically

within

the country of export. If the FCA point is the

seller

’s facility, and loading the conveyance is essential to “handing over the goods,” the seller is

responsible for the risk and expense of loading (if loading is not otherwise included in the carrier’s basic

transportation charge). FCA, shipper’s facility, is

the appropriate delivery term for situations in which the

shipper will load an intermodal container, truck trailer, rail car, barge or other conveyance.

The seller is not responsible for the cost of unloading the conveyance at the named destination point, nor

for transfer of the goods to the on- carrier. For example, if the FCA point is an ocean carrier and/or inland

waterway terminal (other than the seller’s own facility), the

buyer

is responsible for

unloading

the

incoming FCA conveyance, inclusive of forklift charge or other expenses, and for loading the outgoing

vessel (e.g., the terminal charges, or wharfage and handling charge, etc.). See also FOB (vessel), under

which the seller is additionally responsible for the cost of loading the vessel. Under FCA terms, the seller

has no obligation to insure the shipment.

Action responsibilities, division of costs and passage of risk under FCA terms may be illustrated as

follows when the principal modes of transportation are airfreight and ocean freight:

Responsibility for govern security requirements:

Incoterms

2010

changed rules A2 & B2, now captioned

“Licenses, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities,” to include government imposed

security requirements, whatever they may be, as part of export formalities and import formalities. The

trading party responsible for export formalities is thus responsible for security requirements in the export

country whereas the party responsible for import formalities is responsible for security responsibilities in

the import country. For security requirements in a transit country, if any, if the seller has accomplished

delivery under the applicable term, the buyer is responsible for this; otherwise security requirements are

the seller’s responsibility.

FAS

(

Incoterms

) Abbreviation for

free alongside

. The Incoterm (delivery term) under which the seller is

responsible for arranging transportation of the goods to a named ocean or inland waterway port and

placing them “alongside” the vessel which the buyer has arranged to transport the goods. The

seller

is

also responsible for export clearance (under pre-2000 versions of

Incoterms

, this was the buyer’s

responsibility). For this reason, FAS terms require special coordination by the shipper or freight forwarder

with the inland carrier and water carrier. Under FAS terms, the seller has no obligation to insure the

shipment. See Also definitions for ship’s rail, ship’s tackle and shipside delivery.

Note: This term is used for shipment via ocean and inland water transportation

only

and is different from

FOB in that the seller is not responsible for placing the goods on the vessel.

Action responsibilities, division of costs and passage of risk, FAS terms may be illustrated as follows:

Responsibility for government security requirements:

Incoterms 2010

changed rules A2 & B2, now

captioned “Licenses, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities,” to include government

imposed security requirements, whatever they may be, as part of export formalities and import formalities.

Under FAS terms, the seller is responsible for export formalities and thus also security requirements in

the export country whereas the buyer is responsible for import formalities and thus for security

responsibilities in the import country. For security requirements in a transit country, if any, since the seller

has already accomplished delivery, the buyer is responsible for this.

FOB

(

Incoterms

) Abbreviation for

free on board

. The Incoterm (trade term) under which the seller is

responsible for arranging transportation of goods to a vessel named by the buyer at a named

port, and for all costs of

placing

t

he goods on board the vessel if this not included in the ocean carrier’s

basic transportation rate (which it rarely is

—see terminal charge, handling charge). The seller’s

responsibility is satisfied when the cargo is “on

-

board” the vessel. The seller is

not

responsible for costs

of actually stowing the goods on board, but is responsible for that portion of the terminal charges which

cover services

other than

stowage and vessel wharfage charges. The seller is not responsible for the

cost of ocean carriage, marine cargo insurance, nor for arranging the contract of carriage unless the

buyer requests his assistance with this. This Incoterm may never be used alone; rather it must be

clarified by stating a specific location, an, because of possible uncertainty as to mode (see box below)

the type of conveyance (e.g., “FOB vessel, Baltimore”).

Important

Under

Incoterms 1990

and

2000

, “FOB” may be used

only

for shipments via vessel (prior to these

editions, “fob” could be used with other transportation modes). However, “fob” remains applicable to all

modes under the American Foreign Trade Definitions (terms of sale). Furthermore, as traditionally used,

“fob” can become ambiguous as to whether it means on board the carrier at point of origin vs. destination.

For example

, “FOB truck, Baltimore” would typically describe a shipment originating in Baltimore by truck.

But it might also be used to describe goods shipped prepaid by a supplier consigned to an exporter, at a

port city, hold and notify the exporter or his freight forwarder. To eliminate these problems, and to create

the precision needed for EDI transactions,

Incoterms 1990

dropped all use of “FOB” except with respect

to the trade term under which the seller is responsible for placing the cargo on-board

a vessel

at a named

origin port. Otherwise, “FOB” was replaced with “FCA.” Notwithstanding this change in the Incoterms,

“fob” continues to be widely used domestically and by U.S. exporters for modes of transportation other

than vessel, which can result in ambiguity and confusion. When in doubt as to the intention of the

seller/shipper as to their use of “fob” for a particular transaction,

always clarify this before further

dispatching or forwarding cargo.

See also definitions for FOB stowed (FOBS), FOB stowed and trimmed (FOBST), FOBFO and FOBLO,

which are used with charter vessels and/or bulk vessels, and FOB liner.

Action responsibilities, division of costs and passage of risk, the FOB trade term may be illustrated as

follows:

CPT

(

Incoterms

) Abbreviation for

carriage paid to

; the Incoterm (delivery term) under which the

seller

is

responsible for arranging transportation and paying the freight for goods to a named point, typically in the

destination country. Note, however, that the seller has fulfilled his obligation when he has tendered the

goods to the transportation carrier who, under the contract of carriage, will accomplish this transportation

to the named point. At this point, typically in the

origin

country, the buyer assumes the risk of loss of the

goods and/or unforeseeable costs. This Incoterm may be used with any transportation mode, including

through multimodal movements. Under CPT terms, the seller has no obligation to insure the shipment.

In terms of action responsibilities, division of costs and passage of risk, CPT terms may be illustrated as

follows where the principal modes of transportation are airfreight and ocean freight:

Responsibility for government security requirements:

Incoterms 2010

changed rules A2 & B2, now

captioned “Licenses, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities,” to include government

imposed security requirements, whatever they may be, as part of export formalities and import formalities.

Under CPT terms, the seller is responsible for export formalities and thus also security requirements in

the export country whereas the buyer is responsible for import formalities and thus for security

responsibilities in the import country. For security requirements in a transit country, if any, since the seller

has already accomplished delivery, the buyer is responsible for this.

CFR

(

Incoterms

) Abbreviation for

cost and freight

; the Incoterm (delivery term) under which the

seller

is

responsible for arranging and paying for transportation of the goods (but not shipping insurance) through

to a named ocean/inland waterway

destination

port, typically in the destination country. Note, however,

that the seller has fulfilled his obligation when he has tendered the goods to the transportation carrier

who, under the contract of carriage, will accomplish this transportation to the named point. When the

cargo is “on

-

board” the vessel, typically in the

origin

country, the risk of loss of the goods and/or

unforeseeable costs transfers to the

buyer

. This Incoterm may be used

only

with ocean or inland

waterway transportation for cargo delivered directly to the vessel (i.e., cargo shipped loose or in bulk,

aboard a breakbulk vessel, ro-ro vessel, bulk vessel, etc.); it is not used for cargo to be shipped in an

intermodal container via a container vessel, where the correct term for delivery to a foreign port or inland

container yard is CPT.

Action responsibilities, division of costs and passage of risk, CFR terms may be illustrated as follows: