quotation

There are two basic methods of acknowledging source materials: by reporting through

paraphrase or by direct quotation.

Task:

Skim through the reading text on

?

?

and then look at the ways in which

parts of the text have been incorporated into the writing of eight pieces of work by

students.

Decide

which

of

these

extracts

would

not

be

acceptable

in

writing

in

an

English-speaking academic environment, and why. (Note: One extract contains some

grammatical errors.)

Vitamins

The discovery and isolation of many of the vitamins were originally achieved through

work on rats which had been given diets of purified proteins, fats, carbohydrates and

inorganic salts. Using this technique, Hopkins in 1912 showed that a synthetic diet of

this type was inadequate for the normal growth of rats, but that when a small quantity

of milk was added to the diet the animals developed normally. This proved that there

was some essential factor, or factors, lacking in the pure diet.

About this time the term

“

vitamins

?

derived from

?

vital amines

?

, was coined by Funk

to describe these accessory food factors, which he thought contained amino- nitrogen.

It

is

now known that only

a few of these substances

contain

amino-nitrogen an the

word has been shortened to vitamins, a term which has been generally accepted as a

group name.

Although

the

discovery

of

the

vitamins

dates

from

the

beginning

of

the

twentieth

century,

the

association

of

certain

diseases

with

dietary

deficiencies

had

been

recognized much earlier. In 1753 Lind, a British naval physician, published a treatise

on scurvy proving that this disease could be prevented in human beings by including

salads

an

summer

fruits

in

their

diet.

The

action

of

lemon

juice

in

curing

and

preventing scurvy had been known, however, since the beginning of the seventeenth

century. The use of cod-liver oil in preventing rickets has long been appreciated, and

Eijkmann knew at the end of the last century that beriberi, a disease common in the

Far East, could be cured by giving the patients brown rice grain rather than polished

rice.

Vitamins

are

frequently

defined

as

organic

compounds

which

are

required

in

small

amounts for normal growth and maintenance of animal life. But this definition ignores

the important part that these chemical substances play in plants, and their importance

generally in the metabolism of all living organisms.

(From P. McDonald

et al, Animal Nutrition

, London: Clowes, 1981.)

Extract 1

Although the discovery of vitamins dates from the beginning of the twentieth century,

the association of certain diseases with dietary deficiencies had been recognized much

earlier. In 1753 Lind, a British naval physician, published a treatise on scurvy proving

that this disease could be prevented in human beings by including salads and summer

fruits in their diet. The action of lemon juice in curing and preventing scurvy had been

known, however, since the beginning of the seventeenth century.

Extract 2

Vitamins

were

discovered

in

the

early

part

of

the

twentieth

century,

the

term

?vitamins?

having

been

invented

by

Funk

and

later

shortened

to

its

present

form.

However,

it

had

been

known,

in

some

cases

for

more

than

a

century,

that

certain

deficiencies in diet could lead to disease. For example, it was known that cod-liver oil

could

prevent

rickets, while lemon juice was

used against

scurry.

In the

latter case,

further

evidence

was

provided

in

1753

by

the

publication

of

a

treatise

by

a

British

naval physician named Lind, who proved a diet including salads and summer fruits

was effective in preventing scurry.

Extract 3

The

term

vitamins

were

invented

by

Funk

to

describe

food

factors

that

he

thought

contained amino- nitrogen. It is now known that only a few of these substances contain

amino-nitrogen and the word has been shortened to

vitamins

. Although their discovery

dates from the beginning of the twentieth century, the association of certain diseases

with dietary deficiencies had been recognized a long time before.

Extract 4

Some

background

to

the

discovery

of

vitamins

is

provided

by

McDonald

et

al.

in

Animal Nutrition

(1981). Many vitamins were discovered and isolated through work

on

rats

which

had

been

given

diets

of

purified

proteins,

fats,

carbohydrates

and

inorganic salts. Using this technique, Hopkins in 1912 showed that a synthetic diet of

this type was inadequate for the normal growth of rats, but that when a small quantity

of milk was added to the diet the animals developed normally. This proved that there

was some essential factor, or factors, lacking in the pure diet.

Extract 5

It is not uncommon to take for granted a

definition of vitamins which is essentially

incomplete.

“

Vitamins

are

frequently

defined

as

organic

compounds

which

are

required in small amounts for normal growth and maintenance of animal life. But this

definition ignores the important part that these chemical substances play in plants, and

their

importance

generally

in

the

metabolism

of

all

living

organisms

”

(McDonald,

1981).

Extract 6

Despite the discovery of the vitamins date from the beginning of the twentieth century,

it

had

been

recognized

much

earlier

the

association

of

certain

diseases

with

dietary

deficiencies. In 1753 Lind, a British naval physician, published a treatise on scurvy

proving that this disease could be prevented in human beings by including salads an

summer fruits in their diet. The action of lemon juice in curing and preventing scurvy