-
美国法学会《侵权法重述?第三次?责任分担》
（中英文对照参考译本）
王竹
中国人民大学法学院
Restatement of the Law, Third, Torts:
Apportionment of
Liability
（
Rule
Sections
）
Copyright ? 2000 by The
American Law Institute
译者说明：
本文系作者参与
2006
年中国法学会部级法学研究课题
“中国侵权责任法立法研究”
（立项编号：
CLS
（
2
006
）
YB14
）
< br>过程中，为学习和研究目的而进行的翻译。本文件仅供个人学习、研究之用，仅供参考，请勿作他用，后果 自负。本文件部分
条文的翻译参考了许传玺、石宏等译《侵权法重述——纲要》
（法律出版社
2006
年版）
< br>1-4
、
7
、
< br>8
、
10-12
、
14-17
、
23
、
26
条条文和相应条文的部分“
COMMEN
TS & ILLUSTRATIONS
”
、
< br>“
REPORTERS NOTES
”的译文，特此致谢
。相关译文具
体细节请参见注释。
第一题
[1]
：比较责任的基本规则
Topic 1- Basic Rules of Comparative
Responsibility
第一条
本重述所涉及的问题与诉因
本重述讨
论在两位或多位责任人之间分配责任的问题。本重述适用于关于死亡、人身损害
[2]
（包括精神损害或配偶权）
，或对
有形财产的物理伤害的所有主张（包括法律诉讼与和解）
，无论其责
任基础如何。
1 Issues and Causes
of Action Addressed by This Restatement
This Restatement addresses issues of
apportioning liability among two or more persons.
It applies to all claims
[3]
（
including
lawsuits
and
settlements
）
for
death,
personal
injury
（
including
emotional
distress
or
consortium
）
, or
physical damage to tangible property, regardless
of the basis of liability.
第二条
责任的合同性限制
在合同法、诉讼请
求的实体法规则和可适用的解释规则允许的情况下，原告与他人之间免除该他人对未来伤害负责的合同，将
阻碍原告从该他人处获得对该伤害的赔偿。与原告的过失不同，一项有效的合同性责任限制并不
构成事实调查人向任何当事人
或他人分配责任份额的理由。
2 Contractual Limitations on Liability
When permitted by contract law,
substantive law governing the claim, and
applicable rules of construction, a
contract between the plaintiff and
another person absolving the person from liability
for future harm bars the
plaintiff,s
recovery
[4]
from
that
person
for
the
harm.
Unlike
a
plaintiff,s
negligence,
a
valid
contractual
limitation on liability does not
provide an occasion for the factfinder to assign a
percentage of responsibility to
any
party or other person.
第三条
定义原告过失的各种严格学说
[5]
均已被废止
< br>原告的过失应依据适用于被告过失的标准来定义。特别适用于定义原告过失的各种严格学说均已被废止。< /p>
3 Ameliorative Doctrines for
Defining Plaintiff’s Negligence
Abolished
Plaintiff,s
negligence is defined by the applicable standard
for a defendant,s negligence. Special ameliorative
doctrines for defining plaintiff,s
negligence are abolished.
第四条
对原告过失和法律原因的证明
被告负
有证明原告过失的举证责任，并可采用原告为证明被告过失可以采用的任何方法。除本重述第五题另有规定外，被
告亦
负有举证责任证明原告过失——如果原告存在任何过失——构成原告所受损害的一项
法律原因。
4 Proof of Plaintiff’s
Negligence and Legal Causation
The defendant has the burden to prove
plaintiff,s negligence, and may use any of the
methods a plaintiff may
use to prove
defendant,s negligence. Except as otherwise
provided in Topic 5, the defendant also has the
burden
to prove that the plaintiff,s
negligence, if any, was a legal cause of the
plaintiff,s damages.
第五条
可归责于原告的过失
假设原告是被告
的角色，他人的过失便可以归责于他的话，那么该他人的过失可归责于原告。除非该他人的过失不是仅仅因为
原告对机动车享有的所有权，或对该他人使用该机动车的许可而归责于原告。
5 Negligence Imputed to a
Plaintiff
The negligence of another
person is imputed to a plaintiff whenever the
negligence of the other person would
have been imputed had the plaintiff
been a defendant, except the negligence of another
person is not imputed
to a plaintiff
solely because of the plaintiff,s ownership of a
motor vehicle or permission for its use by the
other
person.
第六条
当原告获得的赔偿派生于一项
被告对第三人实施了侵权行为的主张和包含于基于遗存诉因法的主张时，
过失可归责于原
告
[6]
（
a
）当原告声称一项派生于被告对第三人实施侵权行为的主张
时，在该项主张中该第三人的过失可归责于原告。原告的赔偿额
同样因为其自身的过失而
被减少。
（
b
）
根据遗存诉因法，
遗产被继承人
[7]
（生前）
的过失在其生存时对其
赔偿额影响的同样范围内，
影响遗产可获得的赔偿额。
遗产受益
人的过失不能仅仅因为受益人作为受益人的法律地位而归责于财产。
6 Negligence Imputed to a Plaintiff
When the Plaintiff,s Recovery Derives from a Claim
That the Defendant
Committed a Tort
Against a Third Person and in Claims Under
Survival Statutes
（
a
）
When a plaintiff asserts a claim that
derives from the defendant,s tort against a third
person, negligence
of the third person
is imputed to the plaintiff with respect to that
claim. The plaintiff,s recovery is also reduced
by the plaintiff,s own negligence.
（
b
）
The negligence of an estate,s decedent
affects the estate [8],s recovery under a survival
statute to the
same extent that it
would have affected the decedent,s recovery had
the decedent survived. The negligence of
a beneficiary of the decedent,s estate
is not imputed to the estate merely because of the
beneficiary,s status as
a beneficiary.
第七条
在原告遭受不可分损害时原告过失
[9]
的效力
若原告的过失（或原告应为其过失负责的其他人的过失）构成原告遭受的不可分伤害的一项法律原因，则原告的
所获得的赔偿
额将依据事实调查人分配给原告（或原告应为其过失负责的该他人）的责任
份额相应比例地减少。
7 Effect of
Plaintiff’s Negligence When Plaintiff Suffers an
Indivisible Injury
Plaintiff,s negligence
（
or the negligence of
another person for whose negligence the plaintiff
is responsible
）
that
is a legal cause of an
indivisible injury to the plaintiff reduces the
plaintiff,s recovery in proportion to the share
of responsibility the factfinder
assigns to the plaintiff
（
or
other person for whose negligence the plaintiff is
responsible
）
.
第八条
分配责任份额时应考虑的因素
向法律
责任已被确定的各方分配责任百分比时应考虑的因素包括：
（
a
）该方造成风险之行为的性质，包括任何对该行为所造成风险
的认识或漠视，以及任何对该行为所造成伤害的意图；及
（<
/p>
b
）该方造成风险之行为与该伤害之间因果关系的强度。
8 Factors for Assigning Shares
of Responsibility
Factors
for
assigning
percentages
of
responsibility
to
each
person
whose
legal
responsibility
has
been
established include
（
a
）
the nature of the person,s risk-
creating conduct, including any awareness or
indifference with respect to
the risks
created by the conduct and any intent with respect
to the harm created by the
conduct
；
and
（
b
）
the strength of the causal connection
between the person,s risk-creating conduct and the
harm.
第九条
判决的抵销
如果同一诉讼中的双方当
事人都相互负有责任，那么各方都有权抵消对方享有的任何（相应）赔偿额；除非一方或双方都有责
任保险，那么抵消不会减少责任保险人应支付的金额，适用的法律规范或制定法另有规定的除外。
9 Offsetting Judgments
If two parties are liable to each other
in the same suit, each party is entitled to a
setoff of any recovery owed by
the
other party, except that, in cases in which one or
both of the parties has liability insurance,
setoff does not
reduce the payment of a
liability insurer unless an applicable rule of law
or statute [10] so provides.
第二题：数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任
Topic 2- Liability of Multiple
Tortfeasors for Indivisible Harm
第十条
连带责任
[11]
的效力
当依据适用的法律，有多人对某一受害人承担连带责任时，该受害人可以起诉任一负连带责任者并从该人处获 得可获得的全部
损害赔偿
[12]
。
10 Effect of Joint and Several
Liability
When, under
applicable law, some persons are jointly and
severally liable to an injured person, the injured
person may sue for and recover the full
amount of recoverable damages from any jointly and
severally liable
person.
第十一条
单独责任
[13]
的效力
当依据适用的法律，某人对受害人的不可分损害承担单独责任时，该受害人仅可以获得该负单独责任者在该受 害人应得赔偿额
中的比较责任份额。
11 Effect of Several Liability
When, under applicable law, a person is
severally liable to an injured person for an
indivisible injury, the injured
person
may recover only the severally liable person,s
comparative-responsibility share of the injured
person,s
damages.
第十二条
故意侵权行为人
每个实施以故意为要
件的侵权行为的人，均应对该侵权行为作为法律原因造成的任何不可分损害承担连带责任。
12 Intentional Tortfeasors
Each person who commits a tort that
requires intent is jointly and severally liable
for any indivisible injury legally
caused by the tortious conduct.
第十三条
替代责任
[14]
无论对导致不可分损害的独立侵权行为人适用的规则是连带责任或者单独责任，基于他人侵权性的行为而
承担责任的人，对分
配给该他人的整个比较责任份额承担责任。
13 Vicarious Liability
A
person
whose
liability
is
imputed
based
on
the
tortious
acts
of
another
is
liable
for
the
entire
share
of
comparative responsibility assigned to
the other
, regardless of whether joint
and several liability or several
liability is the governing rule for
independent tortfeasors who cause an indivisible
injury.
第十四条
因未就某
一故意侵权行为的具体风险对原告提供保护而承担责任的侵权行为人
< br>因未就某一故意侵权行为的具体风险对他人提供保护而承担责任的一方，应在分配给他的比较责任份额之外 ，对分配给故意侵
权行为人的比较责任份额承担连带责任。
14 Tortfeasors Liable for Failure to
Protect the Plaintiff from the Specific Risk of an
Intentional T
ort
A person
who is liable to another based on a failure to
protect the other from the specific risk of an
intentional
tort
is
jointly
and
severally
liable
for
the
share
of
comparative
responsibility
assigned
to
the
intentional
tortfeasor in
addition to the share of comparative
responsibility assigned to the person.
第十五条
共同
[15]
行为人
当多人因共同行为而承担责任时，所有各方应对分配给参与该共同行为的每一方的比较责任份额承担连带责任 。
15 Persons Acting in
Concert
When persons are liable because
they acted in concert, all persons are jointly and
severally liable for the share
of
comparative responsibility assigned to each person
engaged in concerted activity.
第十六条对连带责任人之责任所做部分和解的效力
原告可从一负连带责任的侵权行为人处获得的赔偿应减去应分配给另一已和解，否则将对负连带责任 的其他未和解被告承担分
摊责任的侵权行为人的比较赔偿份额。该已和解侵权行为人的比
较赔偿份额是分配给该已和解侵权行为人的比较责任份额与原
告赔偿总额的乘积。
16 Effect of Partial
Settlement on Jointly and Severally Liable
Tortfeasors’ Liability
The
plaintiff,s recoverable damages from a jointly and
severally liable tortfeasor are reduced by the
comparative
share of damages
attributable to a settling tortfeasor who
otherwise would have been liable for contribution
to
jointly and severally liable
defendants who do not settle. The settling
tortfeasor,s comparative share of damages
is
the
percentage
of
comparative
responsibility
assigned
to
the
settling
tortfeasor
multiplied
by
the
total
damages of the plaintiff.
第十七条
独立侵权行为人的连带责任或单独责任
如有两人或多人的独立侵权行为构成某一不可分损害的法律原因，将由该案司法管辖区的法律确定这些侵权人应
否承担连带责
任、单独责任或连带责任与单独责任的某种混合责任形态
< br>
[16]
。
17 Joint and Several or Several
Liability for Independent Tortfeasors
If the independent tortious conduct of
two or more persons is a legal cause of an
indivisible injury, the law of the
applicable jurisdiction determines
whether those persons are jointly and severally
liable, severally liable, or
liable
under some hybrid of joint and several and several
liability.
路径
A
：连带
责任
Track A - Joint and
Several Liability
A
路径第
18
条
数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任
如果两个或两个以上的共同侵权行为构成一不可分损害的法律原因，那么每个人均对该侵权行为造成的可获得损害
赔偿承担连
带责任。
A18
Liability of Multiple T
ortfeasors for
Indivisible Harm
If the independent
tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal
cause of an indivisible injury, each person
is jointly and severally liable for the
recoverable damages caused by the tortious
conduct.
A
路径第
19
条
责任分配：负连带责任的被告
如果一
个被告和至少另一方当事人或者和解侵权行为人可能被事实调查人确认曾经参与了作为一不可分损害法律原因的侵
权行
为，上述每一方与和解侵权行为人都需遵从于由事实调查人分配的比较责任份额。<
/p>
A19 Assignment of
Responsibility: Jointly and Severally Liable
Defendants
If one defendant and at
least one other party or settling tortfeasor may
be found by the factfinder to have
engaged
in
tortious
conduct
that
was
a
legal
cause
of
an
indivisible
injury,
each
such
party
and
settling
tortfeasor is
submitted to the factfinder for assignment of a
percentage of comparative responsibility.
< br>A
路径第
20
条
无此条可适用于该路径
A20 [Not Applicable to This Track.]
A
路径第
21
条
无此条可适用于该路径
A21 [Not Applicable to This Track.]
路径
B
：单独责任
Track B - Several Liability
B
路径第
18
条
数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任
如果两个或两个以上人的独立侵权行为均构成一不可分损害的法律原因，每个人均对事实调查人分配给该人的 原告损害赔偿的
比较责任份额承担单独责任，适用本重述第
12
条例外规定的除外。
B18
Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Indivisible
Harm
If two or more persons,
independent tortious conduct is the legal cause of
an indivisible injury, each defendant,
subject to the exception stated in
§
12, is severally liable for the
comparative share of the plaintiff,s damages
assigned to that defendant by the
factfinder
.
B
路径第<
/p>
19
条
责任分配：负单独责任的被告
如果一
名或者多名被告可能对一不可分损害承担单独责任，并且至少一位被告和一位另一方当事人、和解侵权行为人，或
者特
定人
[17]
< br>可能被事实调查人确定曾参与了作为受害人损害法律原因侵权行为，
上述当事人、
和解侵权行为人和特定人都遵从事
实调查人对比较责任份额的分
配。
B19 Assignment of
Responsibility: Severally Liable Defendants
If one or more defendants may be held
severally liable for an indivisible injury, and at
least one defendant and
one other
party, settling tortfeasor
, or
identified person may be found by the factfinder
to have engaged in
tortious conduct
that was a legal cause of the plaintiff,s injury,
each such party, settling tortfeasor
,
and other
identified person is
submitted to the factfinder for an assignment of a
percentage of comparative responsibility.
< br>B
路径第
20
条
无此条可适用于该路径
B20 [Not Applicable to This Track.]
B
路径第
21
条
无此条可适用于该路径
B21 [Not Applicable to This Track.]
路径
C
：结合再分配的连带责任
Track C - Joint and Several
Liability with Reallocation
C
路径第
18
条
数个侵权行为人对不可分伤害的责任
如果两个或两个以上的共同侵权行为构成一不可分损害的法律原因，那么根据本重述
C<
/p>
路径第
21
条规定的再分配条款，每个<
/p>
人均对该侵权行为造成的可获得损害赔偿承担连带责任。
C18 Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors
for Indivisible Harm
If the independent
tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal
cause of an indivisible injury, each person
is
jointly
and
severally
liable
for
the
recoverable
damages
caused
by
the
tortious
conduct,
subject
to
the
reallocation provision of
§
C21.
C
路径第
19
条
责任分配：负连带责任的被告
如果存
在一个被告和至少一个另一方、和解侵权行为人或如本重述
C
路
径第
20
条（
a
）所描述的，其比较责任在法律上与原告
不可分损害的责任分配有关的雇主，可能被事
调查人发现参与了作为原告损害的一个法律原因的请求行为的每一方、每个和解
侵权行为
人和每个由本重述
C
路径第
20
条（
a
）许可的雇主，均需遵从事实调查人对
比较责任份额的分配。
C19 Assignment of
Responsibility: Jointly and Severally Liable
Defendants
If one defendant and at
least one other party, settling
tortfeasor
, or employer described in
§
C20
（
a
）
whose
comparative responsibility is legally
relevant to apportioning liability for the
plaintiff,s indivisible injury exist,
each party, each settling
tortfeasor
, and, as permitted by
§
C20
（
a
）
, each employer who may be found
by the
factfinder to have engaged in
tortious conduct that was a legal cause of the
plaintiff,s injury is submitted to the
fact-finder for assignment of a
percentage of comparative responsibility.
< br>C
路径第
20
条
分配给免责雇主的责任的效力
如果一方宣称原告的雇主对原告的损害负有一定的责任（，那么）
：
（
a
）如果该司法辖区适用
的法律允许基于雇主的比较责任对可获得损害赔偿的减少，否则免于被作为原告的雇员起诉，或者允
许被告对雇主的分摊主张，雇主可能被分配一定份额的比较责任，并且：
（<
/p>
i
）对可获得损害赔偿的减少为适用的法律所允许；或
（
ii
）分摊的裁定为适用法律和雇主的比较责任
所允许。
（
b
）如果该司法辖区适用的法律不允许基于雇主的比较责任减少可获得损害赔偿，或（不允许）对雇主提出分摊主
张，则不能
向雇主分配比较责任份额。
C20 Effect of Responsibility Assigned
to Immune Employer
If a party alleges
that the plaintiff,s employer bears some
responsibility for the plaintiff,s injury:
（
a
）
If
the
applicable
law
of
the
jurisdiction
permits
a
reduction
of
recoverable
damages
based
on
the
comparative responsibility of an
employer otherwise immune from suit by the
plaintiff-employee or permits a
contribution
claim
by
a
defendant
against
the
employer
,
the
employer
may
be
assigned
a
percentage
of
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