中科院博士英语考试入学试题

中科院博士英语考试入学试题

PAPER ONEPAPER ONE

PART 1 VUCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 4.5 point each) 1.

Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ______and

more gradually than

now seems desirable.

A: reluctantly

B: unwittingly

C. impulsively

D: anxiously

2. In fear for their lives and in ______of their freedom, thousands

of enslaved women and children

fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War. A.

Way

B. view

C. vision

D. pursuit

3. If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to

the crisis in

Iraq, t would not have entitled my speech “the______ problem.”

A. Instant

B: Inverse

C. Insoluble

D. Intact

4. Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to ______ in

the man and woman who had

eased their suffering.

A. confide

B. ponder

C. well

D: reflect

5. We all buy things on the ______ of the moment; this is what the

retail trade calls an “impulse “buy.

A: urge

B. force

C. spur

D. rush.

6. Nothing has ever equaled the ______ and speed with which the

human species is altering the

physical and chemical world.

A. concern

B. magnitude

C. volume

D. carelessness

7. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic

drive that was ______

called

A. shortly

B. initially

C. actually

D. literally

8. The depth of benefits of reading varies in ______ the depth of

one's one?s experience

A. tempo with

B. time with

C. place of

D. proportion to

9. Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the

reprocessing plant, though, he would

never allow his personal feelings to ______ with an assignment. A.

interrupt

B. bother

C. interfere

D. intervene

10. His ______ with computers began six months ago. A. imagination

B. invocation

C. observation

D. obsession

11. I like cats but unfortunately I am ______ to them. A. vulnerable

B. allergic

C. inclined

D. hostile

12. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have

become______ and are no longer used in the present days. A. obsolete

B. obscene

C. obvious

D. oblique

13. One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government

agents is to keep a law______

away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself. A.

manner

B. position

C. profile

D. station

14. With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is

indeed a ______ success.

A. provisional

B. sensational

C. sentimental

D. potential

15. As the core of the management hoard, he can always come up with

______ ideas to promote

the corporation's marketing strategies.

A. integral

B. instinctive

C. intangible

D. ingenious

l6. They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an

orchestra ______, or a painter of defective paint.

A. in pace

B. out of focus

C. in step

D. out of tune

17. Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from:

what ______much is what they do with it.

A. taunts for

B. asks for

C. consists of

D. approves of

l8. Any business needs ordinary insurance______ risks such as fire,

flood and breakage. A. in

B. against

C. raft

D. of

19. As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew

the media______. A. to and fro

B. upside and down

C. inside and out

D. now and then

20. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip

and, ______, there was little to disprove it.

PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)

There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and

interior decoration______21, we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that

Western ladies did not take frequent baths ______22 they were afraid to

see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the______23

of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand,

______24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little

consideration for human______ 25 only when we realize the Confucian

atmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood Furniture was

designed for people to sit______26 in, because that was the only posture

approved by society.

Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a (n) ______27 on which I would

not think of______28 for more than five minutes, and for that matter the

English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about______29 on a

couch carried by servants, because______30 she had never heard of

Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would

certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did______31 one of

his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting in

an______32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived,

gentlemen and ladies had to______33 themselves perfectly erect, at least

on formal______34 , and any sign of putting one's leg up would be at

once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of______35.

21. A. for B. than C. as D. that

22. A. if B. when C. because D. though

23. A. rise B. existence C. occurrence D. increase

24. A. what B. where C. how D. why

25. A. care B. choice C. concern D. comfort

26. A. upright B. tight C. fast D. stiff

27. A. armchair B. throne C. altar D. couch

28. A. moving B. keeping C. remaining D. lasting

29. A. traveling B. staying C. wandering D. reclining

30. A. fortunately B. frankly C. accordingly D. apparently

31. A. in B. on C. to D. at

32. A. responsible B. incorrect C. immoral D. imperfect

33. A. hold B. sit C. behave D. conduct

34. A. conditions B. situations C. occasions D. instances

35. A. culture B. confidence C. morality D. modesty

PART III READING COMPREHENSION

Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)

Passage One

Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine

available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great

deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical

equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the

financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they

handle things badly.

But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which

health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is

not just a free competition system. To the private system has been

joined a large public system, because private care was simply not

looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.

But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year

will eat up 84.5 billion dollars-more than 10 percent of the U.S.

budget-large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half

the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits

on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.

The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over

the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals

charge for their services. Over than what the public is able to pay. The

number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with

toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person

concerned can do is pay up.

Two-thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance.

Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company

will pay the bill.

The medical profession has as a result become America's new big

businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $$100,000 a

year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as

likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whether

the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is

entirely necessary.

The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying

problem facing the

country. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent-

about twice as fast as prices in general.

36. In the U.S. patients can effect, in medical ______.

A. occasional mistakes by careless doctors

B. a great deal of personal attention

C. low charge by doctors and hospitals

D. stacking nurses and bad services

37. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because

______. A. they fear to be sued by the patients

B. they care much about Their reputation

C. they compete for getting more patents

D. they wish to join the private medical system

38. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?

A. It must be in total chaos

B. It must be a free competition system

C. It should cover the unemployed

D. It should involve private care.

39. From Paragraph 3 we know that ______from the public health

system.

A. millions of jobless people get support.

B. those with steady income do not seek help.

C. some people are made ineligible to benefit.

D. those with private health care are excluded.

40. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of

health cost in the US? A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the

bills

B. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitals

C. the lack of government control over the medical prices

D. The merger of private health care with the public system.

41. It is implied that American doctors often______.

A. trade their professionalism for financial benefits

B. fails to recognize the paying power of the patients

C. discuss about how to make money during the surgery

D. gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.

Passage two

Almost every day the media discovers an African community fighting

some form of environmental threat from land fills. Garbage dumps,

petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list go on. For

years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping

grounds.

But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have

been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far

back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental

justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or

civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the

civil rights umbrella. It

should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to

Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968,

seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and

whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.

In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in

Houston. Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied

activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.

In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in

Washington, D.C., to bring national attention to pollution problems

threatening low-income and minority communities Leaders introduced the

concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor and

working-class communities often received less environmental protection

than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of

Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what

environment

include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as

the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental

justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the

United States and, ultimately, worldwide.

Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain

unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental

Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D.C., this past October.

The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400

people attended the four-day gathering.

number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers,

government officials We proved to the world that our planners, policy

analysts and movement is alive and well, and growing,

Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy

papers that show environmental and health disparities between people of

color and Whites.

42. In Paragraph 1, the word “residents?? refers to ______in

particular

A. ethnic groups in the U.S

B. the American general public

C. a Africa American

D. the U.S. working-class

43. More than three decades ago, environments justice was ______.

A. controversial

，

among local activities

B. First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.

C. fascinating to the civil rights groups

D. barely realized by many environmentalists

44. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the

garbage workers ______. A. get relieved of some of their basic duties

B. know what environmental justice was

C. fight for better working conditions

D. recognize their dangerous surroundings

45.. Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979 ______.

A. the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in

Houston B. environmental activists cooperated in defying the US

government

C. the government intervention helped promote environmental justice

D. environmental problems attracted the attention of the government

46. the new breed of environmental activists differed from the

previous activists in that______. A. they noticed environmental

disparities between the rich and the poor

B. they cried for government intervention in saving the environment

C. they knew what ?the environment really meant to the White people

D. they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US

47. With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit II aimed

for ______. A. showing the achieved success

B. attracting national attention

C. identifying relevant issues

D. finding solutions to the problems

Passage Three

Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of

ambition need spent only“tow minutes with“baby eagerly learning to

walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk. No matter how many times

the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying,

determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years

later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many

psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to

lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of

underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is

often in separately tied to their children's success, it can be a

bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find

themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at

school.

It's not quite that simple.

but they can't before

，”says

Jacquelyn Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of

Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first- and seventh-

graders in three school districts. Even so growing number of educators

and psychosis?s do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in

students who

don't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence,

encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding

the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers

can reignite that innate desire to achieve.

Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience

to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop

throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids'

control, that their intelligence is malleable