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1.
语言的普遍特征：
任意性
arbitrariness
双层结构
duality
既由声音和意义结构
多产性
productivity
移
位性
displacement:
我们能用语言可以表达许多不
在场的东西
文化传播性
cultural transmission
2
。语言的功能：
传达信息功能
informative
人济功能：
interpersonal
行事功能：
Performative
表情功能：
Emotive
寒暄功能：
Phatic
娱乐功能
recreatinal
元语言功能
metalingual
3.
语言学
linguistics
：包括六个分支
语音学
Phonetics
音位学
phonology
形态学
Morphology
句法学
syntax
语义学
semantics
语用学
pragmatics
4.
现代结构主义语言学创始人：
Ferdinand de
saussure
提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：
语言与
言语
language and parole
，
语言之语言系统的整体，
言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境
中说出的具体话语
5.
语法创始人：
Noam Chomsky
提出概念语言能力与语言运用
competence and
performance
1. Which of the following
statements can be used to describe displacement.
one of the unique properties of language:
a. we can easily teach our children to
learn a certain language
b. we can use
both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.
c. we can u se language to refer to
something not present
d. we can produce
sentences that have never been heard before.
is the most important
function of language?
a. interpersonal
b. phatic
c. informative
ingual
function of the
sentence
a informative
b. phatic
c. directive
d. performative
distinction between competence and performance is
proposed by __
a saussure
b.
halliday
c. chomsky
d. the
prague school
5. Who put forward the
distinction between language and parole?
a. saussure
b. chomsky
c. halliday
d
anomymous
第二节
语音学
1.
发音器官由声带
the
vocal cords
和三个回声腔组成
2.
辅音
c
onsonant
：
there is an
obstruction of the air stream at some point of the
vocal tract.
3.
辅音的发音方式
爆破音
complete
obstruction
鼻音
nasals
破裂音
plosives
部分阻塞辅音
partial obstruction
擦音
fricatives
破擦音
affricates
等
4.
辅音清浊特征
voicing
辅音的送气特征
aspiration
5.
元音
vowel
分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状
6
双元音
diphthongs,
有元音过渡
vowel glides
1. Articulatory
phonetics mainly studies __.
a. the
physical properties of the sounds produced in
speech
b. the perception of sounds
c. the combination of sounds
d. the production of sounds
2. The distinction between vowel s and
consonants lies in __
a. the place of
articulation
obstruction f
airstream
c. the position of the tongue
d. the shape of the lips
3.
What is the common factor of the three sounds: p,
k t
a. voiceless
b. spread
4. What
phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and
the p in speak?
a. voicing
b. aspiration
ess
d. nasality
of the
following is not a distinctive feature in English?
a. voicing
c. approximation
d.
aspiration
phonological features of
the consonant k are __
a. voiced stop
b. voiceless stop
c. voiced
fricative
d. voiceless fricative
7.p is divverent from k in __
a. the manner of articulation
b. the shape of the lips
c.
the vibration of the vocal cords
palce
of articualtion
ion of the vocal cords
results in __
a. aspiration
ty
c. obstruction
d. voicing
第三节
音位学
phonology
1.
音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注
所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，
其对象是某一种语言
中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
2.
音位
phoneme
：最小语音
单位
3.
音位变体
< br>allophones:
读音差别
4.
对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单
词，
5.
互补性分布；
如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，
那么它们之间就是
互补性分布的关系，
如送气
p
绝不会出
现在
s
之后，不送气的
p
绝不会出现在词首
6.
音
节
syllable
，分为节首
ons
et
，节峰
peak
，节尾
coda
7.
辅音群
:
一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过
4
个
8.
最小语音对
minimal
pairs
I. Introduction
1.
What is Language
Language is a system
of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication.
2. What is
Linguistics(
语言学
)
Linguistics is the scientific study of
language.
Basic
Distinctions(
区分
) in
Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One
general
principle(
原则
) of linguistic
analysis
is the primacy of
speech over writing. Writing
gives
language new scope(
范畴
) and
uses that
speech does not have.
3.2
Descriptive(
描述性
) or
Prescriptive(
说明性
)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it
describes and analyses facts observed; it is
prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for
3.3
Synchronic(
共时
) and
Diachronic(
历时
) Studies
The
description
of
a
language
at
some
point
in
time
is
a
synchronic
study
and
The
description
of
a
language
as
it
changes
through
time
is
a
diachronic study.
3.4
Langue(
语言
) and
Parole(
言语
)
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