-
英语写作中的标点符号用法
(一)逗号的用法
1.
在并列连词(
and, but, for, nor,
or, yet
)前使用,用来连接句中的各分句。
In fact you do, but you may not
remember me.
(
p17
全日制普通高级中学教科书(必修)
英语第一册(下)
Sen
ior English for China
Student
’
s Book 1B
以下标有页码未特别注明出处
的皆出自本书)
2.
用逗号来分隔一系列单词、词组和从句。
In
summer,
people
like
to
go
sailing,
swimming,
horse-riding
and
rock-climbing
in
the
mountains.
(
p42
)
Red, pink, yellow and white roses
filled the huge vases.
(牛津现代高级英汉双解词典第
p>
6
版
附录
4
标点使用法)
In the
summer of 1984, many trees died.
3.
逗号用来分隔与句子其他部分密切相连的简短插入语或旁
白。
(较长的,更为突兀的或复
杂的插入成分的则用破折号或圆
括号。
)
Chemical
fertilization
,
for
example,
helps
to
produce
better
crops,
but
is
harmful
to
the
environment.
(
p45
-46
)
4.
在并列形容词,即分别修饰同一个名词的形容词之间使用
逗号,但也有的形容词之间不
加逗号的。
For men, heroism was usually described
as bravery and the active, successful overcoming
of
adversity.
5.
用逗号来分隔非限定性修饰语,即该修饰语对于句子的意义并非必不可少。非限定性修<
/p>
饰语与限定性修饰语的区别在于,它即使被省略,也不会改变句子的主要意思。
(1)
同位语
Ma De, former Party secretary of
Suihua, in Northeast China
’
s
Heilongjiang Province, was
charged
with
taking
bribes
worth
6.03
million
yuan
during
his
10
years
in
various
government
positions.
(China Daily July29, 2005)
At the World Park, one of the largest
theme parks in China, visitors can look at
buildings,
castles and statues from
more than thirty countries.
(
P66
)
注意:限定性同位语不用逗号隔开。
US
President
George
W.
Bush
said
on
Wednesday
that
he
looked
forward
to
meeting
President Hu Jintao
later this year.
(
China Daily July29,
2005
)
(2)
从句
A brief
comparison with the most famous chivalric drama,
which was written fifteen years
earlier, clarifies the uniqueness of
Thon
’
s play.
与那部最
著名的,完成于十五年前的骑士剧的简短比较,表明了索恩这部剧作的独特性。
When they discovered it about 1,000
years ago, they called it Aotearoa, which means
“
Land
of the long
white cloud
”
.
(
P38
)
(3)
副词短语和从句
Just like spoken language, body
language varies from culture to culture.
(
P59
)
He was born in Yidu, Shandong Province.
(
P48
)
By the way, did you hear about
Sue
’
s car?
Oh, so
that
’
s where it was.
6.
逗号可以用在一个很长的引导
性短语或从句后,逗号还可以用来分隔表示选择或对比关
系的短语。
You can feel what it is like to live
in space, walk on the ocean floor or ski with
polar bears at
the North Pole.
(
P69
)
And remember, it is better to eat a
potato than to be one.
(
P75
)
7.
在以“月、日、年”为次序排
列的日期间使用逗号。如果这种次序的日期出现在句子中
间,则在“年”后也加上逗号。
Martin Luther King, Jr.,
was born on January 15, 1929, and died on April 4,
1968.
但在以“日、月、年”为次序排列的日期间,不使用逗号。
Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on 15
January 1929, and died on 4 April 1968.
在“月”和“年”之间,或“季节”和“年”之间,不使用逗号。
The events of July 1789 are as familiar
to the French as those of July 1776 are to
Americans.
发生在
1789
年
7
月的那些事件对于法国人来说,
就像美国人对于发生在
1776
年
7<
/p>
月的
那些时间一样熟悉。
8.
在表示地名时
Pandas
come from China, Asia.
9. <
/p>
用以将一导言的或转变语气的词或短语
(如
therefore, however, by the way, for instance
)
与
句中其余部分隔开。
Yes, it certainly had an eventful day.
In fact, I don
’
t
even know her name.
10.
书写对话时用于某某说等词语前后。
“
Come back
soon,
”
she said.
11.
用于短小的引语前。
Disraeli said,
“
Little things affect little
minds.
”
(二)对话及引语标点符号用法
1.
对话
(1)
说话人在前,说话内容在后。一般而言,
say
后用逗号,引
号内第一个单词第一个字母
大写,引文内句子意思完整,则标点符号(句号、叹号、问号
、省略号、破折号等)放在引
号内。
My friend said,
“
You
’
re getting compulsive
about this stuff.
”
(2)
说话人在后,说话内容全部前置。一般而言,如果是陈
述句,引号内用逗号,引号外第
一个单词第一个字母小写;
如果
是疑问句或感叹句,
引号内用问号或感叹号,
引号外第一单
p>
词第一个字母小写。
“
It
’
s
a deal,
”
he said, laughing.
“
No,
”
he said.
“
You coming
back?
”
the policeman asked.
(3)
说话人在中间,说话内容分列于说话人前后。一般而言
,说话人(
he
)引号内用逗号,
引号
外第一个单词的第一个字母小写;如果
he
said
(有时也用
said he
或
其他形式)后用句
号,则后边引号第一个单词第一个字母用大写;如果
< br>he
said
后用逗号,则后边引号第一个
单词的第一个字母也小写。
“
I
bet,
”
he said.
“
Can I try
it?
”
“
You can go any place you
want,
”
Beto said,
“
but I think
you
’
ll find what you
need.
”
(
p73
Field Work,
Bruce Jackson, University of Illinois
Press
)
“
They
agreed
to
continue
consultations,
”
said
Qin
Gang,
spokesman
for
the
Chinese
delegation.
“
The meetings alone are
progress.
”
(
China Daily July29,
2005
)
2.
引语
(1)
英语中,如果所引用的句子不是特别长,且不需特别强
调,可以直接用引号表示引语部
分。
“
It
was
the
best
of
times,
it
was
the
worst
of
times,
”
wrote
Charles
Dickens
about
the
eighteenth century.
查尔斯·狄更斯对
于十八世纪这样写道,
“这是最好的时代,同时也是最糟的时代。
”
Their raincoats have been
left behind, for the radio reports
“
Fair tonight and tomorrow
with
gentle westerly
winds.
”
(2)
也有只引用一个词或词组的。
And
while
“
a picture may be
worth a thousand words,
”
this is true only if the picture is taken
in a particular way and is then
properly analyzed.
Yet for
multitudes, the photographic record is true
because
“
the camera cannot
lie.
”
For Charles
Dickens, the eighteenth century was both
“
the best of
times
”
and
“
the worst of
times.
”
句中的
“
the worst of
times.
”
引号内的句号常放在
引号外。
(审读室建议咱们报社统一采
用此种形式。
)
When they discovered
it about 1,000 years ago, they called it Aotearoa,
which means
“
Land
of the long white
cloud
”
.
(
P38
)
(3)
引语可以放在句首、句中或句末。或为了文体风格的需
要,用自己的话将引语拆开。
“
He
was obeyed,
”
writes Joseph
Conrad of the company manager in
Heart
of Darkness
,
“
yet
he inspired neither love nor fear, nor
even respect.
”
“他的话大家都服从,
”约瑟夫·康
拉德在《黑暗的中心》里这样描绘一位公司经理,
“但
他并未因
此激发别人的爱和恨,也没赢得尊敬。
”
(4)
其他(高二·外研新标准版·第
11
期·
B4
·交际英语)
You can ask
“
Where was
I?
”
You can say
“
Once upon a time or long,
long ago, etc.
”
For example,
…
Can I say
“
Long ago a son and his
father were walking on the
mountains
”
?
补充:引语
中,引号和其它符号配合使用时,美国的通用方法是:
a.
句号和逗号放在引号之内;
b.
冒号和分号放在引号之外;
p>
c.
破折号、问号和感叹号,如只是与引语有关,放在引号之内;如
与整个句子有关,则
放在引语之外。
(三)中英文夹杂情况下的标点用法
(除整篇文章是中英文夹杂的情况,其他情况主要按中文的表达方式处理)
1.
词语释义的表达方式
(1)
一般而言,英文词或词组后直接跟中文释义,各词义间
用分号隔开(各词义如相近或相
同也可以用逗号,词义相差较远或不同时用分号)
,释义完毕用句号,再接“如”
(或又如、
比
如等)
,
“如”后用冒号。
make
up
构成;形成;组成。
(又)如:
Manufacturing and mining make up most
of the country
’
s industry.
p>
制造业和采矿业构成了
这个国家产业的大部分。
(
P142
)
(2)
对英文词或词组进行解说式释义时,释义部分加引号,
各词义间用分号隔开(各词义如
相近或相同也可以用逗号,
词义
相差较远或不同时用分号)
,
释义后的标点符号放在引号外。<
/p>
①
act the
role
也作
take the role
,意为“扮演某个角色;起某种作用”
。又如:
She is fit to take tragic roles.
她适合扮演悲剧性人物。
(
P145
)
②
make sb do
sth
意思是“使某人做某事”
。在“
let/make/have +
宾语
+
不定式”结构
中的不定式必须去掉
to
。又如:
Please have Mary come in.
请叫玛
丽进来吧。
(
P145
)
③
had better do
< br>...
表示建议,意为“最好去做某事”
。又如:
You
’
d
better go to bed.
你该去睡觉了。
④
ought to
相当于
should
,意为“应该;应当”
,用来作为劝
告和建议,语气友善温和,
没有强制作用。又如:
We ought to respect the privacy of
others.
我们应当尊重他人的隐私。
⑤
in shape
还表示
“健康状况良好”
,
相当于
in good
shape
,
它与
out of
shape
相对。
(高
二·外研新标准版·第
11
期·
B1
·名师讲堂)
⑥
bend
down
有时也可用
“
bend
over (to)
”
来表示。
(
p>
高二·
外研新标准版·
第
< br>11
期·
B1
·
名
师讲堂)
建议改成:
bend
down
有时也可用
bend over
(to)
来表示。
⑦
Excuse me
在口语中经常使
用,表示“请原谅”
、
“对不起”的意思。常用在问路、问
p>
事、
表示失礼、
请求许可等场合。
依照汉语的习惯,
有时可以译作
“劳驾”
、
“借光”
、
“请问
”
等。
(初二人教版
P161
)
⑧
may
在这里表示“可能”
,
“或许”
。
a
little
与形容词(如
late
,
hungry
)或副词连用,意思是“一点儿”
;
“稍微”
。
(初二人
教
版
P169
)
2.
句中列举多个英文单词或词组
时,可以在“如”后边加冒号,再接单词或词组,列举完
毕加“等”
(或等等)
,标点符号用中文的句号(或其他中文标点)
。
how
可以与形容词和副词结合,<
/p>
以询问许多方面的问题,
如:
how
much, how many, how
old, how
important
等等。如:
How heavy is your suitcase?
你的手提箱有多沉?(
P148
)
<
/p>
一般过去时表示过去某个时候发生动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,
p>
如
yesterday
,
< br>last night
,
in
1990
,
two days ago
等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常
和
often
,
always
等表示频度的时间状语连用。
(初二人教版,
P179-180
)<
/p>
3.
其他
(1)
as
has
our
way
of
life
是一个倒装结构,意为:
and
our
way
of
life
has
changed
too.
(
P132
)
(2) Being black and a woman made life
even more difficult in America at that time.
在当时的
美国,作为一个黑人女性,生活要更加艰难。
being black and a woman
是动词
的
–
ing
形式作主语,动词的
-ing
形式具有名词的特征,
它可以在句中
作主语、宾语和表语等。又如:
Taking the
subway at night in that city is
dangerous.
在那个城市里,夜里乘地铁很危险。
(3) It is their clothes, make-up and
the way they walk that makes people laugh.
< br>逗人们笑的
是他们的衣着、装扮和走路姿势。
It is (was)
…
that
(who)
…
是个加强语气的结构,它可以用来强调句中的主
语、宾语、状
语等部分,需要加强语气的部分放在
It is
(was)
后。又如:
Jack
bought two tickets for the musical last Friday.
杰克上星期五买了两张音乐剧的票。
(
4
)有时,疑问式用
Did
…
used to
…
?
,否定式用
…
didn
’
t used to
…
结构
。
(高三英语人
教版教师用书,
P28
4
)
(
5<
/p>
)①
I
’
m
not sure what I ought to
do.
我还不能肯定我该怎么办。
上
面最后一个例句也可以说:
I
’
m
not sure what to do.
当主句的主语和从句的主语相同,
而从句所表达的意思是“该如何如何”时,这个从句可以用“疑问句
+<
/p>
不定式”来代替。
(高
三英语人教版教师
用书,
P177
)
②
How
did
you
find
…
< br>?
(你觉得
/
认为??怎么样?
)是征求对方对某人
/
某事的看法或
意
见的用语。回答时在
find
后要跟复合宾语,即
sb./sth+adj./-ing
…
。本句中的
答语
Very
disappointing
是
I
found it very disappointing.
的省略。
(高三英语人教版教师用书,
P177-178
)
p>
③在“
2Practice
”中有一句:
She will go over the answers
.
(她将检查这些答案。
)其中
的
p>
go over
作“检查”
、
“审阅”
(
examine
)解。
(高三英语人教版教师用书,
P178
< br>)
(
6
)①
Yes,
I
sure
p>
am.
是对
Carl
所提问的应答,意思是
Of
course,
I
am
hungry.
或
I
am
certainly hungry
。句中的
sure
是副词。
(高三
英语人教版教师用书,
P196
)
②最后这个例句的答语
He sure
is
也可以说
Sure, he
is
。但不能说
He is sure
。因为后句
中的
sure
是表语形容词
,作“肯定”
、
“有把握”解。
(高三
英语人教版教师用书,
P196
)
③对话中的
anything to
follow?
是一个省略句,意思是
Do you want
anything to follow?
或
Would
you
like
to
have
anything
els
e?
在对话中经常有类似的省略。
(高三英语人教版教师用
p>
书,
P196
)
4.
征求意见
(1)
本文的第一句话
I often go to movies
with my friend, Mike.
就表明了此篇文章主要是
讲述两个人喜欢看电影:
①我喜欢看电影,而且是经
常(
often
)看
②
Mike
也喜欢电影
(2)
句子是这样的:
He
often
goes
to
see
Beijing
Opera
on
weekends.
“
often
经常
”
,
“
on
weekends
在周末
”
,
它们??更
有甚者,
Mike
’
s father
likes it, too!
在
Mike
的影响下,他的父
亲也喜欢上了京剧。
(3)
看这组对话,猜猜
It
’
s a
deal.
什么意思?
(4)
What
’
s the meaning of the
underlined word
“
pilot
”
from the passage?
A.
司机
.
B.
探险家
.
C.
飞行员
.
D.
工程师
.
What
’
s the
meaning of excellent in English?
A.
Very good.
B. Superior.
C. Good.
D. Well.
(5)
教材第
12
< br>页“
Then she turned away and went
across the road,
…
”和“
The patch was
almost square in shape and less than a
meter across.
”
两句中的
across
含义是否相同?
(高二·
外
研新标准版·第
11
期·
B1
·有问必答)
(6)
而
-ed
形式的形容词表示“??的”
(如:
excited
兴奋的;
moved
感动的)用来修饰
说明人。但是,眼泪(
tears
)
,表情(
look, expression
)
通常用
-ed
形式的形容词来修饰。
(
高
二·外研新标准版·第
11
期·
p>
B1
·有问必答)
(7) You can say
“
Once upon a time or long,
long ago, etc.
”
For example,
Once upon a time,
there lived an
emperor who cared for new clothes more than
anything else.
(高二·外研新标准
版·第<
/p>
11
期·
B4
·
交际英语)
(8)
悟空训斥道:<
/p>
“你这个呆子,
询问天气要么说
‘
How is the weather?
’
要么说
‘
What is
the
weather like?
’
”
(七
年级·冀教版·第
15
期·
B4
版·轻松英语)
“哈哈!又错了。英语中日
期的表达一般采用月、日、年的顺序,日要用序数词。你要
说
I
t is May second.
”
(七年级·冀教版·第
15
期·
B4
版·轻松英语)
审读室统一意见
(1)
本文的第一句话:
I often go to movies
with my friend, Mike.
这就表明了此篇文章主要
是讲述两个人喜欢看电影:
①我喜欢看电影,而且是
经常(
often
)看;
②
Mike
也喜欢电影。
(2)
句子是这样的:
He
often goes to see Beijing Opera on weekends.
Often
“经常”
, on
weekends
“在周末”
,
p>
它们??更有甚者,
Mike
’
s father likes it, too!
在
Mike
的影响下,他的
父亲也喜欢上了京剧。
(3)
看这组对话,猜猜“
< br>It
’
s a
deal.
”什么意思?
(4) <
/p>
①
What
’
s
the meaning of the underlined word
“
pilot
”
from the
passage?
A.
司机
B.
探险家
C.
飞行员
D.
工程师
②
The meaning of the
underlined word
“
pilot
”
from the passage is
“
______
”
.
A.
司机
B.
探险家
C.
飞行员
D.
工程师
What
’
s the
meaning of
“
excellent
”
in English?
A. Very
good.
B. Superior.
C. Good.
D. Well.
(5)
①教材第
12
页
“
Then she turned away
and went across the road,
…
”
和
“
The patch was
almost square in shape and less than a
meter across.
”
两句中的
across
含义是否相同?
(高二·
外
研新标准版·第
11
期·
B1
·有问必答)
②
教材第
13
页“
What he
saw frightened him, but he
didn
’
t hesitate.
”
一句中的
frightened
作谓语时,其主语往往是物,宾
语往往是人吗?(高二·外研新标准版·第
11
期·
B1
·有
问必答)
(6)
而
-ed
形式的形容词表示“??的”
(如:
excited
兴奋的;
moved
感动的)
,
用来修
饰说明人。但是,眼泪(
tears
)
,表情(
look,
expression
)通常用
-ed
形式的形容词来修饰。
(高二·外研新标准版·第
11
期·
B1
·有问必答)
(7) You can say
“
Once upon a time or long,
long ago, etc.
”
For example,
o
nce upon a time,
there lived an emperor who cared for
new clothes more than anything else.
(高
二·外研新标准
版·第
11
期·
B4
·交际英语)
(8)
悟空训斥道:
“你这个呆子,
询问天气要么说:
How is the weather?
要么说:
What is
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