-
2006
年
6
月
一、
Communications technologies
are far from
equal when it
comes to conveying the
truth.
通讯技术在传递真相的时候并不是简单地和真相本身一致。
The first study to compare honesty
across a range of communication media has
found that people are twice as likely
to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in
emails.
从第一项对使用不
同通讯媒介时的诚实程度的比较重可以看出，
人们在使用
电话时
的说谎几率是使用电子邮件时的两倍。
The fact
that emails are automatically recorded-and can
come back to haunt
(
困
扰
) you-appears
to be the key to the finding.
因为电子邮件内容会
被自动记录下来
----
并可能对你造成困扰
< br>----
这就是这
项研究的关键所在。
< br>
Jeff
Hancock
of
Cor'nell
University
in
Ithaca
[
'iθ?
k
?
]
,
New
York,
asked
30
students to keep a
communications diary for a week.
Jeff
Hancock
在位于纽约州伊萨卡的康奈尔大学执教，他曾要求
30
< br>个学生
记录一周中每天的通讯情况。
In it they noted the number of
conversations or email exchanges they had lasting
more than 10 minutes, and confessed to
how many lies they told.
参与
其中的人需要记录超过
10
分钟的对话或者电子邮件通讯的数量
，
并且要
坦诚自己说了多少谎话。
Hancock then worked out the number of
lies per conversation for each medium.
He found that lies made up 14 per cent
of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27
percent of face-to-face interactions
and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.
Hancock
据此推算出使用各种通讯媒介在每次交流过程中说谎的次
数。
他得
出结论：谎言在电子邮件通讯中占了
< br>14%
，在当面沟通中占了
27%
，而在电话
交流中占了
37%
His results, to be presented at the
conference on human computer interaction in
Vienna[vi
?
en
?
], Austria['
?
:st
ri
?
], in April, have
surprised psychologists.
这项
研究结果于
4
月份再奥地利维也纳的
“
人与电脑互动国际会议
”
上被宣
读，并且令心理学家们感到惊讶。
Some
expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars,
reasoning that because deception
makes
people uncomfortable, the detachment
(
非直接接触
) of e-mailing would
make
it easier to lie.
有人认为电
子邮件是最主要的谎言媒介，
因为欺骗会让人不适，
而电子邮件
非直接接触的特性使其更容易成为谎言发生的渠道。
Others
expected
people
to
lie
more
in
face-to-
face
exchanges
because
we
are
most
practiced at that form of communication.
还有人认为在当面交流的过程中更容易说谎，
因为当面交流史最常见的沟通
方式。
（因为人们更擅长当面交流，所以撒谎技术更娴熟）
。
But Hancock says it
is also crucial whether a conversation is being
recorded and
could be reread, and
whether occurs in real time.
但是
Hancock
认为同样重要的是对话过程是否会被记
录下来并能够被重新
阅读，以及对话是否是即时发生的。
People appear to be afraid to lie when
they know the communication could later
be used to hold them to account, he
says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than
on the phone.
当人们觉得时候要对交流过程负
责时，
就会对说谎存有恐惧感。
这就是为什
么电子邮件中的谎言要少于电话中的。
People
are also more likely to lie in real time-in an
instant message to phone call,
say-than
if they have time to think of a response, says
Hancock.
Hancock
说，与有时间思考如何回应的情况相比，人们也更倾向于在即时交
流过程中说谎
---
例如在即时信息或者电话中。
He found many lies are spontaneous
(
脱口而出的
) responses to an
unexpected
demand, such as:
他发现很多谎言都是对一些偶然问题脱口而出的回应，例如：
你
觉得我的
裙子怎么样？
Hancock
hopes his research will help companies work out
the best ways for their
employees to
communicate.
Hancock
希望他的研究结果能帮助公司找出员工之间沟通的最佳途径。
For instance, the phone might be the
best medium for sales where employees are
encouraged to stretch the truth.
But, given his result, work
assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be
best
done using email.
但是根据该
项研究结果，在做以诚实为重的工作时，最好还是发电子邮件。
二、
In
a
country
that
defines
itself
by
ideals,not
by
shared
blood,who
should
be
allowed
to come,work and live here?
在一个以理念，
而不是血缘定义自身的国家里，
什么样的人才可以来到这里
工作和生活呢？
In
the
wake
of
the
Sept.11
attacks
these
questions
have
never
seemed
more
pressing.
在
袭击事件之后，这些问题的紧迫性达到了前所未有的程度。
On December .11,2001,as part of the
effort to increase homeland securty ,federal
and local authorities in 14 states
staged
arrest employees with false
identification(
身份证明
).
2001
年
12
月
11
日，
作为增强国土安全工作的一部分，
联邦和
14
个州的机关发
< br>动了
“
安全旅行操作
”
行动
----
搜查了机场并逮捕了使用假身份证
的雇员。
In
Salt
Lake
City
there
were
69
those
captured
were
anything
but
terrorists,most of them illegal
immigrants from Central or Sounth American .
在盐湖城有
69
人被捕。
这些被捕的人形形色色，
但是就是没有恐怖分子，
他
们中大多数人是来自中南美洲的非法移民。
Authorities
said
the
undocumented
worker's
illegal
status
made
them
open
to
blankmall(
讹诈
)by
terrorists.
当地政府说，非法劳工的不合法身份使他们容易受恐怖分子讹
诈。
Many immigrants in Salt
Lake City were angered by the arrests and said
they felt
as if they were being treated
like disposable goods.
许多在盐湖城的移民对于被捕感到非
常气愤，
并表示感觉自己就像被丢弃的
东西一样。
Mayor Anderson said those
feelings were justified to a certain extent.
Anderson
市长称这些人的感受就某种程度而言是有根据的
way in terms of what
our laws are,and then when it's convenient for
us,or when we
can
try
to
make
a
point
in
terms
of
national
security,especially
after
Sept.11,then
you'er
disposable
There
are
whole
families
being
uprooted
for
all
of
the
wrong
reasons,
“
我们声称想让你们在这些地
方工作，但我们的法律却让我们用另外一种方式来
看待你们，
因
而在适当的时候，
或在我们以国家安全为由的时候，
特别是在<
/p>
之后，你们就被丢弃了。有些人全家都因为这些不合理的理由而被
扫地出门。
”
If Sept.11
had never happened the airport workers would not
have been arrested
and could have gone
on quietly living in America,probably indefinitely
.
如果
没有发生，机场工作人员就不
会被捕，可以在美国一直过着安宁
的日子，可能永
远这样生活着。
Ana
Castro,a ,amanager at a Ben & Jerry'sice cream
shop at the been
working 10 years with
the same false Social Aecurity card when she was
arrested in
the December airport
raid.
一位名叫
Ana
Castro
的机场
Ben Jerry's
< br>雪糕店经历，使
用伪造的社会保障卡工作已经有
10
年了，直到她在
12
月机场搜查中被捕。<
/p>
Now she and her family are
living under the threat of
deporation(
驱逐出境
).
Castro's case is currently waiting to
be she awaits the outcome ,the
government has granted her permission
to work here and she has returned to her job at
Ben&Jerry's.
现在她和家人生活在可能被驱逐出
境的威胁下。
Castro
的案件目前正等候处
理。在她等待处理结果时，政府允许她在美工作，所以她又回到
Jerry's
继
续她的工作。
2006
年
12
< br>月
一、
Reaching new peaks of popularity in
North America is Iceberg
Water
，
which is
harvested from icebergs off the coast
of Newfoundland
，
Canada.
从加拿大纽芬兰海岸附近的冰山采集而来的<
/p>
Iceberg
瓶装水，在北美到达了
流
行的新巅峰。
Arthur von
Wiesenberger
，
who
carries the title Water
Master
，
is one of
the few
water critics in North America.
拥有
“
水之
大师
”
头衔的
Arthur von
Wiesenberger
，
是北美为数不多的
“
水评家
”
之一。
As a boy
，
he spent time in the larger cities of
Italy
，
France and
Switzerland
，
where bottled water is consumed daily.
孩童时代的她，在一些意大利、法国和瑞士的大城市里待了很
长一段时间，
那些地方每天会消费大量的瓶装水。
Even then
，
he kept a water
journal
，
noting
the brands he liked best. “My dog
could
tell the difference between bottled and tap
water
，
” He says.
从那之后，他写了一本水日记，记录他最喜好的品牌。
“
连我的狗都可以分
辨瓶装水和自来水
”
他戏称。
But is plain
tap water all that bad
？
Not at all. In
fact
，
New York’s
municipal
water
for
more
than
a
century
was
called
the
champagne
of
tap
water
and
until
recently considered among the best in
the world in terms of both taste and purity.
但平淡无味的普通自来水就那么糟糕吗？不尽然。
事实上，
过去的一个多世
纪以来，
纽约的水被称为自来水中的香槟酒，
最近更被人称为在未到和纯净方面
属于全球最好之一。
Similarly
，
a magazine in England found that tap
water from the Thames River
tasted
better than several
leading
brands of bottled water that were 400
times more
expensive.
同样，一本英国杂志发现院子泰晤士河的自来水尝起来远比一些贵上
400<
/p>
倍
的大牌瓶装水要好。
Nevertheless
，
soft
－
drink
companies view bottled water as the next
battleground
for
market
share
—
this
despite
the
fact
that
over
25
percent
of
bottled water comes from tap
water
：
PepsiCo’s
Aquafina and
Coca
－
Cola’s Dasani
are both purified tap water rather than
spring water.
然而，
软饮料公司认为瓶装水是
下一个市场份额的战场
---
尽管事实上超过百
分二十五的瓶装水来自自来水。
Pepsico
公司的
Aquafina
和
Coca-Col
a
的
Dasani
两者都是净化过的自
来水，而非矿泉水。
As diners thirst
for leading brands
，
bottlers and restaurateurs salivate
（垂涎）
over the
profits.
用餐者都渴望喝大牌的瓶装水，瓶装水供
应商和参观则垂涎背后的利润。
A
restaurant’s
typical
mark
－
up
on
wine
is
100
to
150
percent
，
whereas
on
bottled water it’s often 300 to 500
percent.
餐厅通常会在将酒价标高至
100%
到
150%
，
然后在瓶装水上，
通常是
300%
到
500%
But
since water is much cheaper than
wine
，
and many of
the fancier brands
aren’t available in
stores
，
most
diners don’t notice or care.
但由于水比酒廉价多了，
况且许多稀奇古怪的品牌在商店里买不到，
< br>大多数
用餐的人也就不注意，不关心了。
As a result
，
some restaurants are turning up the
pressure to sell bottled water.
结果，好些餐厅都在想方设法卖瓶装水。
According
to
an
article
in
The
Street
Journal
，
some
of
the
more
shameless
tactics include placing attractive
bottles on the table for a visual
sell
，
listing
brands
on
the
menu
without
prices
，
and
pouring
bottled
water
without
even
asking
the
diners
if they want it.
根据《华尔街日报》的一篇文章，一些比较无耻的
手法包括：在餐厅桌上放
置有人的瓶子用以视觉销售；
菜单只罗
列瓶装品牌却无价格；
还有叶不问用餐者
是否想要，直接给你倒
瓶装水。
Regardless of how it’s
sold
，
the
popularity of bottled water taps into our desire
for better
health
，
our wish
to appear cultivated
，
and even a longing for lost purity.
且不论销售手段，
瓶装水的流行利用了我们那一份对健康的渴求，
那一份看
起来有教养的心愿，以及那一份对于久违了的纯净的渴望。
二、
As
we have seen, the focus of medical care in our
society has been shifting from
curing
disease
to
preventing
disease
-
especially
in
terms
of
changing
our
many
unhealthy behaviors, such as poor
eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise.
如今我们发现，
社会医疗保健的重心
正从治疗疾病转移到放置疾病
---
尤其在
改变我们诸多不良习惯方面，如：暴饮暴食，抽烟和缺乏锻炼。
The line of thought involved in this
shift can be pursued further.
与该改革息息相关的一类观点都需要进一步摸索。
Imagine
a
person
who
is
about
the
right
weight,
but
does
not
eat
very
nutritious(
有营养的
)
foods, who feels OK but exercises only
occasionally, who goes
to work every
day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks
a few beers at home
most nights but
does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest
pains or abnormal
blood counts, but
sleeps a lot and often feels tired.
想象这样一个人，体重恰好，偏不吃有营养的失误；感觉良好，但鲜有机会
< br>锻炼；每天上班，但业绩一般；晚上大多在家里喝些啤酒，但不会酒后驾车；而
且
胸部不痛，血压正常，可惜睡的很多且时常觉得累。
This
person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for
any particular disease. But
we can
imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.
这个人不算生病，
他甚至没有什么风险换上疑难杂症。
不过我们能想象，
这
个人可以更健康。
The field of medicine has not
traditionally distinguished between someone who
is merely
body's special
needs.
在医药领域中，
传统
上我们并不区分那些仅是
“
没病
”
的人和那些健康且注意
身体特别需求的人。这两类人都被称作
“
健康的人
”
。
Both types have simply been
called
specialists have begun to apply
the terms
actively striving to maintain
and improve their health.
然
而，近年来，一些健康专家开始使用
“
身体好
< br>”
和
“
健康
”
这两个术语，仅用
于那些正在积极努力维持并改善自身健
康的人。
People who are well are
concerned with nutrition and exercise and they
make a
point of monitoring their body's
condition.
身体好的人总会关注营养和锻炼，并且懂得监察自身的状况。
Most important,
perhaps,
people who are well take active responsibility
for all
matters related to
their health.
也许最重要的是，身体好的人
会对一切和健康相关的问题主动负责。
Even
people who have a physical disease or handicap
(
缺陷
) may be
this
new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the
best possible health they can in
the
face of their physical limitations.
在这种
新定义下，
只要面对个人身体极限之时仍能尽其所能维持健康，
就算
身患顽疾或者身有残缺的人也算是身体好的人。
but as an ideal
that people can strive for.
“
健康
”
或许不应该被看做是一种人
们可以达成的境界，
而是一种人们为之努
力的理想状态。
People who are well are likely
to be better able resist disease and to fight
disease
when it strikes.
当疾病侵袭的时候，身体好的人更能够抵御对抗。
And by focusing attention on healthy
ways of living,the concept of wellness can
have a beneficial impact on the ways in
which people face the challenges of daily life.
另外，
多注意健康生活之道。
健康的概念对
于人们面对日常生活的挑战也大
有益处。
200
7
年
6
月
一、
I've been
writing for most of my life.
我一辈子大部分时间都在从事写作。
The
book
Writing
Without
Teachers
introduced
me
to
one
distinction
and
one
practice
that has helped my writing processes tremendously.
《写作无师自通》
这本书想我介绍了
一种区别和一种练习。
帮助我大大提高
了写作水平。
The distinction is between the
creative mind and the critical mind.
区别是关于创造性思维和评判性思维之间的区别。
While you need to employ both to get to
a finished result, they cannot work in
parallel no matter how much we might
like to think so.
你需要做的是运用两者帮助你得到一个结果，<
/p>
但是他们不能同时起作用，
无
论我们多么
想要这样做。
Trying to criticize
writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest
barrier to writing
that most of us
encounter.
试图匆忙地批判写作内容可能是我们大多数人在写作时遇到的最
大障碍。
If you are listening to
that 5th grade English teacher correct your
grammar while
you are trying to capture
a fleeting
（稍纵即逝的）
thought, the thought will die.
如果你按照五年级英语老师教你的，
在努力抓紧稍纵即逝的想法的同时纠正
你的语法，这个想法肯定会消失。
If
you
capture
the
fleeting
thought
and
simply
share
it
with
the
world
in
raw
form, no one is likely to understand.
如果你抓住了稍纵即逝的想法，
但仅
以其原始的形式和世界分享，
或许没有
人能够理解。
You must learn to create first
and then criticize if you want to make writing the
tool for thinking that it is.
如果你想要把写作作为思考的工具，必须学会首先创造，然后批判。
The practice that can help you past
your learned bad habits of trying to
edit as
you write is what Elbow calls
“free writing.”
练习是指
< br>ELbow
所说的
“
自由写作<
/p>
”
，
它可以帮助你改正边写边改的话习惯
。
In free writing, the
objective is to get words down on paper non-stop,
usually for
15-20 minutes.
在自由写作中，我们的目标是在
15-20
分钟的时间内不间断写作。
No stopping,
no going back, no criticizing.
不停顿，不回头，不作批判。
The
goal is to get the words flowing.
这样做的目的是使文字流畅起来。
As
the
words
begin
to
flow,
the
ideas
will
come
from
the
shadows
and
let
themselves be captured on your notepad
or your screen.
当语言开始流畅，
想法就会
从阴暗处涌现出来，
呈现在你的笔记本或者电脑
屏幕上。
Now you have raw materials
that you can begin to work with using the critical
mind
that you've persuaded to sit on
the side and watch quietly.
现在，你有进行评判性思维的原材料了，建议你坐下静静地查看文稿。
Most likely, you will believe that this
will take more time than you actually have
and you will end up staring blankly at
the pages as the deadline draws near.
通
常，
你会认为这个环节所需的时间比你实际需要的时间要长，
并
且直到最
后一刻，你还盯着文稿，头脑一片空白。
Instead of
staring at a blank start filling it with words no
matter how bad.
不要盯着空白的屏幕，无论多么糟糕，都开始写下去。
Halfway
through
you
available
time,
stop
and
rework
your
raw
writing
into
something closer to finished product. <
/p>
写作时间进行到一半时，停下来整理你的初稿，让它更接近终稿。
Move
back
and
forth
until
you
run
out
of
time
and
the
final
result
will
most
likely
be far better than your current practices.
不断前后重复，
直到时间用尽。
这样，
你所得到的终稿会比你用现在在练习
中写的文稿要好得多。
二、
I don’t
ever want to talk about being a woman scientist
again.
我不想再谈关于作为一位女性科学家的问题了。
There was a time in my life when people
asked constantly for stories about what
it’s like to work in a field dominated
by men.
有一段时间，人们不断地问我在男性主导的领域中工作的故事。
I
was
never
very
good
at
telling
those
stories
because
truthfully
I
never
found
them
interesting.
我不擅长将这些故事，因为实际上我并不觉得它们有趣。
What I do find interesting is the
origin of the universe, the shape of space-time
and the nature of black holes.
我真正感兴趣的是宇宙的起源，时空的形状和黑洞的本质。
At 19, when I began studying
astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to
be
the only woman in the classroom.
在
19
岁的时候，
我
开始学习天体物理学，
作为班上唯一的女性，
我一点也不
觉得苦恼。
But
while
earning
my
Ph.D.
at
MIT
and
then
as
a
post-doctor
doing
space
research, the issue started to bother
me.
但是当我在麻省理工学院攻读博士学位和之后作为博
士后进行太空研究时，
这一点开始让我觉得苦恼。
My every
achievement
—
jobs, research
papers, awards
—
was viewed
through the
lens of gender
(
性别
) were my failures.
我的每一项成就
----
工作，研究论文，奖项
---
都被人们从性别政治的角度进
行
审视。我的失败也一样。
Sometimes, when I was pushed into an
argument on left brain versus
(
相对于
)
right
brain,
or
nature
versus
nurture
(
培育
),
I
would
instantly
fight
fiercely
on
my
behalf and all womankind.
有时候，
当我陷入左脑和右脑，
天赋与
培育的争论中时，
我会立刻为我自己
和所有的妇女进行激烈的抗
辩。
Then
one
day
a
few
years
ago,
out
of
my
mouth
came
a
sentence
that
would
eventually
become
my
reply
to
any
and
all
provocations:
I
don’t
talk
about
that
anymore.
然后再
很多年以后的一天，我口中冒出一句最终成为我对所有挑衅的回答：
“
< br>我不再讨论这个问题了
”
It took me 10 years to get back the
confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I
didn’t want to deal with gender issues.
我花了十年的时间重获
19
岁时的自信，
让自己认识到我不再想要处理性别的
问题。
Why
should
curing
sexism
be
yet
another
terrible
burden
on
every
female
scientist?
为何性别歧视要成为每位女性科学家的另一个可怕的负担？
After all, I don’t study sociology or
political theory.
毕竟，我不是社会学或政治理论的研究者。
Today I research and teach at Barnard,
a women’s college in New York City.
现在，我在
Barnard---
纽约的一
所女子学院进行研究和授课。
Recently,
someone
asked
me
how
may
of
the
45
students
in
my
class
were
women.
最近，有人
问我班上的
45
个学生中有多少是女性。
You cannot imagine my satisfaction at
being able to answer, 45.
你
很难想象我在回答时的满足感：
45
。
I
know
some
of
my
students
worry
how
they
will
manage
their
scientific
research and a
desi
re for I don’t dismiss those
concerns.
我知道有些学生会担心如何处理科学俺
就和生儿育女之间的矛盾，
我不会不
理会这些担心。
Still, I don’t tell them “war”
stories. Instead, I have given them this: the
visual of
their physics professor
heavily pregnant doing physics experiments.
但是，我也不会跟她们讲述
“
战争
< br>”
的故事，相反，我会告诉他们：他们的物
理教授身怀六
甲仍然坚持做物理实验的景象。
And
in
turn
they
have
given
me
the
image
of
45
women
driven
by
a
love
of
science. And that’s a
sight worth talking about.
作
为回报，
他们给我我
45
个热爱科学的
女性的形象。
这才是值得谈论的景象。
2007
年
12
月
一、
By almost any
measure, there is a boom in Internet-based
instruction.
无论如何，网络教学已经十分流行。
In
just
a
few
years,
34
percent
of
American
universities
have
begun
offering
some form of
distance learning (DL), and among the larger
schools, it’s closer to 90
percent.
近几年来，有
34%
的美国大学开始提供不同形式的远程教学，而在较大的大
学里，这个数字已经接
近
90%
。
If
you
doubt
the
popularity
of
the
trend,
you
probably
haven’t
heard
of
the
University of Phoenix.
如果你对这与潮流表示质疑，那么或许你还没有听过凤凰城大学。
It
grants
degrees
entirely
on
the
basis
of
online
instruction.
It
enrolls
90,000
students, a statistic used to support
its claim to be the largest private university in
the
country.
这所大学的学位都是通过网络教学
授予的，目前学生总数为
9
万人，该数字
使之号称是美国最大的私立学校。
While
the
kinds
of
instruction
offered
in
these
programs
will
differ,
DL
usually
signifies
a
course
in
which
the
instructors
post
syllabi
(
课
程
大
纲
),
reading
assignments,
and
schedules
on
Websites,
and
students
send
in
their
assignments
by
e-mail.
尽管这些课程
的具体教学内容不尽相同，
但远程教学通常意味着老师会在网
站
上公布教程大纲，阅读作业和进度安排，而学生通过电子邮件交作业。
Generally speaking, face-to-face
communication with an instructor is minimized
or eliminated altogether.
一般而言，师生间面对面交流会很少，甚至没有。
The attraction for students might at
first seem obvious.
起初，这种教学形式对学生的吸引是显而易见的。
Primarily, there’s the convenience
promised by courses on the Net: you can do
the work, as they say, in your pajamas
(
睡衣
).
主要是网络课堂很便利，正如其宣传的一般，学生可以穿着睡衣来上学。
But figures indicate that the reduced
effort results in a reduced commitment to
the course.
然而数据表明，课堂参与的减少导致学生学习不是很努力。
While
dropout
rates
for
all
freshmen
at
American
universities
is
around
20
percent, the rate for online students
is 35 percent.
美国大学本科新生的退学率
约为
20%
，而对于参加网络教学的学生而言，这
个数字达到了
35%
。
Students themselves seem to understand
the weaknesses inherent in the setup.
学生本身也明白这个机制的不足之处。对
In a survey conducted for eCornell, the
DL division of Cornell University, less
than a third of the respondents
expected the quality of the online course to be as
good
as the classroom course.
康奈尔大学远程教学部的调查结果显示，
只有不到三分之一的受访者热认为网络
课程的质量和传统课堂一样。
Clearly, from the schools’ perspective,
there’s a lot of money to be saved.
无疑，从学校的角度，网络教学能节约大量金钱。
Although
some
of
the
more
ambitious
programs
require
new
investments
in
severs and networks to support
collaborative software, most DL courses can run on
existing or minimally
upgraded(
升级
) systems.
尽管部分更艰巨的项目需要新资金的注入来构建服务器的网络
以支持协作
软件。其余大多数的网络课程都可在现有或略微提升的系统上得以实现。
The more students who enroll
in a course but don’t come to campus, the more
the schools saves on keeping the lights
on in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers, and
maintaining parking lots.
网络
教学招生越多，
学校节约的成本就越多：
因为学院不来学校，<
/p>
学校的灯
无需开着，不必雇佣门卫，停车场也不用维修。