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文学术语定义
Romanticism
；
定
义
a
movement
of
the
18th
and
19th
century.
It
is
the
predominance of imagination over reason
and formal rules and over the sense of fact
or the actual, a psychological desire
to escape from unpleasant realities.
具体的概念
Romanticism was a
movement in literature, philosophy, music and art
which developed in Europe in the late
18th and early 19th centuries. It emphasized
individual
values
and
aspirations
above
those
of
society
as
a
reaction
to
the
Industrial Revolution. It looked to the
Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature
for inspiration. It gave impetus to the
national liberation movement in 19th-century
Europe.
特征：
It
was
the
expression
of
“a
real
new
experience”
and
contained
“an
alien
quality” for the
simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was
radically new and
alien. 2 It tended to
be didactic because of Puritan influence. 3 It was
both imitative
and independent.
代表
Washington Irving The
Sketch Book James Fenimore Cooper Leatherstocking
Tales
(2)
、
Transcendentalism
定
义：
A broad, philosophical movement in New
England
during
the Romantic
era
(peaking between 1835
and
1845).
It
stressed the
role
of
divinity in nature and
the individual
?s intuition, and exalted
feeling over reason.
特征；
1 The Transcendentalists
placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul , as
the
most
important
thing
in
the
universe.
2
The
Transcendentalists
stressed
the
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importance of the individual. 3 The
Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of
nature as symbolic of the Spirit or
God.
代表人物：
Ralph Waldo
Emerson (1803--1882)
拉尔夫
.
瓦尔多
.
爱默生
Nat
ure
《论
自然》
Henry
David Thoreau (1817--1862)
亨利
.
大卫
.
梭罗
Walden
瓦尔登湖
Realism
: 1. Time: the latter
half of the 19th century, esp. 1870s, 1880s
2.
Features
A:
Realism
came
as
a
reaction
against
“the
lie”
of
Romanticism
and
sentimentalism.
B: It expressed the concern for the
world of experience, of the commonplace, and for
the familiar and the low.
C:
Its style was genteel was graceful by Howells and
Henry James, plain and rough
by
Mark
Twain
and
some
other
local
color
writers.
D:
Realists
tried
to
vividly
describe details
from observation of actual life.
E:
Realists tried to offer an objective rather than
an idealized view of human nature
and
society.
3. Representative writers:
William Dean Howells, Henry James and Mark Twain
Naturalism
的背景
Industrialism:
Industrialism produced financial giants as well as
an industrial proletariat. Slums
appeared in great numbers and the city poor lived
a
life
of
insecurity,
suffering,
and
violence.
Self-reliance
disappeared
in
the
fast
development of economy
Charles
Darwin?s
theory:
the
struggle
for
existence,
survival
of
the
fittest,
and
natural selection.
Herbert Spencer?s social
Dar
winism --- the weak and stupid would
fall victim in the
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natural course of events to economic
forces.
Emile
Zola?s
theory:
The
purpose
of
a
novelist
was
to
be
a
scientist,
to
place
his
characters
in
a
situation
and
then
to
watch
the
influences
of
heredity
and
environment destroy them, or, if they
were good enough, to watch them overcome
the inimical force of heredity and
environment.
特征
Humans are
controlled by law of heredity and environment. And
since they are
controlled,
they
lack
freedom
of
their
own
will.
The
universe
is
cold,
godless,
indifferent and
hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle
for survival. The
naturalists dismiss
the realists as far too “genteel”. They find real
life at the violent,
sensational,
sordid, unpleasant, and ugly aspects of life. They
write about the life of
poverty and
crime, and all of these other aspects of life that
are not too pleasant to
consider.
3. Representatives: Stephen Crane,
Norris and Theodore Dreiser
Stephen
Crane?s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) is
the first naturalistic novel in
America.
Norris?
McTeague
is
the
“first
full
-
bodied
naturalistic
American
novel”
and
“a
consciously naturalistic
manifesto.”
Theodore
Dreiser?s Sister Carrie is the greatest
naturalistic
work.
。
Puritanism:
Puritanism
is
the
practices
and
briefs
of
puritans.
The
American
puritans accept the
doctrine and practice of predestination
Lost generation
Lost Generation of the Roaring Twenties
War disfigures and tears away precious
lives. Its horrors embed themselves like