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美国文学定义

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2021-02-14 03:53
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2021年2月14日发(作者:银装素裹)




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文学术语定义




Romanticism






a


movement


of


the


18th


and


19th


century.


It


is


the


predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules and over the sense of fact


or the actual, a psychological desire to escape from unpleasant realities.


具体的概念


Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art


which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It emphasized


individual


values


and


aspirations


above


those


of


society


as


a


reaction


to


the


Industrial Revolution. It looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature


for inspiration. It gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19th-century


Europe.


特征:


It


was


the


expression


of


“a


real


new


experience”


and


contained


“an


alien


quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and


alien. 2 It tended to be didactic because of Puritan influence. 3 It was both imitative


and independent.


代表


Washington Irving The Sketch Book James Fenimore Cooper Leatherstocking


Tales


(2)



Transcendentalism



义:


A broad, philosophical movement in New England


during


the Romantic


era


(peaking between 1835


and


1845).


It


stressed the


role


of


divinity in nature and the individual


?s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.











特征;


1 The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul , as the


most


important


thing


in


the


universe.


2


The


Transcendentalists


stressed


the




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importance of the individual. 3 The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of


nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.


代表人物:


Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803--1882)


拉尔夫


.


瓦尔多


.


爱默生


Nat ure


《论


自然》


Henry David Thoreau (1817--1862)


亨利


.


大卫


.


梭罗


Walden


瓦尔登湖



Realism


: 1. Time: the latter half of the 19th century, esp. 1870s, 1880s


2.


Features


A:


Realism


came


as


a


reaction


against


“the


lie”


of


Romanticism


and


sentimentalism.


B: It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for


the familiar and the low.


C: Its style was genteel was graceful by Howells and Henry James, plain and rough


by


Mark


Twain


and


some


other


local


color


writers.


D:


Realists


tried


to


vividly


describe details from observation of actual life.


E: Realists tried to offer an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature


and society.


3. Representative writers: William Dean Howells, Henry James and Mark Twain


Naturalism



的背景


Industrialism: Industrialism produced financial giants as well as


an industrial proletariat. Slums appeared in great numbers and the city poor lived a


life


of


insecurity,


suffering,


and


violence.


Self-reliance


disappeared


in


the


fast


development of economy


Charles


Darwin?s


theory:


the


struggle


for


existence,


survival


of


the


fittest,


and


natural selection.


Herbert Spencer?s social Dar


winism --- the weak and stupid would fall victim in the




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natural course of events to economic forces.


Emile


Zola?s


theory:


The


purpose


of


a


novelist


was


to


be


a


scientist,


to


place


his


characters


in


a


situation


and


then


to


watch


the


influences


of


heredity


and


environment destroy them, or, if they were good enough, to watch them overcome


the inimical force of heredity and environment.


特征


Humans are controlled by law of heredity and environment. And since they are


controlled,


they


lack


freedom


of


their


own


will.


The


universe


is


cold,


godless,


indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle for survival. The


naturalists dismiss the realists as far too “genteel”. They find real life at the violent,


sensational, sordid, unpleasant, and ugly aspects of life. They write about the life of


poverty and crime, and all of these other aspects of life that are not too pleasant to


consider.


3. Representatives: Stephen Crane, Norris and Theodore Dreiser


Stephen Crane?s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) is


the first naturalistic novel in


America.


Norris?


McTeague


is


the


“first


full


-


bodied


naturalistic


American


novel”


and


“a


consciously naturalistic manifesto.”



Theodore Dreiser?s Sister Carrie is the greatest


naturalistic work.





Puritanism:


Puritanism


is



the


practices


and


briefs


of


puritans.


The


American


puritans accept the doctrine and practice of predestination



Lost generation


Lost Generation of the Roaring Twenties






War disfigures and tears away precious lives. Its horrors embed themselves like

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