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常用文体的写作知识
1
．
描写文
（
description
）
：
描写文就是用生动、
形象的语言把人物的状态
和动作、景物的性质和特征具体地描绘出来，描写人时
则刻画人物的肖像、语言、行为、心理活动及生活细节。描写景物时
则用时间
与空间顺序的安排方式展开文章段落。描写文中每一段只能表达一种思想或主<
/p>
题的一部分。请读这段文章。
（由于篇幅有限，每种类型的文章只
取一个段落为
例。
）
It was noon. The hot sun
above was bright. It made the temperature
rise. On the road all was quite. There
were few cars to be seen. There
were
even
fewer
people
about.
The
shops
alongside
the
road
were
wide
open.
Their bamboo shades
were rolled down to keep out the blazing sun.
There
was no wind at all. The pavement
way, though shady, was stuffy. Even the
shopkeepers
seemed
affected
by
this
mid
–
day
heat
and
stuffiness.
They
looked bored and unwilling to serve the
few occasional customers.
这是一段描写文。在读文章之前要求读者带着问题阅读：①
段落的中心思
想是什么？②
段落是采用什么方法描写的？不难发现，段落的中心思想是描写
某一天中
午的高温、
闷热的情景。
作者采用由上到下、
< br>由远到近的空间顺序的方
法描写。文章中用火热的太阳、道路安静、车辆稀少、为
挡住阳光，商店的竹窗
帘落下来、店主不愿接待顾客等情景的描写生动地衬托了段落的中
心思想。
2
．
记叙文
(narration)
：记叙文叙述过去发生的事情，着重写
事或人。其要素
是五
“何”
原则，
即在写作中必须交待清楚五个方面的内容：
何时、
< br>何地、
何人、
何事以及何如。
记
叙文主要是按时间顺序陈述事件，
中心思想是通过陈述、
举例、
解释及细节来说明。
文章段落的中心思想可能是段落的任何一个
句子或暗示。
请
读下面题为“My 35 Years In
China”记述文章的开头段落，并注意体会文章的
开头方式和展开手法：
There is a saying in
China that “Time flies like an arrow.” When
I
came
to
China
the
People’s
Republic
of
China
had
just
been
born.
Today
,
the
new
China
has
proudly
celebrated
her
35
th
anniversary
and
now
stands
in
full splendor and looks to the world with
confidence. Meanwhile time
has turned
me from
a strong
40-year-old
into
a gray-haired old man.
This
year marks 75 th
birthday as well as 35 th year that I have been
living
and working in China. In that
time I have lived in this fascinating land
and shared joys and suffering with
Chinese people, so that in my old age
I
can proudly say “the longer I live in China, the
younger my heart
beco
me.”
< br>这段文章的目的是通过时间顺序、
举例对比的写作手法–––从中华人民共
和国成立到如今中国面对全世界，骄傲地庆祝
35
周年纪念日；从一位四十岁的
中年人变成了两鬓灰白的老人，
感觉光阴似箭的心情。
文章的中心思想是围绕着
中国生活的<
/p>
35
年时光过得很快而写成的。
1
<
/p>
又如：
一九八八年六月全国四级统考的作文，
题目是：
An
Early
Morning
Walk
。
这是一篇属于记叙文体裁的文章，
要求学生写出
“我”
由起床开始到去公园以及
在公园所见所闻的全过程。
在第三段中，
还要求写出自己的思想，
对早
上安静的
环境的叙述以及对公园所见的情况给以具体的描述。见下面参考范文：
An
Early Morning Walk
One
morning
I
got
up
early,
and
everything
around
was
very
quite.
The
sun
had
just
risen,
shining
brilliantly.
Everything
seemed
to
be
covered
with
a
layer
of
golden
silk,
there
were
only
some
birds
singing
occasionally in the
high trees. I tripped all the way toward the park,
breathing the fresh air, feeling
extremely happy.
When I arrived at the
park, I found, to my surprise, there were so
many people there. Men and women, boys
and girls all enjoyed themselves
by
various activities. Some were doing morning
exercises, some were
playing badminton,
some old people were having their tea while
talking
to each other cheerfully
Walking around the park, to my delight,
I found a few middle school
students
were talking to each other in English in the
southeast corner
of
the
park,
I
went
to
them
at
once
and
spoke
to
them
in
English,
we
became
friends
right
away.
I
was
very
glad
to
find
another
opportunity
to
practice
my
spoken
English.
On
the
way
home,
I
thought
early
morning
walk
was
really
helpful. Taking an early walking makes
a man healthy and wise.
注：
（打<
/p>
横线的句子为段首句和段尾句。
）
3
．
说明文
（
exposition
）
：
说明文就是用言简意骇的文字向读者介绍事物
的
过程，讲解思想和信念，把信息展现给读者。写说明文要掌握的要素是“什么
（
what
）”和“为什么（
< br>why
）
”
，即通过点明论点和
阐明缘由或过程，说明事物
的特点和性能，或阐明某种观念、原理或现象。说明文包括实
体事物说明文、事
理说明文和文艺说明文。
请读下面一段题为“
Read Good
Books
”的说明文章：
From
good
reading
we
can
derive
pleasure,
friendship,
experience,
and
instruction.
A
good
book
may
absorb
our
attention
so
completely
that
for
the
time
being
we
forget
our
surrounding
and
even
our
existence.
Reading
good books is one of the greatest
pleasures in life. It increases our
contentment when we are cheerful, and
lessens our troubles when we are
sad.
Whatever may be our main purpose in reading, our
contact with good
books should never
fail to give us enjoyment and satisfaction.
这是一段事理说明文，要把事情理由讲清楚。段落的中心思想是段落的中间
句
Reading good books is one of the
greatest pleasures in life.
其它句
子都是为了衬托中心思想，要说明读书是生活中最大乐趣之一的原因。要注意，
说明
文除了要掌握其空间顺序
（从上到下，
由外到内）
、
还要掌握其逻辑顺序
（先
因后果或先果后因）
、认识顺序（由浅入深、由此及彼、由局部到整体、由现象
到本质、由具体到抽象）
。这段说明文就是用读书可以使人忘掉周围一切
，可以
使人愉快时心情更愉快，
伤心时可以减少痛苦等现象说明
其本质–––读书可以
使我们获得享受和满足。
2
又如：一九九二年六月全国四级统考的作文题目是：
How I
Overcame My
Difficulties in Learning En
glish.
段首句是：①在英语学习中存在的困难。
②我是怎
样克服困难的。
多数学生能根据所学知识较好地写出文章所给的提纲内
< br>容，从文章开头交待英语学习中有哪些困难，回答说明文
what,
到论及如何克服
这些困难的过程，完成说明文的
wh
y
和
how
的阐释，内容较充实，解
释清晰。
但少数学生审题失误，
全文只说明了英语学习的困难是
什么，
却疏漏了说明文最
关键的一步，即没有扣住
how
的阐明，而是表决心似的大喊“今后要努力学习
英语”
之类的口号，
导致全篇跑题。
这就要求学生在实际写作中掌握好写说明文
的要点。
4.
议论文（
argumentation
）
：
议论文就是讲道理、讲是非。一段完整的议
论文是由论点、
论据和论证构成的。
说明文是把信息展现给读者，
< br>那么议论文则
是用信息去说服读者。
这两种文章都是以来
自各方面的事实和印象为基础的。
最
常见的议论文顺序为：
①
提出问题或表达一种观点即引论。
②
分析、
评论提出
的问题或观点即正文<
/p>
.
③
对提出的
问题、观点表明态度或提出解决方法即结论，
也就是文章的结尾。
现引用一篇题为“
Smoking and Cancer
”议论文的引论和结论段落，分析如
下：
[
引论
]
Americans
smoke
six
thousand
million
cigarettes
every
year.
This
is
roughly
the
equivalent
of
4:195
cigarettes
a
year
for
every
person
in
the
country
of
18
years
age
of
more.
It
is
estimated
that
51%
of
American
men smoke compared with 34% of American
women.
[
结论
]
While
all
tobacco
smoking
affects
life
expectancy
and
health,
cigarette
smoking
appears
to
have
a
much
greater
effect
than
cigar
or
pipe
smoking.
However, nicotine consumption is not diminished by
the latter
forms, and current research
indicates a causal relationship between all
forms of smoking and cancer of the
mouth and throat. Filters and low tar
tobacco are claimed to make smoking to
some extent safer, but they can
only
marginally reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
这是一篇典型议论文的开始和结尾段落。引论中，作者用数字、男女吸烟的
比率提出了吸烟问题。
结论中，
作者对吸烟问题做了明确具体
的分析，
无论是香
烟、
雪茄烟还是烟斗
对健康都有害处，
一切吸烟方式与口腔癌、
喉癌之间都有一
种因果关系。通过阅读可以体会到，文章的标题是“吸烟与癌症”
，
一直到结尾
段落也没有脱离吸烟与癌症这一话题。此处虽然没有足够的篇幅给出文章的正
文，但要注意正文的内容必须要：论点正确、鲜明；论据确凿、典型、恰当、有
说服力；论点之间要有本质的必然联系。
综上所述，四种类型文章的阅读写作训练，仅是起到一种提示
作用。文章写
作手法多种多样，
训练时必须结合文章的性质、<
/p>
写作方式，
灵活地改变训练方法、
训练手
段。要想写出好文章，必须要多阅读、多体会、多模仿、多练习。
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