备战2008年12月英语四级阅读(七)

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英语四级六级考试历年真题

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Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:

In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that

living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is

no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (

声纳

) system of bats. It is billions of times more

efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.

注：

h

胜利，成功

is well to

有必要

arably

不可比地

4.

第一 句主题句：

天然胜于人工

artificial

人工的

ration

例证，

本段末句强烈结论

Of course, the bats have had some 50 million years of evolution to refine their sonar. Their

physiological mechanisms for echo location, based on all this accumulated experience, therefore

deserve our thorough study and analysis.

注：

提炼、改善

2.

二段首句是对首段末句的解释

3.50 million ye ars

对应的是第

17

小题

17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____

A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago

B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined

C) should have been discovered by man many years ago

D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago

注：

B

选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词

because,although,not

only...but also, as well as

的应该优选

To

appreciate

the

precision

of

the

bats'

echo

location, we

must

first consider

the

degree

of

their reliance upon

it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without

eyesight.

This

was

brilliantly

demonstrated

by

the

Italian

naturalist

Lazzaro

Spallanzani.

He

caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind

bats were

recaptured

after

they

had found

their

ways

back

to

the

bell

tower,

and

on

examining

their

stomachs'

contents,

Spallanxani

found

that

they

had

been

able

to

capture

and

eat

flying

insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the

insects make no sound that can be heard by

human ears. A

bat will catch hundreds of softbodied

silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (

卵石

) tossed (

向上扔）

into the air.

注：

1.

第二句

Thanks to sonar...

结果句

along

生活

get along with

相处

蒙住眼睛

know from...

结果句

5.

末句为细节

16. According to the author, the sonar system of bats is an example of the idea that ____.

A) this is the age of technological triumphs

B) modern machines are inefficient

C) living mechanisms are often more efficient than man -made machines

D) artificial imitations are always less efficient than living mechanisms

注：

1.

第一段

illustration

等同

example

2.D

选项的

always

与 文章中的

often

含义是不同的。

In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that

living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is

no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (

声纳

) system of bats. It is billions of times more

efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.

17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____

A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago

B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined

C) should have been discovered by man many years ago

D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago

注：

B

选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词

because,although,not

only...but also, as well as

的应该优选

18. Echo location in this article means the _____.

A) location of echoes

B) ability to determine where an echo comes from

C) scientific term for sound waves

D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes

注：

1.A

为干扰选项，过于表面化

2.B

项为等价选项所以为错误

o appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must

first consider the

degree

of their

reliance

upon

it.

Thanks to sonar,

an

insect-eating

bat can

get

along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist

Lazzaro Spallanzani.

He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and released them

outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their ways back to the bell

tower,

and

on

examining

their

stomachs' contents,

Spallanxani

found

that

they

had

been

able

to

capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark

of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A

bat will catch

hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles

(

卵石

) tossed (

向上扔）

into the air.

19. This article was written to illustrate ____.

A) the deficiencies of man-made sonar

B) the dependence of man upon animals

C) that we are living in a machine age

D) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable

注：写作目的题型，写作目的

=

写作动机

+

文章主题，看文章主题第一句话

20. The following is the main point of the article:____

A) A

bat will catch hundreds of insects in a single hour.

B)

There

is

a

perfection

in

nature which sometimes can

not

be

matched

by

man's creative

efforts.

C) The phrase

D) Sonar and radar systems of man are inefficient.

注：写作主题题型，第一句话的同义改写

match v

.

匹敌

In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that

living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is

no better illustration of this idea than the sonar (

声纳

) system of bats. It is billions of times more

efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.

Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:

11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.

A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion

B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning

C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning

D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced

your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling

jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.

A) classical conditioning

B) operant conditioning

C) neither of them

D) some other sorts of conditioning

13.

If

a child

is

bitten

or

startled

several

times

by

a

dog,

he

may

learn

to

associate

furry

animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of

learning

through ____.

A) classical conditioning

B) operant conditioning

C) both of them

D) neither of them

14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.

A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day

B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning

C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so

on

D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning

15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.

A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings

B) the third kind of learning

C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning

D) none of the above

Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to

walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions

before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are

two

basic

processes

by

which

learning

takes

place.

One

kind

of

learning

is

called

conditioning

a

reward

or

punishment, It

is

through

classical

conditioning

that

a

child

learns

to

associate

his

mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and

comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

注：

logically

生理的，

mental / phycological

心理的

修改、改变；

pair with

伴随

is ...that

强调介词状语结构

●分类型文章：

1.

分为几类就是文章主题

2.

抓住各类主体词

/

基本特征词（通常为动词）

3.

多余段落通常例证某一类

The second kind of learning is called

learns

to

do

things

that

produce

rewards

in

his

environment

and

learns

not

to

do

things

that

produce

punishments.

For

example,

if

a

mother

always

attends

to

her

baby when

he cries

and

cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother.

Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.

注：

t

操作型的，词源

operate

拥抱

3.

第一种

classical conditioning

：联系而去做；第二种

operant conditioning

：有奖惩而去

做

Every

day, we

grow

and

have

new

experiences.

We constantly

learn

by reading,

watching

television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is

it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we

learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On

the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things

to

harm

us,

we

learn

to

associate

this

person

with

negative

feelings,

such

as

unhappiness,

discomfort, and anger.

注：

ct

交往，相互影响

ve

正面的

negative

负面的

3.

本段是多余段落，例证第一种

classical conditioning

a.

卑鄙的

11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.

A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion

B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning

C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning

D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced

注：主题题，第一段主题句为第二句

In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to

walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions

before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are

two

basic

processes

by

which

learning

takes

place.

One

kind

of

learning

is

called

conditioning

a

reward

or

punishment, It

is

through

classical

conditioning

that

a

child

learns

to

associate

his

mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and

comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling

jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.

A) classical conditioning