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无忧英语编辑整理
英语四级六级考试历年真题
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Questions 16 to
20 are based on the following passage:
In these days of
technological triumphs, it is well to remind
ourselves from time to time that
living
mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient
than their artificial imitations. There is
no better illustration of this idea
than the sonar (
声纳
) system
of bats. It is billions of times more
efficient and more sensitive than the
radars and sonars designed by man.
注：
h
胜利，成功
is well to
有必要
arably
不可比地
4.
第一
句主题句：
天然胜于人工
artificial
人工的
ration
例证，
本段末句强烈结论
Of course, the
bats have had some 50 million years of evolution
to refine their sonar. Their
physiological mechanisms for echo
location, based on all this accumulated
experience, therefore
deserve our
thorough study and analysis.
注：
提炼、改善
2.
二段首句是对首段末句的解释
3.50 million ye
ars
对应的是第
17
小题
17. The
author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____
A) was at the
height of its perfection 50 million years ago
B) is better
than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million
years to be be refined
C) should have been discovered by man
many years ago
D) is the same as it was 50 million
years ago
注：
B
选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词
because,although,not
only...but also, as well as
的应该优选
To
appreciate
the
precision
of
the
bats'
echo
location, we
must
first consider
the
degree
of
their
reliance upon
it. Thanks to sonar, an
insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well
without
eyesight.
This
was
brilliantly
demonstrated
by
the
Italian
naturalist
Lazzaro
Spallanzani.
He
caught some bats in a bell tower,
blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of
these blind
bats were
recaptured
after
they
had found
their
ways
back
to
the
bell
tower,
and
on
examining
their
stomachs'
contents,
Spallanxani
found
that
they
had
been
able
to
capture
and
eat
flying
insects. We know from
experiments that bats easily find insects in the
dark of night, even when the
insects
make no sound that can be heard by
human ears. A
bat will catch
hundreds of softbodied
silent flying
insects in a single hour. It will even detect and
chase pebbles (
卵石
) tossed
(
向上扔）
into the air.
注：
1.
第二句
Thanks to sonar...
结果句
along
生活
get along with
相处
蒙住眼睛
know from...
结果句
5.
末句为细节
16. According
to the author, the sonar system of bats is an
example of the idea that ____.
A) this is the age of
technological triumphs
B) modern machines are inefficient
C) living
mechanisms are often more efficient than man -made
machines
D)
artificial imitations are always less efficient
than living mechanisms
注：
1.
第一段
illustration
等同
example
2.D
选项的
always
与
文章中的
often
含义是不同的。
In these days
of technological triumphs, it is well to remind
ourselves from time to time that
living
mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient
than their artificial imitations. There is
no better illustration of this idea
than the sonar (
声纳
) system
of bats. It is billions of times more
efficient and more sensitive than the
radars and sonars designed by man.
17. The author suggests
that the sonar system of bats ____
A) was at the height of its
perfection 50 million years ago
B) is better than man-made
sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be
refined
C)
should have been discovered by man many years ago
D) is the same
as it was 50 million years ago
注：
B
选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词
because,although,not
only...but also, as well as
的应该优选
18. Echo location in this
article means the _____.
A) location of echoes
B) ability to determine
where an echo comes from
C) scientific term for sound waves
D) ability to
locate unseen objects by echoes
注：
1.A
为干扰选项，过于表面化
2.B
项为等价选项所以为错误
o appreciate the
precision of the bats' echo location, we must
first consider the
degree
of their
reliance
upon
it.
Thanks
to sonar,
an
insect-eating
bat can
get
along
perfectly well without eyesight. This was
brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist
Lazzaro Spallanzani.
He
caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them and
released them
outdoors. Four of these
blind bats were recaptured after they had found
their ways back to the bell
tower,
and
on
examining
their
stomachs' contents,
Spallanxani
found
that
they
had
been
able
to
capture and eat flying insects. We know
from experiments that bats easily find insects in
the dark
of night, even when the
insects make no sound that can be heard by human
ears. A
bat will catch
hundreds of softbodied silent flying
insects in a single hour. It will even detect and
chase pebbles
(
卵石
) tossed
(
向上扔）
into the air.
19. This
article was written to illustrate ____.
A) the
deficiencies of man-made sonar
B) the dependence of man
upon animals
C) that we are living in a machine age
D) that the
sonar system of bats is remarkable
注：写作目的题型，写作目的
=
写作动机
+
文章主题，看文章主题第一句话
20.
The following is the main point of the
article:____
A)
A
bat will catch hundreds of insects in
a single hour.
B)
There
is
a
perfection
in
nature which sometimes can
not
be
matched
by
man's creative
efforts.
C) The phrase
D) Sonar and radar systems of man are
inefficient.
注：写作主题题型，第一句话的同义改写
match v
.
匹敌
In these days of technological
triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time
to time that
living mechanisms are
often incomparably more efficient than their
artificial imitations. There is
no
better illustration of this idea than the sonar
(
声纳
) system of bats. It is
billions of times more
efficient and
more sensitive than the radars and sonars designed
by man.
Question 11 to 15 are based on the
following passage:
11. The author's main purpose in
writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to
learn to produce and experience certain
emotion
B) give the general reader an account
of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents
some advice on how to modify their children's
emotions through learning
D) discuss with
psychologist how positive and negative feelings
are produced
your jokes often find already echo in a person,
you will learn though ____ that telling
jokes to this person is fun, and you
will try with greater efforts to be humorous in
his presence.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) neither of
them
D) some
other sorts of conditioning
13.
If
a child
is
bitten
or
startled
several
times
by
a
dog,
he
may
learn
to
associate
furry
animals with pain or startle and thus
develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical
example of
learning
through ____.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant
conditioning
C)
both of them
D) neither of them
14. In the third paragraph, the author
is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and
have new experiences every day
B)
talking about learning to modify emotions through
operant conditioning
C) concentrating on
learning by reading, watching television,
interacting with people, and so
on
D) using
examples to further illustrate learning through
classical conditioning
15. In the following
paragraphs the author will most probably go on to
discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and
negative feelings
B) the third kind of
learning
C)
further examples of learning through operant
conditioning
D)
none of the above
Question 11 to 15 are based on the
following passage:
In the same way that a child must be
able to move his arms and legs before he can learn
to
walk, the child must physiologically
be capable of producing and experiencing
particular emotions
before these
emotions can be modified through learning.
Psychologists have found that there are
two
basic
processes
by
which
learning
takes
place.
One
kind
of
learning
is
called
conditioning
a
reward
or
punishment, It
is
through
classical
conditioning
that
a
child
learns
to
associate
his
mother's face and voice with happiness
and love, for he learns that this person provides
food and
comfort. Negative emotions are
learned in a similar fashion.
注：
logically
生理的，
mental / phycological
心理的
修改、改变；
pair with
伴随
is ...that
强调介词状语结构
●分类型文章：
1.
分为几类就是文章主题
2.
抓住各类主体词
/
基本特征词（通常为动词）
3.
多余段落通常例证某一类
The second kind
of learning is called
learns
to
do
things
that
produce
rewards
in
his
environment
and
learns
not
to
do
things
that
produce
punishments.
For
example,
if
a
mother
always
attends
to
her
baby when
he cries
and
cuddles him until he is
quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will
get attention from mother.
Thus, the
baby will learn to increase his crying in order to
have his mother more.
注：
t
操作型的，词源
operate
拥抱
3.
第一种
classical
conditioning
：联系而去做；第二种
operant conditioning
：有奖惩而去
做
Every
day, we
grow
and
have
new
experiences.
We constantly
learn
by reading,
watching
television, interacting with some
people, and so forth. This learning affects our
emotions. Why is
it that we learn to
like some people and dislike others? If a person
is nice to us, cares about us, we
learn
to associate this person with positive feelings,
such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On
the other hand, if a person is mean to
us, does not care about us, and even deliberately
does things
to
harm
us,
we
learn
to
associate
this
person
with
negative
feelings,
such
as
unhappiness,
discomfort, and
anger.
注：
ct
交往，相互影响
ve
正面的
negative
负面的
3.
本段是多余段落，例证第一种
classical conditioning
a.
卑鄙的
11. The author's main purpose in
writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to
learn to produce and experience certain
emotion
B) give the general reader an account
of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to
modify their children's emotions through
learning
D) discuss with
psychologist how positive and negative feelings
are produced
注：主题题，第一段主题句为第二句
In the same way that a child must be
able to move his arms and legs before he can learn
to
walk, the child must physiologically
be capable of producing and experiencing
particular emotions
before these
emotions can be modified through learning.
Psychologists have found that there are
two
basic
processes
by
which
learning
takes
place.
One
kind
of
learning
is
called
conditioning
a
reward
or
punishment, It
is
through
classical
conditioning
that
a
child
learns
to
associate
his
mother's face and voice with happiness
and love, for he learns that this person provides
food and
comfort. Negative emotions are
learned in a similar fashion.
your jokes often find
already echo in a person, you will learn though
____ that telling
jokes to this person
is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to
be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioning
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