-
which that
就近与跳跃修饰
which
的用法
1
、
WHICH
非限
1.
which
指代主句宾语：
s
+verb+o,
which
指代
0<
/p>
（
svo,
which
< br>指代
s
一定错！）
2.
which
指代主句主语
s:s+verb,
which
（
1
）
介词
+which=
连词
< br>
1.s+verb(+o)+prep+
which<
/p>
2.s+verb(+o)
,
prep+
which
区别
介词
+that=
名词
I will
buy this book
because
from
that
I study a lot.
(
< br>有
because
作
为连接词，
不用“介词
+which
”结构连接
)
I
will buy
this
book
from
which
I study a <
/p>
lot.
（无连接词，需要用“介
词
+which
”结构连接）
which
指代的三种情况：
1
、
紧邻修饰
一般情况下，
“
名词，
which”
中的
which
是就近修饰紧邻的名
词的。
这种例子多的不胜枚举。
一般例子就不用举了，只举个比较特别例子
“A
of
B,
which”
（注：这里的
of
表示
从
属关系
）
1
，
The commission
proposed that funding for development of the
park, which
could be
open to the public early next year, be
obtained through a local bond issue.
2,Construction of the Roman
Colosseum,
which
was officially known as the Flavian
Amphitheater, began in A.D.69, during
the reign of Vespasian, and was completed the
Colosseum
with
a
one-hundred-day
cycle
of
religious pageants,
gladitorial
games,
and spectacles.
Flavian
Amphitheatre
：
福雷维安圆形剧场
3
，
In laboratory
rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to
block production of
thromboxane,
a
substance
that
promotes
blood
clotting,
but
does
not
seriously
interfere with the
production of
prostacyclin,
which
prevents clotting.
thromboxane
[
生化
]
凝血噁烷，
凝栓质，血栓素。
阿斯匹林可以阻止血小板生成凝血恶烷
prostacyclin
n.
【生
物化学、药物】环前列腺素，前列腺环素
,
4
，
The survival of
coral
colonies, which
are
composed of innumerable tiny polyps living
in a symbiotic relationship with
brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened,
experts
say, not only by pollutants
such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and
trash, but also by
dropped anchors,
probing divers, and global warming.,
5
，
In attempting
to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the
price of oil, oil
companies operating
in the North Sea have taken a variety of
approaches, which
include reducing employment, using new
technology to pump oil more efficiently from
smaller fields, and finding innovative
ways to cut the cost of building and operating
platforms.,
这些例子都能说明
从属关系
“A of
B
，
which”
中的
which
就近
修饰紧邻的名词
B
。但是需要注意的是，在“
SVO,which
”句
型中，如果
which
指代
S
一定错误，
which
如果指代主语，
这样使用
:
< br>s+verb,
which
2
、
跳跃修饰
在前有
“
核心词
+
介词、分词等修饰结构
”
或者插入语的情况
下，
which
跳跃修饰前面的核心词，不能修饰紧邻的名词。
< br>
下面是几个例子：
From
the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini
crafted
a
canoe
about
twenty feet long and
two feet wide, with
small ribs and
rails of cedar
,
which
could carry four persons
or
eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a
person
could easily portage it around
impeding rapids.
(A)
baggage so
light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light
(E) baggage yet was so light
答案：
E
这句话的
< br>which
离其所应该修饰的核心词
canoe
很远，中间
隔了一个插入语，
还隔了个介词结构
about…
，
但只要知道核
心词是
canoe
就能一目了然找到
which
应该指的是什么。这
里不能修饰紧邻的
名词
cedar
。
OG12-26
Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan
Huntington
Dickinson were
written over a period beginning a few
years before Susan’s
marriage to
Emil
y’s brother and ending shortly
before Emily’s
death in 1886,
outnumbering her letters to anyone
else.
A,Dickinson were
written over a period beginning a few years
before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s
brother and ending shortly
before
Emily’s death in 1886,
o
utnumbering
B,Dickinson were written over a period
that
begins a few years
before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s
brother and ended shortly
before
Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber
C,Dickinson, written over a period
beginning a few years before
Susan’s
marriage
to Emily’s brother
and
that
ends shortly before
Emily’s death in 1886and
outnumbering
D,Dickinson,
which
were written over a
period beginning a few
years before
Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending
shortly
before Emily’s death in 1886,
and outnumbe
ring
E,Dickinson,
which
were written over a
period beginning a few
years before
Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending
shortly before Emily’s death in 1886,
outnumber
这句话的
whi
ch
不能修饰其紧邻的名词
Susan Huntington
Dickinson
，必须跳过介词结构
to…
，修饰核心词
letter
。
Unlike most other
mergers
in
the
utility industry,
which
have been driven by the need to save
money and extend
companies’ service
areas, the merger of the nation’s leading
gas company and leading electric
company is intended to
create a huge
network for marketing the utilities in question
as states open their utility markets to
competition.
这句话的
which
不能修饰其紧邻的名词
utility industry
< br>，
必须
跳过介词结构
in…
，修饰核心词
merger
。
In order to protect English
manufacturers of woolen goods
against
both American and Irish competition, England
passed the Woolens
Act
of
1698,
which
prohibited the
export of woolen cloth beyond a
colony's borders.
这里的
which
不能修饰紧邻的
1698
，必须跳过介词结
构
of
1968
修饰前面的核心词<
/p>
act
。
One pervasive theory explains the
introduction of breakfast
cereals in
the early 1900s as a
result
of the growing number
of automobiles,
which
led to a decline in
horse ownership
and a subsequent grain
glut
Glut n.
（商品）供过于求；大量
The
Forbidden
City
in
Beijing,
from
which
the
emperors
ruled by heavenly
mandate, was a site which no commoner
or
foreigner
could
enter
without
permission,
on
pain
of
death.
有人这里会说这不是
A
of B
，
which
吗？
which
应该紧邻修饰
啊？
其实不然，因为
of
1968
和前面的那些
A of B
实
际上用
法不一样，这里是表示时间而不是
“
从属关系
”
。这个时间应
该归在介
词结构一类，所以要跳过。
on pain of
违者以
…
论处
OG12SC107
Originally developed for detecting air
pollutants, a
technique
called proton-induced X-ray emission,
which
can
quickly
analyze the chemical elements in almost any
substance without destroying it, is
finding uses in medicine,
archaeology,
and criminology.
(A)
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants,
a
technique called proton-induced X-ray
emission,
which
can
quickly analyze the chemical elements
in almost any
substance without
destroying it,
(B)
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants,
having
the ability to analyze the
chemical elements in almost any
substance without destroying it, a
technique called
proton-induced X-ray
emission
(C) A technique
originally developed for detecting air
pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray
emission,
which
can
quickly analyze the chemical elements
in almost any
substance without
destroying it,
(D) A
technique originally developed for detecting air
pollutants, called proton-induced X-ray
emission,
which
has
the ability to analyze the chemical
elements in almost any
substance
quickly and without destroying it,
(E) A technique that was originally
developed for detecting
air pollutants
and has the ability to analyze the chemical
elements in almost any substance
quickly and without
destroying the
substance, called proton- induced X-ray
emission,
答案（
A
）
答案中
which
发生跳跃指代，
而且
emission
不处于介词短语
中，这句话的
which
不能修饰其紧邻的
名词
emission
，必须
跳过分词
修饰结构
called …
，修饰核心词
technique
。
注
意
这
不
是
SVO,which
指
代
S
了
而
是
called
proton-induced X-ray
emission
分词形式做后置修饰定语。
GWD-10-Q2: GWD-11-10
Marconi’s conception of the
radio was as a substitute for the
telephone, a tool for private
conversation; instead, it is
precisely
the opposite, a tool for communicating with a
large, public audience.
A,
Marconi’s conception of
the radio was as a substitute for
the
telephone, a tool for private conversation;
instead, it is
B,Marconi conceived of
the radio as a substitute for the
telephone, a tool for private
conversation, but
which is
C,Marconi conceived of the radio as a
tool for private
conversation that
could substitute for the telephone;
instead, it has become
D,Marconi conceived of the radio to be
a tool for private
conversation, a
substitute for the telephone,
which has
become
E,Marconi
conceived of the radio to be a substitute for the
telephone, a tool for private
conversation, other than what
it is,
答案为
C
。
B
为啥不好？
因为选
B
会
有
which
修饰
telephone
的错误，
which
应该修饰
radio
的。虽然
which
可以跳跃，
但是
逻辑上都可以完成从句动作的时候，<
/p>
应该是就近优先的
，
即使逻辑上完成不了
从句的动作，
跳跃也难
保不会被判错，所以
尽可能不跳跃修饰
。
GMAT
题干
中曾经用到可以跳跃的
which
，
w
hich
跳跃是可
以接受的，
但是正确
选项中很少出现过
which
跳跃修饰的情况，
几乎都被其他结构替代了，
这说明如
果有可以替代的正
确选项，那么尽量不要选跳跃修饰的
which
，因为可能
有歧义
。
C
可以避免歧义，
it
一般不指代介词短语中
的名词，
优先指代主语，
如果主语是人或者复数不能指代，
则指代宾语
，我不知道这题的
radio<
/p>
还算不算宾语，但是至少你读出这个句子的时候，它确实相当于
一
个宾语，至少算一个核心词。
目前
只见过
A of B/A in
B
，
which
可以指代
A
，主要都发生在介词短语中。
A
< br>选项可以我理解是因为
CALLED
从句表达的只是
tech
的另一个名字而已，
本质上是同一
东西，
指代谁逻辑上都没有歧义。
目
前
我找到的
which
强悍地跳跃，
无视
前面的名词的非常少，
而且基本都不出现在选项中，
都是未画线
部分。
但是，
可以跳跃不是意味着必定
跳跃，
当
which
前面有很多个名词
的时候，
不是只要有一个正
确，
whi
ch
就会自动地正确地指代到那个词的。相反，
GMAT
会优先判断这是修饰混乱。所以，最好
不要有跳跃指代，如果非跳不可
，最好是使用单复数区分
which
的指代词。
归纳一下，会发现
which
之所以要跳过介词结构是因为：其
原本应该紧邻所修饰的核心名词，但是因为
which
的内容太
长，而介词、分词等修饰结
构又很短，所以把
which
结构后
置
了。
3
、
特别情况
A and B,
which
这个
which
到底修饰谁呢？是
A
？是
B
？还是
A and
B
？
我觉得这里正确修饰方法的原则只有一个：没有歧义。
如果
A and B
中的
B
为复数
（
Bs
）
，
which
后面动词
也是复数，
which
指代会有歧义，让人不知道
which
到底指的是什么。
As and Bs, which are
(which
指
Bs?
或
which
指
As and
Bs
？
)
A and Bs,
which are (which
指
Bs
？或
which
指
A and
Bs
？
)
下面情况没有歧义：
如果
A
和
B
都是单数，
which
后面动词复数，
没有歧义，
which
修饰
A and
B
。
如果
B
是单数
（不管
A
是单数还是复数）
，
which
后面
动词也
是单数，没有歧义，
which
修饰
B
。
如
果
B
是复数（不管
A
< br>是单数还是复数）则必须要用
which
togeth
er
，没有歧义，这时
which
修饰
A and Bs
。
举两个例子：
The human
nervous system bears a superficial resemblance
to a telephone system both because the
former carries
information in the form
of electrical impulses and because
all
of its neural pathways converge in
the
brain and spinal
cord, which together
form a kind of central exchange.
Unlike the
shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which
were
capable of carrying
sufficient power in fuel cells and
batteries for their short flights, a
permanently orbiting space
station will
have to generate its own electricity.
其
实
which
的指代问题肯定不会只有这些，而且最准确判断<
/p>
which
指代的方法是通过句子的逻辑意思，但是在实战中有<
/p>
个别
GMAT
题目的很难判断本意，所以
准备写大方向性的小
结还是必要的。
OG12-SC10
10.
Carnivorous
mammals
can
endure
what
would
otherwise be lethal
levels of body heat because they have a
heat-exchange network which kept the
brain from getting
too hot.
(A) which kept
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