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高中英语语法之省略
英语中省略现象
较为普遍，
对省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。
句子成分的省略
，
可分为以
下几种情况：
为了使话说得简明扼要，
英语句子中某个单词、
短
语甚至从句或主句都可以省去。
Ⅰ、状语从句中的省略用法
一、
如果从句的主语和主句的主语一
致，
且从句的谓语含有
be
动词的某种
形式
（
am/is/are/was/were
）
，可同时省略从句的主语和
be
动词的某种形式。
1
、
whe
n
，
while
引导的时间状语从句<
/p>
e.g. Do be careful when (you
are) crossing the street.
When/While (I was) on my
way to work, I met her.
2
、
if<
/p>
，
unless
，
once
引导的条件状语从句
e.g. If (it is) properly treated, waste
will do no harm to the environment.
I’ll not go to
the party unless (I am) invited.
Once (you are) caught stealing in a
supermarket, you will be punished.
3
、
tho
ugh
，
although
，
whether
，
no matter whe
ther/what/how/who
等引导的
让步状语从句<
/p>
e.g. He was happy,
though/although (he was) poor.
Whether (she is) sick or well, she is
always cheerful.
No
matter
how/However
hard
the
task
(is),
we
must
fulfill
it
in
time.
（
注
：<
/p>
从句的主语和主句的主语不一致时，
只省略从句中的
be
动词形式）
4
、
as
if
，
as
though
引导的方式状语从句
e.g. He rubbed his eyes and yawned as
if/though (he was) waking up after a
long sleep.
He stood up as
if/though (he wanted) to
leave.
（
as if/though + to
do
表示
一个将来的动作）
二、
than
，
as
引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法
：当不同的主语进行比较时，
一般省略从句中的谓语；当从句中的主语与谓语（
be
动词除外）和主句中
的主语与谓语相同
时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较部分。
e.g. He is taller than his brother
(is).
I
have as much as confidence in you as (I have
confidence) in him.
三、
以
if
从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法
：通常省略了
it is
，
that
is
，
there
is/are
。
e.g. If
(it is) possible/necessary, this old temple will
be rebuilt.
If (that is) so, I will
call you back at 5:00 pm.
There are only
a few books in our school library, if (there are)
any.
Ⅱ、定语从句中的省略用法
关系词的省略
:
关系代词
that<
/p>
，
which
，
whom
等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且
不位于介词之后时，
可以省略；
in which
或
that
在先行词
way
后作方式状语从句
时可省略。
e.g. The man (that/who/whom) you
visited last night is my grandpa.
I
don’t like the way (in which/that) you treat the
girl.
Ⅲ、虚拟语气中
if
及
should
的省略
1
、
当条件状语从句中有
were
，
had
，
should
等时省略
if
，把它们提至句首，形
成倒装句。
e.g. If I were a teacher, I would
be strict with my students.
= Were I a teacher, I would
be strict with my students.
2
、
Sug
gest
，
insist
，
order
，
require
等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的从句
中，谓语动词常用
―should+
动词原形
‖
，
should
可以省略。
e.g. The doctor suggested that he
(should) try to lose weight.
Ⅳ、不定式符号
to
的省略
1
、
感官动
词
see
，
hear
< br>，
feel
，
watch
等和使役动词
have
，
make
，
let
等后接不定
式作宾语时，
不定式省略
to
。
(
一感
feel,
二听
hear, listen to,
三让
have, let,
make,
四看
see, look at,
observe, watch)
2
、
do
nothing but
，
can’t help but
等结构常接省略
to
的不定式。
E.g. We didn’t do anything but
stay at home watching TV yesterday.
Hearing the news, she couldn’t help but
cry.
3
、
在特定
语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在
want
，
wish
，
hope
，
try
，
plan
，
like
，
love
，
hate
后往往只保留
to
，而省略后面的动词。但
不定式
后有
be
，
have
时，也保留
be
和
have
。
E.g. My parents encouraged me to go to
college, but I didn’t want to.
< br>Ⅴ、
So
和
not
的替代性省略
用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，替
代词
so/not
替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。
可与
believe
，
do
，
expect
，
fear
，
guess
，
hope
，
say
，<
/p>
speak
，
suppose
，
think
，
I’m
afraid
等连用
e.g.
–
Do you
suppose he is going to attend the meeting?
–
I suppose not.
Ⅵ、日常交际中的省略
在情景会话中
，
答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、
谓语或宾语部分，
而只保留对方希望了
解的内容。在复合句或并列句中，也有省略主、谓
、宾的情况。
e.g.
–
How many copies do you
want?
-- (I
want) Three copies, please.
-- Have you
ever been to the Great Wall?
-- No, (I have) never (been to the
Great Wall).
省略句练习
1. When
first ________ to the market, these products
enjoyed great success. (NMET
2004
全国卷
II)
A. introducing
B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2.
It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when
________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET
2004
全国卷
IV)
A.
questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D.
to be questioned
3. The man we followed
suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether
he was going
in the right direction.
(NMET 2003
安徽春
)
A. seeing B.
having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4.
Generally
speaking,
________
according
to
the
directions,
the
drug
has
no
side
effect.
(NMET2003
上海卷
)
A.
when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when
to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should
remain silent at the conference. (NMET
2003
上海
春
)
A.
invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having
invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be
open to the public next year. (NMET
2002
上海春
)
A. completed B. completing C. being
completed D. to be completed
7. Though
________ money, his parents man-aged to send him
to university. (NMET
2002
上
海卷
)
A.
lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8.
The research is so designed that once ________
nothing can be done to change it. (NMET
2002)
A. begins B. having begun
C. beginning D. begun
9.
—
You 're always working.
Come on, let's go shopping.
—
________ you ever want to do is going shopping.
(NMET 2002
北京、安徽、内蒙古春
)
A.
Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the
reason ________ at the meeting for his
carelessness in his work?(NMET
2002
上海春
)
A. he explained
B.
what he explained
C. how he explained
D.
why he explained
11. What surprised me was
not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET
2004
湖北卷
)
A. the way B.
in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12.
It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is
a hammer and some nails. (NMET
2004
天津卷
)
A. Something B.
All C. Both D. Everything
13.
That's
an
unpleasant
thing
to
say
about
your
father
after
________
he's
done
for
you.
(NMET
2004
全国卷
)
A. something B.
anything C. all D. that
14.
As you've never been there before, I'll have
someone ________ you the way. (MET
1990
上海
卷
)
A.
to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15.
—
I'll be away on a business
trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
—
Not at all, ________ .
(NMET 1995)
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C.
I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16.
—
Does your
brother intend to study German?
—
Yes, he intends ________ .
(NMET 1998
上海卷
)
A. / B. to C.
so D. that
17.
—
Would you
like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
—
________ . (NMET
1999
上海卷
)
A. Yes, I'd
like to go to the Grand Theatre
B. I'd like to,
but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't
D.
That's right
18.
—
You should
have thanked her before you left.
—
I
meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't
find her anywhere. (NMET
2000
北
京春招卷
)
A.
to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
19. ________ it rain tomorrow, we would
have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
(NMET
1994
上海卷
)
A.
Were B. Should C. Would D. Will
20. ________
for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the
films so often. (NMET
1995
上海卷
)
A. If it is not
B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
21. I will know what was on
his mind at the time, nor will ________ . (NMET
2004
江苏卷
)
A. anyone B.
anyone else C. no one D. no one else
22. Of the
making of good books there is no end; neither
________ any end to their influence
on
man's lives. (NMET 2004
广东卷
)
A.
there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
23.
—
I would never come to this
restaurant again. The food is terrible!
—
________ . (NMET
2004
全国卷
III)
A. Nor am I B.
Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I
Keys:
1
—
5 BCDBA
6
—
10 AADCA
11
—
15 AACBD
16
—
20 BBBBC
21
—
23 BCB
1.
省略主语，主谓语或谓语的一部分
a.
主语
例句
: 1 (I)Beg your pardon.
2 (It)Sounds
like a good idea.
b.
主谓语或谓语的一部分
例句
: 1(Is there)Anything I
can do for you?
2(Is) Anybody here?
2.
不定式符号
to
的省略
3.
不定式结构中动词的省略
例句
: 1 A:Would you like to
come to the paety?
B:I'd love to(come to the
party.)
do not visit their
parentys as much as they ought to(visit their
parents).
4.
状语从句中的省略
状语从句的省略有以下几种情况：
（
1
）
在状语从句中主语与主句的主语一致，同时从句中又含有动词
be<
/p>
则通常可省去
从句中的主语和动词
be<
/p>
，留下其余部分。
stood at
the gate as if
（
she was
）
waiting for someone.
她站在门口好像在等
人。
e.g
．
2.
Don
’
t speak until
（
you are
）
spoken to.
有人对你说话时你才说。
e.g.3
.Be careful while
（
you
are
）
crossing the road.
过马路时要当心。
e.g.4
.When (it is) heated, ice can turn into water.
冰经过加热能变成水。
（
2
）若状语从句中主语是
it
，动词是系动词
be
，则通常可
省去主语
it
及系动词
be
，留
下其余部分。
e.g.1. Though
(it was) cold
，
he still wore
a shirt
．天气虽然冷，他还穿一件衬衫。
e.g.2. Come tomorrow if (it is)
possible
．可能的话就明天来吧。
e.g.3. If (it is)
so
，
you must get back and get
it
．
如果这样的话，
你必须回去把它
拿来。
e.g.4.I
’
11 buy a
TV set if (it is)
necessary
．如有必要，我就买一台电视机。
（
3
）
状语从句中的
部分内容若与主句的部分内容相同，
可将从句中的此部分内容省去。
e.g. He has
no money
．
If (he has)
any
，
he will give us
．他没有钱，如果有，他会给我
们的。
让我们先看下面几道历年高考试题：
______, the museum will be
open to the public next year.
A.
completed
B.
completing
C.
being
completed
D.
to
be
< br>completed(2002
年上海春季试题
)
答案：
A
。
分析：
When completed,
是时间状语从句的省略，其之间省略了
it is,
原
句可变为：
When
it
is
completed,
the
museum
will
be
open
to
the
public
next
year.
______
to
speak,
you
should
remain
silent
at
the
conference.
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