-
开封沿途英语导游词
Situated ten kilometers
south of the Huanghe River (Yellow River),
the city of Kaifeng
covers
an area of
359 square Kilometers and
has a
population
of
530,000. It is smooth in terrain,
stretching as far as the eye
can see.
Kaifeng
has
a
mild
temperate
monsoon
climate.
The
annual
mean
temperature is
14.4
℃
with
a
fairly
large
annual
temperature
difference.
Kaifeng is a
city under the jurisdiction of Henan Province.
It was one of
the
8
major
ancient
capitals
of
China
(the
other
7
being
Xian,
Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing,
Hangzhou
，
Anyang and
Zhengzhou).
The
city
of
Kaifeng
was
already
in
existence
before
700
B.C.
During
the
period of Warring States
more than 2,000 years ago, King Hui of the State
of Wei moved his capital to Kaifeng,
rebuilt the city and called it Daliang.
Since then, Kaifeng is the capital of
several dynasties.
As an ancient capital,
Kaifeng has a lot of historical relics and scenic
spots. Some of them have been
preserved, such as the
iron
Pagoda
,
Po
Pagoda
,
Xiangguo
Monastery
,
Dragon
Pavilion
,
Terrace of King Yu
and
Yanqing Taoist
Temple
. They are precious heritages of
the Chinese
culture.
There will be more
surprises waiting for you in Kaifeng. When you
still lost in the folk customs of the
Song Dynasty, you are unexpectedly in
series
of
carefully
arranged
performances.
Look!
Isn't
that
Bao
Zheng
coming, who is well
known for his fairness in settling lawsuits? Isn't
that
Li Shishi who is telling her love
to her loved one? Isn't that
Outlaws of
the Marsh
who are robbing
the court to rescue Song Jiang?
You may take
part in an imperial examination of the Song
dynasty
and
become
the
number
One
Scholar;
Maybe
you
can
get
the
embroidered ball and
become the son-in-law of Ministry Councilor Wang.
You must get on board the imperial
ship, singing loudly the song of the
boat trackers on the Bian River; and
enjoy the glamour of walks on stilts
Today,
fundamental
changes
have
taken
place
and
remarkable
achievements have been made. The city
itself has also been enlarged.
Kaifeng
Kaifeng
was
the
provincial
capital
until
superseded
(1954)
by
Zhengzhou.
Area 6,444 km?
Population
4.8 million
Kaifeng, formerly known as Bianliang
(Chinese:
汴梁
) or Bianjing
(Chinese:
汴京
),
is
a
prefecture-
level
city
in
eastern
Henan
province,
People's
Republic
of
China.
Located
along
the
southern
bank
of
the
Yellow River, it borders
the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the west,
Xinxiang to the northwest, Shangqiu to
the east, Zhoukou to the southeast,
Xuchang to the southwest, and the
province of Shandong to the northeast.
Administration
The
prefecture-
level
city
of
Kaifeng
administers
5
districts
and
5
counties.
Gulou
District
(
鼓楼区
)
Longting
District
(
龙亭区
)
Nanguan
District
(
南关区
) Jiao District
(
郊区
) Shunhe Hui District
(
顺河回族区
)
Weishi
County
(
尉氏县
)
Qi
County
(
杞县
)
Tongxu
County
(
通许县
)
Lankao County
(
兰考县
) Kaifeng County
(
开封县
)
History
The famous
painting Qingming Scroll is believed by some to
portray
daily life in Kaifeng. The
painting, of which several versions are extant,
is attributed to the Song Dynasty
(960-1279) artist Zhang g
is one of the
Eight Ancient Capitals of China.
In
364
BC,
the
state
of
Wei
during
the
Warring
States
Period
founded a city called Daliang as its
capital in this area. During this period,
the first of many canals in the area
was constructed; it linked a local river
to
the
Huang
He.
When
the
State
of
Wei
was
conquered
by
the
Qin,
Kaifeng
was
destroyed
and
abandoned
except
for
a
mid-sized
market
town, which remained
in its place.
Early
in
the
7th
century,
Kaifeng
was
transformed
into
a
major
commercial hub when it was connected to
the Grand Canal as well as a
canal
running to western Shandong Province.
In
781
(Tang
Dynasty),
a
new
city
was
reconstructed
and
named
Bian
(
汴
).
Bian
was
the
capital
of
the
Later
Jin
(936-946),
Later
Han
(947-950), and Later
Zhou (951-960) of the Five Dynasties Period.
The Song
Dynasty made Bian its capital when it overthrew
the Later
Zhou in 960, and shortly
afterward, they further expanded the
the
Song
Dynasty,
Kaifeng
was
the
capital
with
a
population
of
over
400,000, living both
inside and outside the city wall. Typhus was an
acute
problem of the city.
The Iron Pagoda, or Youguo
Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 AD
during the Song Dynasty. In 1049,
Youguosi Pagoda (
佑國寺塔
), or
Iron
Pagoda (
鐵塔
)
as it is called today, was constructed, which
measures 54.7
m
in
height.
It
has
survived
the
destruction
of
wars
and
floodings
and
become the oldest landmark in this
ancient city. Another Song Dynasty
pagoda,
Bo
Ta
(
繁塔
),
from
974,
has
been
partially
destroyed.
Another
well-known
sight
was
the
astronomical
clock
tower
of
the
engineer,
scientist, and
statesman Su Song (1020-1101 AD). It was crowned
with a
rotating armillary sphere that
was hydraulic-powered (i.e. by waterwheel
and clepsydra clock), yet it
incorporated an escapement mechanism two
hundred
years
before
they
were
found
in
clockworks
of
Europe,
and
featured the first known endless power-
transmitting chain drive.
Kaifeng reached its peak of importance
in the 11th century, when it
was a
commercial and industrial center at the
intersection of four major
canals.
During this
time,
the
city
was
surrounded by
three rings of
city
walls and probably had a
population of 600,000 to 700,000.
It
is
believed
that
Kaifeng
was
the
largest
city
in
the
world
from
1013 to 1127. This period ended in
1127, when the city fell to Jurchen
invaders (see Jingkang Incident)and
came subsequently under the rule of
the
Jin
Dynasty.
While
it
remained
an
important
administrative
center,
only
the
city
area
inside
the
inner
city
wall
of
the
early
Song
Dynasty
remained settled and the two outer
rings were abandoned.
Kaifeng served as the Jurchen's
sources say 1161) and was reconstructed
during this time.[2][3] But they
kept
their main capital further north, until 1214, when
they were forced to
move
the
imperial
court
southwards
to
Kaifeng
in
order
to
flee
the
Mongol
onslaught.
In
1234
they
succumbed
to
combined
Mongol
and
Song Dynasty forces.
Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered
all of China.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in
1368, Kaifeng was made
the capital of
Henan Province.
In
1642,
Kaifeng
was
flooded
by
the
Ming
army
with
water
from
Yellow River to prevent the peasant
rebel Li Zicheng from taking over.