-
有答案的
第一部分
选择题
41
、
Explain how the inventory
of sounds can change,
giving
some examples in
English for
illustration.
42
、
Briefly discuss the
individual factors which affect
the
acquisition of
a second language.
英语语言学试题（
2
）
五、论述题
(
每小题
10
分，共
20
分
)
rase each of
the following sentences in two
different ways to show the syntactic
rules account for the
ambiguity of
sentences.
(1)The shooting of the hunters might be
terrible.
(2)He saw young
men and women present.
(3)They were surprised at the
president's appointment.
the meaning of the following affixes
and give
each affix two
examples.
re-
un-
anti-
super-
-wise
-itis
-ize
-age
英语语言学试题（
3
）
Ⅴ
.Answer the
following questions.(10%
×
2=20%)
n with examples the
three notions of phone,
phoneme and
allophone, and also how they are
related.
英语语言学试题（
5
）
五、论述题
(
第
41
、
42
小题各
7
分，第
43
小题
6
分，共
20
分
)
41.
Under what
conditions will two sounds be assigned to
the same phoneme?
42. For the
following sentence,
reveal
its underlying structure.
The girl ate the orange.
draw a tree diagram to
43. Study the
passage taken from Shakespeare
’
s HAMLET
below carefully
and identify every difference in
expression
between
Elizabethan and Modern English that is
evident.
King: Where is
Polonius?
Hamlet: In
heaven,
Send thither to
see.
If your
messenger find him not there,
seek him i
’
the other place yourself.
But indeed, if you find him not
within
this month, you shall
nose him as you
go up the
stairs into the lobby.
Act
IV,
Scene iii
英语语言学试题（
6
）
41.
The
phonological features that occur above the level
of
individual sounds are called
suprasegmental features.
Discuss the
main suprasegmental features, illustrating with
examples how they function in the
distinction of meaning.
42.
Explain and
give examples to show in what way
componential analysis is similar to the
analysis of
phonemes into distinctive
features.
英语语言学试题（
7
）
五、论述题（每小题
10
分，共
20
分）
1.
Comment on the following conversation
in terms
of Grice
’
s Cooperative Principle:
A: Where
’
ve you
been?
B: Out.
2.
Analyse the following words and show
how many
morphemes each of them
contains:
specialize ,
indisputable, individualistic, downfall,
unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness
(
每个
语素
0. 5
分
)
英语语言学试题（
8
）
语言学试题
)
do we say tree
diagrams are more advantageous
and informative than linear structure
in analyzing the
constituent
relationship among linguistic elements?
Support your statement with
examples.
be the
process of language perception,
comprehension and production
英语语言学试题（
9
）
语言学试题及参考答案
41.
Explain
sociological triggers for language change
by giving a typical example in the
history of English.
42.
Explain
briefly the four main individual
learner factors that affect a learner's
acquisition of a
second language.
语言学试题参考答案
一、
单项选择题（本大题共
10
小题，每小题
2
分，共
20
分）
1
、
C
2
、
C
3
、
D
4
、
D
5
、
D
6
、
B
7
、
B
8
、
C
9
、
A 10
、
D
二、填空题（本大题共
10
小题，每小题
1
分，共
11
、
knowledge
12
、
bilabial
13
、
morphology
14
、
sentence
15
、
complete
16
、
representatives
17
、
coinage
18
、
delete
分）
10
19
、
critical
20
、
interlanguage
三、判断改错题（本大题共
10
小题，每小题
2
分，共
20
分）
21
、
F
Actually modern
linguistics lays
emphasis on
the
for
a
more spoken form of
language than
the
written form
number of reasons.
22
、
F
Voicing
distinguishes
Chinese.
meaning
in
English
but
not
in
23
、
F
The meaning of some compound words has
nothing to
do with the sum
total of the meanings of their components,
such as the compound
24
、
F
Apart
from
S and
C,
they
also
refer
to a word,
or
a
phrase that performs a
particular grammatical function.
25
、
F
Dialectal
synonyms can often be found not only in different
regional dialects such as British
English and American English
but also
within the variety itself. For example, within
British
English,
is called
26
、
T
27
、
T
28
、
F
They
have
a
fairly
clear
fairly
clear
functional
differentiation, i.e. one language may
be used in some
domains, other language
in other domains.
29
、
F
The true statement is
the
Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis,
language
determines
speakers' perceptions and patterns
their way of life
30
、
T
四、名词解释题（本大题共
10
小题，每小题
3
分，共
30
分）
31
、
One of the major defining features of human
language.
Human
language
consists
of
two
levels.
At
the
lower
level,
there are a limited number of sounds
which are meaningless
while
at
the
higher
level
there
are
an
unlimited
number
of
combinations
of
these
sounds.
It
is
also
known
as
double
articulation.
32
、
Linguistics that studies language over a period of
time,
also known as historical
linguistics, study of
the Chinese language since the end of
the Qing dynasty
up to the
present.
33
、
A way
to
transcribe
speech
sounds.
The
basic
principle is to use one letter to
indicate one sound. It is
generally
used
in
dictionaries
and
language
teaching
textbooks.
34
、
The rules that govern
which affix can be added to
what type of stem to form a
new word, e.g.-ly can be added to
a
noun to form an adjective.
35
、
a rewrite rule that allows
for the possible combinations
of words
to form phrases and sentences
36
、
Relational
opposites,
a kind of
antonyms,
refer to
pairs of words that exhibit the
reversal of a relationship
between
the two
items.
For
example,
and
37
、
Componential
analysis is
a
structural
semanticists
way
proposed by
the
The
to analyze
word
meaning.
approach
is based upon the belief that the meaning of
a
word can be dissected into
meaning components, called
semantic
analyzed
features.
For
example,
as
the
word
of
comprising
+HUMAN
,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.
38
、
Context is
regarded
as constituted by
all
kinds of
knowledge
assumed
to
be
shared
by
the
speaker
and
the hearer,
For example, the knowledge of the
language
used
and
the
knowledge
of
the
world,
including
the
general
knowledge
knowledge
about
the
world
and
the
specific
the
situation
about
in
which
linguistic
communication is taking
place.
39
、
A euphemism
is
a mild, indirect
or less
offensive
word or expression
that replaces a taboo word or serves
to
avoid
more
direct
wording
that
might
be
harsh,
unpleasantly
direct,
or offensive,
e.g.
away
< br>for
40
、
Brain
lateralization
refers
cognitive
hemisphere
and
perceptual
brain.
to the
localization
in
of
functions
For
a
particular
the
right
of
the
example,
hemisphere processes stimuli more
holistically and the
left
hemisphere
more
analytically.
In
most
people,
the
left hemisphere has primary
responsibility for language,
while the right
skills.
hemisphere
controls
visual
and spatial
五、论述题（本大题共
2
小题，每小题
10
分，共
20
分）
41
、
The inventory of sounds
can change, and sound
changes include
changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound
addition, and sound
movement.
1)
Vowel
sound
change:
English
has
undergone
the
systematic and regular change in the
vowel sounds, known as
the Great Vowel
shift which occurred at the end of the Middle
English
period
and
which
involved
seven
long,
or
tense
vowels. These changes led to one
of the major discrepancies
between the phonemic
representations of
words and morphemes, i.e. between
pronunciation and the spelling system
of Modern
English,
→
/fi:v/(Middle
English)
→
/faiv/(Modern English)
2)
Sound loss:
Sounds can change by the loss of
phonemes. In the history of English the
velar fricative /x/
was
lost. This sound existed in Old English, so
pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern
English, its pronunciation
is
/nait/.
3) Sound
addition: Sound addition includes the gain
or
insertion of a
sound. For example, the word leisure was
borrowed from French, so the phoneme
/3/ was added
to
the inventory of English sounds. A change that
involves the
insertion of a consonant
or vowel sound to
the middle of a word is known as
epenthesis, --
spindle.
4)
Sound movement: Sound change as a
result of sound
movement known as
metathesis involves a reversal in position
of two adjoining sound segments.
Metathesis is
less common,
but it does exist. In some dialects of English,
for
example, the word ask is pronounced
/? ks/.
Also,
bridd (
is
an
Old
English
word.
When
metathesis
occurred to this word, the movement of
/r/ sound to the right of
the vowel
sound resulted in its
Modern English counterpart
评分标准：满分为
10
分，总论及四小点各占
2
分。
42
、
The acquisition of a
second language is dependent
on a
combination
success
in
experience
by individual
of
factors.
The
rate
not
only
and
ultimate
by
learners'
SLA
are
affected
with
optimal input
and
instruction,
but
also
learner
factors.
The
learner
factors
that
have captured the attention of SLA
researchers
include age, motivation,
acculturation, and personality:
1)
Age The optimum age for SLA does not
always accord
with the maxim of
has been demonstrated that
adolescents are quicker and
more
effective L2 learners than young children. The
early
teenagers are good L2 learners
because their flexibility of the
language acquisition faculty has not
been completely lost and
their
cognitive skills have developed considerably to
facilitate
the processing of linguistic
features of a new language.
2)
Motivation
Adults
are
motivated
to
learn
a
second
language
because
of
a
communicative
need.
If
the
learners
have
a
strong
instrumental need to
learn a
second
language
or have a strong interest in the way of
life of native speakers of the language
they are learning,
they are most likely
to succeed.
3)
Acculturation The more a learner
aspires to acculturate to
the community
of the target language, the further he or she
will progress along the developmental
continuum.
4)
Personality The generally outgoing
adult learners
learn
more
quickly
and therefore
are more
successful
than
the generally reserved ones.
英语语言学试题（
2
）
参考答案
一、单项选择题
(
每小题
2
分，共
20
分
)
1.B
6.A
2.D
7.B
3.D
8.C
4.D
9.A
5.B
10.B
二、填空题
(
每空
1
分，共
10
分
)
question
groups
ce
meaning
ot
ess
voiced
voiced
三、判断说明题
(
每小题
2
分，共
20
分
)
16.T
17.F(Sense
and referenc
e
?
)
18.F(scientific
study of language)
19.F(finite verb
?
)
20.F(diachronic)
21.F(no value judgement)
22.T
23.T
24.F(morpheme)
25.F(one of the parts)
四、名词解释
(
每小题
3
分，共
30
分
)
study of language as a whole is often called
general
linguistics.
phonemic features that occur above the level
of
the segments.
base form of a word; the existing form
to which
a derivational
affix can be added.
sentence
structure
that
groups
words
into
structural
constituents and shows the syntactic
categories
of each
structural constituent, such as NP and
VP
words
of a language
.
are labels of
the objects
they stand for; a linguistic form is
linked through concepts
to
what it refers to.
not say
what you believe to be false or without
adequate evident; Avoid obscurity of
expression and ambiguity,
be brief and
orderly.
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