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大学英语形容词和副词

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2021-02-13 21:54
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2021年2月13日发(作者:qna)


形容词和副词



I. Classification


常见形容词后缀:



1


.-


able




able”


结尾的形容词一般有两种情况:



< br>1



v.


able→le


(可以依靠的)



drinkable


(可以饮用的





eatable


(可食用的)





2

< p>


n.



able→ad j.



valuable


(有价值的 ),


reasonable




有道理的),


comfortable


(舒< /p>


适的)。



2


.-


ible

terrible,horrible,invisible,possible




3


.-


al


actual,general,international,medical,me ntal,moral,natural,official,several,special,usual< /p>





这类形< /p>


容词大部分没有比较级和最高级)



4


.-


ant





ant”

后缀的形容词其相应名词往往是-


ance


或-

< p>
ancy


后缀。



ins tant(instance),distant(distance),important(importa nce),brilliant(brilliancy),constant(constancy),


pleasant




5


.-


ent


absent(absence),different(difference),excellent(e xcellence),patient(patience),present(presence).


6


.-


ar


popular,particular,regular




7


.-


ary


contrary,necessary,ordinary,primary,revolutionary




8


.-


ed


connected,discouraged,disappointed,engaged,excited ,interested,limited,married,pleased,tired,unite


d,used


(习惯的),


worried, wounded




9


.-


en



1




-< /p>


en”


跟在一些物质名词之后构成形容词,表示

< br>“


材料




质地



,如

wooden,golden,earthen






2





en”


也可加 在一些不规则动词之后形成形容词。这些形容词实际上是由过去分词转


换而来的。



例如:


spoken,written,s tricken,mistaken




10



ern


,加在表示方位的名词之后,表示


“……


(方位)的





eastern ,southern,western,northern


等。



11


.-


ese


,加在国名、地名之后构成相应形容词。例如:


Chinese,Japanese.


12


.-


ful


这一后缀有两种情况:



< p>
1


)加在名词之后,表示



充满


……







……


性质的



,如


beautiful,c olourful,helpful,powerful,successful,useful,wonder ful





2


)加在动词之后,所构成的形容词意为


易于


……



,如


forgetful



reg retful


13


.-


ic


常常加在名词或依附于词干后,意为


“……





“……


似 的






……


有关的



等。



Atlantic,electric,arctic, historic,pacific,plastic,public,scientific

< br>。



14



ical,



“ic”


一样附加在名词或词干后构成形容词,


意为


“… …





“… …


似的







……


有关 的



,如


physical,poli tical,practical,technical


等。



注:(


1


)有些形容词的词尾可能是< /p>




ic”


和< /p>




ical”


并存,且可以互相替代,但有时也有区


别。


< br>一般来说,词尾


“ic”


与词根的关系比较密切,而词尾


“ical”


与词根的关系比较含糊,一般作

< br>




……

有关的



解。



an electric light


(电灯),


electrical engineering


(电气工程);


historic


意为



历史上有 名气的




historical


则意为



关于历史的






2


)以


“ic”


结尾的形容词,其相应副 词



则往往是


pacifically ,scientifically




15


.-


ing

例如:


dying,exciting,inspiring,interesti ng,freezing,living




16


.-


ist “

< br>-


ist”


表示


“……


主义的





信仰


……




。该后缀加在名词之后,



communist ,imperialist,Marxist,socialist


< br>


17


.-


ive

< p>
意为


“……







……

< p>
有关的




< p>
具有


……


性质的



等。



native,active,pas sive,attentive,expensive




18


.-


less “



less”


加在名词、动词后,表示










fearless,harmless,useless,helpless,care less





19


.-


ly


加在名词之后构成形容 词。这一词缀的意义有二:




1





……





< p>


……


性质的




friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,o rderly




< br>2





……


为周期的



< br>“



……




hourly,daily,weekly,mont hly,yearly




20


.-(


i



ous


意为



充满


… …





“< /p>


具有


……


特征的



,加在名词、动词和形容词之后。



curious,famous,dangerous,obvious,poisonous,serious ,various




21


.-


some

< br>加在名词、动词之后,表示



使人


……






易于


……






handsome,troub lesome,tiresome




22


.-


ward,


加在名词之后,表示方向,作



……


(方向)的





来自


……


(方向)的



解。



east ward,southward,westward,northward,forward,backward ,inward,outward,upward,downward




注:这些词也可以是副词。如果词尾是


< p>


wards”


时,必然是副词。



23


.-


y,

< p>
加在名词之后,表示



具有


……


特征的





……






funny,lucky,s habby,snowy,thirsty,windy,sunny,rainy,


cloudy,dirty,dusty





介词形容词



1)above


the above sentence




the sentence above(


上面的


)


2)outside


an outside door (


外边的


) , an outside wrapping (


外包装


)


3)in


That s the in place to go now . (


时髦的


)


an in door(


朝里面的


) , the in party(


执政的


)


4)inside


For inside circulation only . (


内部的


)


the inside front( back) (


书等< /p>


)


封面


(



)


的背面


(


里面的


)


5) down


feel down about sth . (


沮丧的


)


6)off


off hours(


业余时间的


) , an off season(


不佳的


) , feel off(


不舒服的


) , an off chance(


极小的


)



复合形容词



hand-made


手工的


new-born


新生的



deaf-mute


聋哑的


absent-minded


漫不经心的




合成形容词



1)


名词



+


形容词


(


形容词



+


名词


)


ice-cold








snow-white,








world-wide,







fire-proof,









home-sick


2)


名词


(


代词


) +


名词



+ -ed


chicken-hearted











apple-shaped












silver-haired



3)


名词


(


代词


) +


现在分词



time- consuming











labor-saving











freedom-loving









trouble-making


4)


名词


(


代 词


) +


过去分词




snow-covered












self-taughthand-written











air-conditioned


5)


形容词


(


数词

) +


名词



second- hand











first-class











deep-sea













part-time



a three-hour flight


?














a three-pound chicken



a two-hundred-metre bridge


?






a five-hundred- word letter


6)



形容 词


(


数词


) +


名词



+ -ed


good-mannered













bad-tempered










open-minded











kind-hearted


7)



形容词



+


现在分词



good ( nice)-looking










easy-going













8)



形容词



+


过去分词


(


有些也可看作是副词



+


过去分词


)


new-built









new-born













9)



副词



+


形容词



all- roundever-green


10)



副词



+


现在分词



ever-lasting













out-going












hard-working












far-seeing



11)



副词



+


过去分词



well-known








well-behaved











badly-wounded












much-needed



12)



动词


(


或过去分词


) +


副词




II functions


1.



作定语



只能用作前置定语



I have the


utmost


respect for her accomplishments.



-er




尾的



形容




,



: elder ( eldest) , inner, other, upper, lower , latter, former ,


outer , hinder , utter , lesser(


也包括



daily, weekly



)




Her elder brother



his former wife



his weekly pay


-en


结尾的形容词


,




: wooden, golden, woolen


a wooden table, a golden watch, a woolen sweater


只能用作后置定语



a-


形容词


afraid, asleep, alone, awake, alive, ashamed


He is the only man awake at that time .


He is the only man alive in the village after the earthquake .


修饰不定代词时



something new nothing interesting


anybody present everything good


形容词短语



Have you found a man suitable for the work ?



-able,-ible


结尾的形容词



available



imagina ble, possible ,visible


There are plenty of jobs available in the area.


Parents encourage every activity imaginable.



前置或后置都可以



a 300-metre high building


a building 300-metre high


a difficult job to do


a job difficult to do



a more complicated problem than the previous one


a problem more complicated than the previous one



so good a chance as not to be missed


a chance so good as not to be missed


2.



只作表语的形容词



well, worth, liable, subject, content, bound, ill, sunk, drunk, sure, unable


等词



The film is worth seeing .



H e is well .



H e is a well man . (



)


She is ill( sick) . (



)


She is a sick person . (



)


She is an ill person . (



)


ill





有害的,不好的



解时


,


可用作前置定语



,




ill luck , ill wind , ill news



英语中有些形容词



,


既可作定语


,


也可作表语


,


但表示的意思往往不同。



比较


:


Her late husband is a scientist . (


已故的


)


She was late for the meeting . (


晚的


)


She had a particular reason for giving up the plan . (


特别的


)


She was very particular about dressing . (


挑剔的


)


The plane is due to arrive at five o clock . ( scheduled)


He handled the matter with due care and attention . ( proper, suitable)


I m glad to go with you . (


高兴的


)


This is a glad day for us . (


令人高兴的


)


I m sorry to have said it . (


抱歉的


)


What a sorry situation ! (


可悲的


)


Her future looks golden . (


光明的


)


the golden sunshine (


灿烂的


)




3


作补语



The news made her very sad .


The bottle was found empty .



III


用法辨析



Considerate, considerable


Economic, economical


Imaginable, imaginative, imaginary


Industrial, industrious


Respective, respectable, respectful, respected


Sensible, sensitive


Sufficient, efficient, proficient


Valuable, valueless, invaluable



Alive, living, live


Continual, continuous, constant


Worth, worthwhile, worthy



The man is rather


childish


.



The girl has a


childlike


love for a doll .


Our college is not


comparable


with yours .


H e is an expert on


comparative


literature .


The children are


healthy


though they all have slight colds at the moment .


The air at seaside is


healthful


to us .


a


later


edition


the


latter


part of the book



This is a very


practical


tool .


Do you think the plan


practicable


?


I am


regretful


for what I have said .


His decision to marry her is most


regrettable.







I.


分类



(1)


时间副词:



now,


then,


soon,


ago,


recently,


lately,


later,


before,


early,


today,



tomorrow,


yesterday,


tonight,


suddenly, immediately, still, already, just


等。



An idea suddenly struck me.



(2)


地点副词:



here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, upstairs, downstairs


等。



I am considering going abroad.



(3)


方式副词(大多以


-ly


结尾):


quietly, heavily, warmly, carefully, happily, politely, angrily


等。




Look at the picture carefully.

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