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《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语
Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy
(
导论—语法层次
)
1. Morpheme
词素
Free morpheme
自由词素
Bound
morpheme
粘附词素
Allomorph
词素变体
2. Parts of speech (word class)
Simple words
简单词
Derivatives
派生词
Compounds
复合词
*(1) Classification in terms of word
formation
Words
词
Noun
Verb
Open-class words (content words)
Adjective
开放词类(实义词)
Adverb
Preposition
Pronoun
Closed-class words
(function words)
Determiner
封闭词类(功能词)
Conjunction
Auxiliary
Numerals
Intermediate class
Interjection
(
中间词类
)
* (2) Classification in
terms of grammatical function
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Adjective phrase
3. Phrases
Adverb phrase
词组
Preposition phrase
Conjunction
(
1
)
Independent clause & Subordinate clause
独立分句和从属分句
(
2
)
Simple clause & Complex clause
(*complex sentence)
简单分句和复杂
分句(
*
复杂句)
4. Clause
(
3
)
Main clause & Subordinate clause
分句
主句和从句
(
4
)
Finite
clause
,
non-finite clause and
Verbless clause
限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句
(1)
Full
sentence &Minor sentence
完全句和不完全句
(2)
Simple sentence,
Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound
5. Sentence
complex sentence
简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句
句子
(3)
Declarative sentence, imperative
sentence, interrogative sentence,
exclamatory sentence
精选
Lecture 1
Sentence Structure
(
L1
)
Sentence elements:
S (subject)
V
(predicate verb)
O (object)
C (complement)
A (Adverbial)
主语
谓语动词
宾语
补足语
状语
1.
Two ways of sentence analysis
1) SVO
Sentence
Clause
NP
VP
NP
Subject
Predicate verb
Object
All the
man
have done
their best.
Sentence =
Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object,
Complement, Adverbial, etc.)
?
句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把
谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。
2)
Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication)
Sentence
Clause
Subject
Predicate
Operator
Predication
All
the man
have
done their
best.
?
句子由主语和谓语构
成,进一步把谓语剖析为操作词(
operator
)和述谓成
分(
predication
)
。
p>
2. Basic clause types
SVC, SV
, SV
A,
SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SV
oO
Lecture 2
Subject-Verb
Concord
(
L2-3
)
Guiding principles:
Grammatical Concord
Notional
Concord
Principle of Proximity
语法一致原则
意义一致原则
就近原则
Nominal clause
Non-finite
clause
Relative clause
Cleft
sentence
名词性分句
非限定分句
关系分句
分裂句
Existential clause
存在句
Lecture 3
Noun and Noun Phrase
(
L4-5
)
1.
Classification of nouns
精选
Partitive (Unit Noun)
单位词
2. Cases of
Nouns
Nominative case / Subjective
case
(主格)
Accusative case / Objective
case
(宾格
)
Genitive
case
(属格
)
/ Possessive
case
(所有格)
Dative
case
(受事格
/
与格)
Independent
Genitive
Genitive case
Double Genitive
Genitive cases specifying the reference
of the noun phrase.
Specific reference
(
特指
)
Generic
reference
(类指)
Indefinite genitive
phrase
(非确定特指)
Lecture 4
Determiner
< br>(
L6-7
)
1.
Definition
Determiners
are
function words
which are
used to determine or fix the reference of a noun.
2.
Classification
精选
3.
Articles
Article is a major
group of determiners used to delimit the scope of
reference of nouns
(
主要用来限
定名词的指称范围
).
*p.74, 7.1.3,
冠词的确定特指(
definite specific
reference
)分为前照应特指(
cataphoric
specific reference
)
、后
照应特指(
anaphoric
specific
reference
)和语境特指(
s
ituational
reference
)
,这与后面的代词照应(
pronoun
reference p.104,
9.3
)在术语上略有不同。
Lecture 5
Pronoun
(
L8-9
)
1. Classification
精选
Antecedent
先行词
2. The use of reflexive pronoun (-self)
3.
Pronoun
reference (
代词照应
)
前照应
(
Cataphoric re
ference
)
、
后照应
(Anaphoric reference)
、
语境照应
(Situational reference)
、
人称照应
(Personal reference)
、指示照应
(Demonstrative reference)
精选
Lecture 6
Verb and Verb Phrase
(
L10-22
)
1.
Classification of verbs
动词分类的标准有很多种,如上图所示,记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物
动词、联系
动词、
助动词、
动态动词、
静态动词、
词组动词、
限定动词、
p>
非限定动词、
不定式,
不带
to
不定式
(
bare in
finitive
)
等等,还有副词
/
介词小品词(
adverb particle &
proposition
particle
)
。
?
Transitive
Verbs
:
followed by objects.
?
Intransitive
verbs
:
do not require an
object.
?
Linking
verbs
:
followed by subject
compliments.
?
SV
O
主
—
动
—<
/p>
宾
(Transitive verb)
(Ditransitive
verb)
【双宾语动词】
(Intransitive verb)
(Linking
verb)
?
SV
oO
主
—
动
< br>—
宾
—
宾
?
SV
主
—
动
?
SVOC
主
—
动
—
宾<
/p>
—
补
(Monotransitive
verb)
【单宾语动词】
?
SVC
主
—
动
—
补
p>
?
This
aspect is of essential importance because the verb
type here determines the basic sentence
structure of your sentence and how you
can expand your sentence.
2. Five forms
of Verbs
(动词的五种基本形式)
原形(
base form
)
、第三人称单数(
third person singular
)
、过去式(
past
tense
)
、
过去分词(
past tense
)<
/p>
、现在分词(
present
participle
)
3.
Tense and aspects
Tense
Aspect
progressive
perfective
Perfective
progressive
Simple present
现在进行体
现在完成体
现在完成进行体
Simple
past
过去进行体
过去完成体
过去完成进行体
精选
Simple future
将来进行体
将来完成体
将来完成进行体
Past
future
过去将来进行体
过去将来完成体
过去将来完成进行体