-
古代和中世纪的英国文学
Literature of the Anglo-Saxon period
—―Beowulf‖(
贝奥武夫
)
English literature began
with the Anglo-
Saxon settlement in
England. ―Beowulf‖ is the
national epic
（史诗
）
of the English people.
The whole epic
consists of over 3000 lines. It describes the
deeds of the Teutonic hero
Beowulf. The poem reflects the feature
of the tribal society of ancient times.
Features of ―Beowulf‖: the
use of alliteration, metaphors and
understatements.
The
Romance
（传奇文学）
The romance was most prevailing kind of
literature in feudal England.
It
was
a
long
composition,
in
verse
（诗）
or
prose
（散文）
,
describing
the
life
and
adventures of the knight.
The theme of loyalty to king and lord
was repeatedly emphasized in romances.
The romance of King
Arthur
（亚瑟王
）
is important in the history
of English literature.
Geoffrey Chaucer
(
杰弗里
.
乔叟）
1
、
Life
：
He
was born in 1343 in died in 1400 and was buried
in Westminster
Abbey
（威斯敏斯特教堂
）
, thus founding the ―Poets
Corner‖
（诗人角）
2
、
―Troilus and Cr
iseyde‖
（特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达
)
：
It is Chaucer‘s longest
c
omplete
poem (about 8000
lines).The story is taken from a poem by Boccacio
(
薄伽丘
).
(
法国诗人
)
3
、
―The Canterbury Tales‖
(1387-
1400)(
坎特伯雷故事集
)
It
is Chaucer‘s masterpiece
and one of the
monumental works in English literature.
Outline of the
Story
——
On a spring evening,
the poet, moved by the passion for wandering,
drops himself at the
Tabard Inn
（小旅馆）
at the south end of
London Bridge. Here he meets
29
pilgrims
（
朝圣者
）
ready for a
journey of 60 miles on horseback to Canterbury. He
joins
this company. At the suggestion
of the host of the inn, they agree to beguile the
journey by
story-telling. Each to tell
2 stories going and 2 returning. The best story-
teller will be treated
with a fine
supper at the general expense at the end. The host
is to be the judge of the contest
The
Prologue
序
——
The
prologue provides a framework for the tales.
It contains a group of
vivid sketches of typical medieval figures.
It provides a
miniature
缩影
of the English
society of Chaucer‘s time.
The Tales
——
Each
of the narrator tells his tale in a peculiar
manner, thus revealing his own
views
and tales of the Knight, the Pardoner, the Nun‘s
Priest and the Wife of
Bath, are
generally regarded as the best of the whole
collection.
Social
Significance
——
In ―The
Canterbury Tales‖, Chaucer created a
strikin
gly brilliant and
picturesque
panorama
（全景
）
of
his
time
and
his
country.
―The
Canterbury
Tales‖
is
permeated
with
buoyant
free-thinking.
Chaucer
believes
in
the
right
of
man
to
earthly
becomes the
forerunner
（先驱者）
of the
Renaissance.
（文艺复兴）
Chaucer’s
contribution
to
English
litera
tu
re
——
Chaucer
made
great
contributions
to
English literature. He is regarded as
the founder
of English poetry and has
been called ―the
founder of English
realism.‖His masterpiece ―The Canterbury Tales‖ is
one of the monumental
works in English
literature
。
He introduced
from France the rhymed stanza of various types,
especially the ―
heroic
couplet
‖(
英雄双韵体
)
to English is the first great poet who
wrote in the English language. He did
much in making the dialect of London the standard
for
the Modern English speech.
The English
Renaissance(Later 15th
-Century
—
Early 17th
-Century)
文艺复兴时期
?
The Background
The
Wars
of Roses
(1455-1485)(
玫瑰之战
)
The
Founding
of
Tudor
Dynasty
（都铎王
朝
）
Henry VIII‘s
Reformation
（亨利八世的改革）
The
English Bible
（圣经
)
The Enclosure
Movement
（
圈地运动）
The
War with Spain
（西班牙之战
)
In 1588,
the
Spanish fleet
―Armada‖
（无敌舰队
）
was defeated by
English fleet
Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (1554-1616)
playwright, poet
No one has
ever excelled
（超越）
Shakespeare in the
writing of dramatic poetry, no one has
challenged his mastery of dramatic
form, his depth of characterization, his
versatility (
多才
多艺
)
in
plot(
情节）
,
theme
（主题）
and
expression
（表达方式）
.
--- G
.L. Evans
One of the most remarkable playwrights
and poets in the world.
? His greatness
depends on his penetrating exposition of human
nature,
1
lively paintings of human
life and truthful
reflections
（真实的反映）
of human reality.
? He is
famous for his character
portrayal
（描绘；画像
）
and plot
construction
（构造
).
? He is a master of English
language.
? He
exerts a great influences on the
writers after him.(
对
…
有影响）
.
一、
Shakespeare’s Literary
Works
His literary works
include 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 7 long poems.
The Great
Tragedies
（四大悲剧）
：
―Hamlet‖
（哈姆雷特）
―Ot
hello‖
（奥赛罗）
, ―King
Lear‖
（李尔王
),
―Macbeth‖(
麦克白）
Hamlet
? The first of his
great tragedies, which is a revenge
story.
? The hypocrisy and
treachery and general cor
ruption at the
royal court has been presented.
?Contrast is an important structural
principle used in the play.
?The revenge theme is interrelated with
the themes of faithlessness, love and
ambition.
King
Lear
---
?The
summit of Shakespeare‘s tragic creation
?
An embodiment
（体现）
of his artistic talents
and deep insight
Great exploration
allegory on the meaning of Nature.
Extremes of human suffering and cruelty
have been presented.
A tragedy of both
an individual and a evils have been attacked and
the newly
rising
conflicts
between
progressive
humanistic
ideas
and
extreme
egoism
（自我主义
）
have been
revealed, for
which he could do nothing but show his
perplexity
（困惑；混<
/p>
乱
）
.Social evils have been
criticized, which unconsciously show his
perplexity in aspects
such as social,
moral and ideal.
The Great
Comedies
（四大喜剧）
：
―A Summer Night‘s
Dream‖(
仲夏夜之梦）
, ―The Merchant
of Venice‖
（威尼斯商人）
,
―As You Like
It‖
（皆大欢喜）
, ―Twelfth
Night‖
（第十二夜）
Analysis of
The
Merchant of V
enice
Brief introduction
Plot one: Bassanio -- Antonie -- Portia
Plot two: Antonio -- Bassanio
–
Skylock
The
trial scene: Shylock
–
Portia -- Antonio
The story tells us
poor young man Bassanio borrowed some money from
his friend Antonie so that
he can court
（求婚）
Portia, a rich and
beautiful girl.
He
succeeded in winning her but their joy was marred
（损坏）
by a letter from
Antonio.
Antonio?s money
was all invested in
mercantile
（商业）
expeditions and what he lent to
Bassanio
was borrowed from Shylock, the
Jewish usurer
（高利贷人）
.
Antonio agreed to give a
pound of flesh
（一磅肉）
if he
failed to return the money in time.
Antonio's letter now said that ships
had all been lost on the sea and he was to let the
Jewish have a
pound of his flesh.
The plots join in the trial
scene(
审判
). The
bond issue came before a court of law.
While
nobody
could
persuade
Shylock
to
withdraw
his
request,
Portia,
disguised
as(
伪装）
a
young lawyer, appeared and
quickly solved the problem.
Antonio was saved and Shylock had to
undergo severe penalties
（惩罚
）
Theme
The traditional theme
。
To praise the friendship
between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia
as a
heroine
（女性英雄）
of
great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the
insatiable
（贪得无
厌的
）
greed and
brutality
（残忍
）
of the
Jew
。
The modern i
nterpretation
（现代的诠释）
：
To regard the play as a satire
（反讽）
of the
Chri
stians‘
hypocrisy
and
their
false
standards
of
friendship
and
love,
；
their
cunning
（狡猾的）
ways
of
pursuing worldliness and
their unreasoning prejudice against Jews, here
represented by Shylock.
The analysis of
the major characters
：
Portia
?
Representative
of
Shakespeare‘s
ideal
women
---beautiful,
cultured,
courteous,
serious-minded
and capable
of rising to an emergency.
?Embodiment(
体现
)
of the best qualities of Shakespeare‘s ideal of
the new women
Happy and make
the others happy.
They
carry their destinies(
命运
)with them and in speaking and thinking
as well as in feeling.
Though there are moments of
weariness
（疲倦，
疲劳
)and frailty(
虚弱
）
, their courage never fails
2
them in times
of with every pang of affection and anxiety they
only grow stronger and
more capable of
coping with the not only frees herself from the
usual feudal fetters
（枷锁
）
for women but
even shines more brightly than many men in many
ways.
The
device
of
women
disguised
as
men
in
the
famous
court
scene
is
not
only
full
of
fun
and
dramatic excitement but also
contributive to the portrayal of character.
Shylock
? He is a greedy moneylender. He is a
Jew of pride and deep religious instincts. He has
suffered
much in the hands of the
Christians.
His revolting
bond is counterbalanc
ed by Antonio‘s
arrogant
（傲慢的
）
treatment of
him. So his
loud protest against racial
discrimination cannot be altogether ignored by the
audience. This made
the
play
to
some
extent
a
―grave
comedy.‖
As
a
greedy,
merciless
usurer
is
to
be
hated
and
condemned, As a Jew, a victim of racial
discrimination and religious persecution, also
deserves
sympathy.
二、
Themes of His
Works
：
1
、
The Great
Comedies
? He sang of their
youth, love ideal of happiness. The victory of
their
humanist ideal is inevitable,
though it is to be got only after severe struggle
against all obstacles.
?
The
heroes
and
heroines
fight
against
destiny
itself
and
control
and
guide
their
own
fate
according to their own free will, who
trust in themselves and their efforts are put a
happy finishing
with success.
?
The great spirit is
optimism
（乐观主义）
. Shakespeare
takes an optimistic attitudes
towards
love and youth, and the romantic elements are
brought into full play.
2
、
The
Mature
Histories
?
Shakespeare‘s
histories
show
the
horrors
of
civil
war,
the
responsibility of an effective ruler,
and the importance legitimate succession to the
throne.
The principle idea
of these plays is the necessity for national unity
under one king. In other words,
national unity is very important and
necessary under a mighty and just leadership.
He believed
in
a
wise
and
human
king
whop
would
live
to
serve
his
country.
3
、
The
Great Tragedies
?
In
Shakespeare‘s tragedies,
he exposes social contradictions of the time. ?
Each portrays some noble
hero, who
faces the injustice of human life and is caught in
a difficult situation and whose fate is
closely connected with the fate of the
whole nation.
?
Each has his
weakness of nature. With the
concentration on the tragic hero, alone
with the description of weakness of the hero, we
see the
evil force in the society.
三、
Artistic Features
< br>（
艺术特点）
：
Charact
erization
The type who not
only represents certain
group or class
of people, but are individuals with strong and
distinct personalities via frequently
use
of
comparisons
and
contrasts.
He
also
individualizes
his
characters
by
emphasizing
each
one‘s dominant and unique
pea
re has made profound psycho-
analytical studies of
his character by
revealing the
intricate(
复杂的；错综的
) inner workings of their minds through
the
full
use
of
soliloquies(
独白
；自言自语
)
.Structure
Adroit
（敏捷的，灵巧的）<
/p>
plot
construction
in
which
Shakespeare
borrows
plot
from
some
old
plays
or
storybooks,
or
from
ancient Greek and
Romans sources. Several threads
（
线索）
running
trough the play and the major
and the
minor plots are
woven
（
交织）
into an organic whole through contrast
（
对比）
and parallel<
/p>
（排比）
.
Irony(
讽刺，
反讽）
is a
good means of dramatic presentation.
Disguise
（掩饰）
is
also
an
important
device
to
create
dramatic
irony,
usually
with
woman
disguised
as
man.
A
play within
the play
（剧中剧）
has also
played an important part in the structure of some
of his
stories.
Language
and
Style
Shakespeare‘s
achievements
of
language
style
are
the
crystallization
（结晶化；
具体化
）
of his dramatic art.
He is not only a genius for
language that
expresses
human
experience
but
also
one
for
form
that
organizes
words and
experience
into
an
imaginative whole. He can
use the English language with the greatest freedom
and ease, and form
very new and
striking expressions out of rather common words,
so that almost all the speeches fit
all
the characters who speak
them.
Shakespeare can write skillfully
in different poetic forms, like
the
sonnet(
十四行诗）
, the blank
verse
（无韵诗）
, and the rhymed
couplet in poetry writing.
The plays of
Shakespeare tend to have their typical speech-
modes which not only set the mood for
the play but express in epitome
(
缩影；摘要
) its
spiritual core.
四、
Shakespeare’s Literary Po<
/p>
sition
：
1
、
Shakespeare and the Authorized
Version of the English
Bible are the
two greatest treasuries of the English language.
2
、
Shakespeare has
been universally
acknowledged
to
be
the
summit
of
the
English
Renaissance,
and
one
of
the
greatest
writers
in
world
literature.
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626)
?
the
founder of English materialist philosophy
?
Works:
―Advancement of Learning‖, ―New Instrument‖, ―New
Atlantis‖, and ―Essays‖
3
?
the first English essayist
新
古典主义文学（
17
、
18
世纪）
The Background
?
The
clashes(
矛盾冲突）
between
the
King
and
Parliament
：
The
major
parliamentary
clashes of the early 17th century were
over monopolies
（垄断
). And monopolies were
extended
in
the
reigns
of
James
I
and
Charles
I.
At
last
the
parliament
declared
that
monopolies without
its
consent were illegal
Charles
I dissolved
（解散）
it in 1629.
Severe
persecutions
（迫害）
hit the capitalist class as a whole.
Thus arose the demand for
a new
government on the part of the English bourgeoisie.
?
The
Outburst
（
爆发）
of the English
Revolution
：
A civil war broke
out in 1642 and lasted
till
Cromwell
reorganized
the
Parliamentary
forces
into
the
New
Model
Army,
and defeated the Royalists in Naseby in 1645.(
奥利弗
·
克伦威尔，英国
17
世纪资
产阶级革命的领袖、
政治
家和军事家）
Charles was captured,
and monarchy(
君主政体
)
was abolished. England was
declared a commonwealth
(
共和国
).
?
The
Split
（分裂
) within the
Revolutionary Camp
：
First,
the middle bourgeoisie struggled
with
the big bourgeoisie for the
supremacy(
霸权；最高地位
) in Parliament. Then the
bourgeoisie as a whole broke with the
people.
?
The Bourgeois
Dictatorship(
独裁
) and the
Restoration
：
Under the
leadership of Cromwell,
the
bourgeoisie
dictatorship
was
established.
And
Cromwell
（克伦威尔
）
became
the
Protector
of
the
English
the
death
of
Cromwell,
the
Parliament
recalled Charles
II to England in 1660. Then followed the
Restoration period.
In 1688,
the bourgeoisie invited William, Prince
of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England.
This was the so-
called
―Glorious Revolution‖(
光荣革命
).
?
The
Religious
Cloak
(
宽大外衣；托词
)
of
the
English
Revolution
：
The
English
Revolution
was
carried
out
under
a
religious
cloak.
Both
sides
believed
they
were
fighting
God‘s
nism(
清教主义
)
was
the
religious
doctrine(
宗教教义
)
of
the
revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English
Revolution. It preached (
鼓吹；反复灌
< br>输）
thrift
（节约）
,
sobriety(
节制；清醒
),
hard
work
and
unceasing
work. Worldly
pleasures were
condemned(
谴责
)
as harmful. This was precisely the
outlook needed by
the bourgeoisie for
the accumulation(
积累
) of
capital.
John Milton
(
弥尔顿
,1608-1674)
?
a poet and
political commenter of the English Bourgeois
Revolution,
?
the
most
sublime(
令人崇敬的
)
and
most
lonely
figure
in
English
literature,
whose
importance is
acknowledged all over the world.
?
He
is
the
last
rearguard(
后卫
)
of
the
Renaissance
and
the
primary
promoter
of
Enlightenment.
?
The love of
every form of human culture and the steadfast
devotion to duty as the highest
object
in human life have shaped his entire career.
Main
works:
―Paradise
Lost‖(
失乐园）
,
―Paradise
Regained‖
（复乐园）
,
―Samson
Agonistes‖(
力士参孙
)
Masterpiece:
―Paradise
Lost‖
“Paradise
Lost”(
失乐园）
Paradise
Lost
is
Milton's
masterpiece,
which
includes
12
volumes,
i.e.,
more
than
ten
thousand lines. The story is taken from
the Old Testament
（旧约）
: Satan
（撒旦）
and other
angels rebel against God, but they are
defeated and driven from Heaven into Hell. In
revenge
（复仇）
Satan
escapes from the Hell
（地狱）
and goes to the Garden of
Eden
（伊甸园）
.
Satan told Adam and Eve that God did
not tell them the truth about the
forbidden tree
.
He induced(
引诱）
Adam and Eve
（亚当和夏娃
)
，
first man and
woman created by Garden
to
disobey
（不服从）
God?s demand and eat the fruit of the
Forbidden Tree
（偷吃禁果）
. As
a result, Adam and Eve are driven out
of Eden because of their sin of
disobedience
（不服从）
.
Comments on “Paradise
Lost”(
失乐园）
It is
a long epic in 12 books, written in blank the
poem, God is no better than a selfish
despot(
专制君主，暴君
). Adam and Eve
embody(
体现）
Mlilton‘s belief in the powers of
man
，
their
craving
for
knowledge.
Their
longing
for
knowledge
opens
before
mankind
a
wide
road
to
an
intelligent and
active
life.
And
Satan
is
the
real
hero
who
has
the
spirit
to
question
the
authority
（权威）
of God.
。
Paradise
Lost
has
an
astonishing
compression
of
textures,
a
simultaneous
lucidity(
明朗；清澈
)and
rich
variety.
The
blank
verse
is
used
throughout
the
poem.
The
chief
characteristic
of
this
blank
verse
used
here
is
the
long
and
4
involved and sometimes
seemingly
interminable(
冗长的；无止尽的
) sentence construction,
so that a passage frequently goes on
and on through ten or twenty or even more lines of
verse
and the meaning of the whole
thing is suspended and not completed, while clause
after clause,
phrase after phrase are
added to enrich the complexity of thought or to
increase the effect of
the
description
till
the
end
of
the
sentence
comes
with
the
period,
and
only
then
does
the
reader grasp the full significance of
the entire also uses the extreme variety of
pauses
。
He is
difficult to read. Somebody even say that Milton
wrote no English
18th-century English
novels
The
English novel did not
mature(
成熟）
until
the 18th century. Before then, England‘s chief
literary achievements were in the
fields of drama and poetry. The development of the
English
novel was strongly influenced
by European novels. the English term ―novel‖ came
from the
Italian word novella, which
was applied by the Italian writer Giovanni
Boccaccio to the short,
anecdotal(
轶事的；
多轶事
prose
（散文
< br>
）
narratives in his
Decameron
(1349). The modern
European novel began after the
Renaissance, with Cervantes‘s ―Don Quixote‖. The
modern
English
novel
began
two
centuries
later,
in
the
18th
century.
The
rise
and
growth
of
the
realistic
novel
（现实主义小说）
is
the most prominent achievement of 18th century
English
literature, which has given the
world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson,
novel became a dominant form of
literature in 18th-century England because it
allowed the
writer a creative space
that no other genres of literature could provide.
Early English novels
dramatized the
rise of the bourgeoisie, and they had the middle
class as the major audience
（
主
要的听众）
.
Defoe,
Daniel
（笛福）
?
Defoe,
Daniel
(1660-1731),
English
novelist
and
journalist,
whose
work
reflects
his
diverse experiences in many countries
and in many walks of life. Besides being a
brilliant
journalist, novelist, and
social thinker, Defoe was a prolific author,
producing more than
500 books,
pamphlets(
小册子）
, and tracts.<
/p>
英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，
被誉为
―
小说之父
‖
。
< br>（
the father of
novel
）
?
His
masterpiece: “Robinson Crusoe” (1719)
The novel is based upon a
real story.
The character of Robinson
Crusoe is representative of the English
bourgeoisie at the earlier
stages
of
its
development.
Defoe's
first
and
most
famous
novel,
The
Life
and
Strange
Surprising Adventures
of
Robinson Crusoe,
of
York,
Mariner,
appeared
in
1719,
when he
was almost 60 years old. The book is
commonly known as
Robinson
Crusoe.
Robinson
Crusoe, the narrator of the story, tells us that
he was born in 1632 in the city of
York,
England.
His
father,
a
German
immigrant,
married
a
woman
whose
name
was
Robinson, and his real name was
Robinson Kreutznaer, but due to the natural
corruption of
languages,
the
family
now
writes
their
name
He
was
the
third
son;
his
oldest
brother was killed in a war, and the
next son simply disappeared. When Robinson Crusoe
first
had an urge to go to sea, his
father
lectured him upon the importance
of staying home and
being content with
his
had the fewest disasters and was
not exposed to so many vicissitudes as the higher
or lower
part
of
mankind.
After
his
father
expressly
forbade
him
to
go
to
sea,
and,
furthermore,
promised
to
do
good
things
for
him
if
he
stayed
home,
for
another
whole
year,
Robinson
Crusoe stayed at home, but he
constantly thought of adventures upon the high
sea. He tried to
enlist the aid of his
mother, pointing out that he was now eighteen
years old and if he did not
like the
sea, he could work diligently and make up for the
time he might lose while at sea. She
refused to help him, even though she
did report his strong feelings to her husband
?
The novel can
be read in different ways:
①
It is a story
of sea adventures.
②
It
is an artistic projection of colonial expansion.
③
It implies the Western
cultural values and sings
a song of ―the dignity of labor‖
.
④
It
explo
res the theme of ―back to
nature‖
⑤
It also shows
the theme of ―religious devotion‖.
Themes of
Robinson Crusoe
The ambivalence
（矛盾情绪）
of mastery;
（统治权；征服
）
The necessity
of repentance;
（悔改；后悔
）
The importance
of self-awareness
?
Robinson Crusoe is a real hero.
?
He
almost has everything needed for becoming a
successful
man, such as his excellent
5
creativity, great working capacity,
courage, and persistence in overcoming obstacles.
?
However, Robinson Crusoe is not a
perfect man. He also has shortcomings. He was such
a coward when he encountered a storm
the first time.
?
He swear and
repented yet ate his
words
（失信）
and
sailed on after the storm.
?
By showing Robinson‘s
shortcomings, Daniel Defoe made Robinson a real
person.
?
After
all,
no
one
is
perfect.
Robinson
Crusoe
can
not only
lead
the
ambitious
ones
to
success,
but also guide average people to face up to life.
?
This is the significance of the study
of Robinson Crusoe.
Artistic features
His stories are both credible and
fascinating.
His sentences are
sometimes short, crisp and plain, but sometimes
long and rambling.
His
language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly
vernacular.
浪漫主义时期
Background
?
The
Influence
of
the
Industrial
Revolution
After
the
Industrial
Revolution,
England
was a scene of complicated social
contradictions. The old aristocracy had been
pushed to
the
background.
Rapid
capitalist
development
had
ruined
the
peasants
who
had
now
become hired workers in
the countryside. A new class, the proletariat,(
无产阶级，工人阶
级
) had sprung into existence. All the
working people lived in great poverty, mercilessly
exploited by the bourgeoisie. The first
workers struggle broke out.
?
The Influence
of the French Revolution
On July 14,
1789, the Parisian people stormed
the
Bastille.
This
marked
the
outbreak
of
the
French
Revolution.
The
influence
of
the
French
Revolution
soon
swept
all
over
Europe.
In
England,
all
social
contradictions
sharpened owing to this influence. The
workers, peasants, people of the lower classes and
the
progressive
intellectuals
hailed
(
欢迎
)
the
French
Revolution
and
its
principle,
hoping to realize ―liberty, equality,
and fraternity(
友爱
)
‖ also in England. There
arose an
upsurge
of
democratic
movements(
民主运动）
among
the
popular
mass,
and
radical
organizations were set up in many the
meantime, the bourgeoisie, especially its
upper
stratum
（上层）
, scared by
tremendous influence of the French Revolution
among
the
people,
saw
a
most
dangerous
enemy
which
threatened
its
very
existence.
So
the
English
government
helped
to
suppress
the
French
Revolution
and
the
democratic
movements in
England. The acute struggle was reflected in the
political writings of the
day. Amid
these social conflicts
（冲突）
,
romanticism arose as a new literary trend.
What is Romanticism?
Romanticism is a new literary trend
that appeared in England at the turn of the 18th
and
19th centuries under the impetus of
the Industrial Revolution and the French
Revolution.
It
prevailed
in
England
during
the
period
of
1798-1832,
beginning
with
the
publication
of
Wordsworth
’
s
Lyrical
Ballads(
抒情诗集
)
(1798), ending
with Walter Scott
’
s death. (
瓦尔
特
·
司各
特
)
The
romanticists
expressed
the
ideology
（思想意识
）
and
sentiment
of
those
who
were
discontent
with
and
opposed
to,
the
development
of
capitalism.
But
owing
to
different
political
attitudes, they split into two schools:
passive
（消极的
)
romanticists, represented by
Wordsworth(
华滋华斯
)and
Coleridge
and
Southey,
and
active(
积极的）
romanticists,
represented by
Byron, Shelley, and Keats. The romanticists
expressed their dissatisfaction in
their works to revolt against or to
escape from the dull,
sordid(
肮脏的
) daily life. They
paid
great attention to the passions of
man and the beauties of nature.
（
人的情感，
大自然的美丽）
William
Wordsworth
（华兹华斯）
Life
(1770-1850)
Poet Laureate
（桂冠诗人
）
―Just for a
handful of silver he lef
t us
，
Just for a ribbon to stick
on his coat
…‖
—
Robert Browning
Lyrical Ballads
”
（抒情诗集）
In 1798,
Wordsworth and
Coleridge(
柯勒律治
)
jointly published the
“
Lyrical
Ballads
”
.
Coleridge
’
s
contribution was his masterpiece
“
The Ancient
Mariner
”
.
(
老水手
)
The majority
of poems in this collection were
written by Wordsworth.
The publication
of the
“
Lyrical
Ballads
”
marked
the
break
with
the
conventional
poetical
tradition
of
the
18th
century
—
classicism, and the beginning of the
Romantic revival in EnglandIn the preface
to
the
“
Lyrical
Ballads
Wordsworth
set
forth
his
principles
of
Preface
to
the
“
Lyrical
Ballads
”
served
as the
manifesto(
宣言；
声明
) of the English Romantic Movement
in poetry.
6
Wordsworth
’
s
Poetical principles
All good poetry is
the spontaneous overflow
(
自然流露
)of powerful
feeling.‖
Poetry
“
takes its origin from
emotion recollected in tranquility (
平静中
回忆起来的情感
).
‖
Poetry should describe life of the
ordinary people.
The
function
of
poetry
lies
in
its
power
to
give
an
unexpected
splendor
to
familiar
and
commonplace things.
Wordsworth
’
s
Other
’
s Works
Poems about nature:
“
Lines
Written in
Early Spring‖
―To the
Cuckoo‖
―I
wandered Lonely as a
Cloud‖
（我好似一朵流云独自漫游）
―My Heart Leaps Up‖
―Intimations of
Immortality‖ (
《不朽颂》
)
Poems
searching
and revealing the feelings of the common people.
“
The Solitary Reaper
< br>”
(
割麦女
)
―
We Are
Seven
‖
“
Michael
< br>”
,
―
The
Prelude
‖
（前奏；序曲
）
It
is Wordsworth‘s autobiographical poem, in 14
books. It is
the
spiritual
record
of
the
poet‘s
mind,
honestly
recording
his
life
experience
and
his
own
thoughts.
Lake Poets
(
湖畔诗人<
/p>
,
英国
18
世纪
末到
19
世纪初浪漫主义诗歌流派
)
―Lake Poets‖ refer to
Wordsworth, Coleridge(
柯勒律治
)
and Southey(
骚塞
)
, who lived in
the lake district in the
northwestern part of England.
These
three
traversed(
详
细研究；在
…
来回移动
)
the
same
path
in
politics
and
in
poetry,
beginning as
radicals
（激进分子
）
and closing as
conservatives.
（保守派，守旧者）
Percy B
y
sshe
Shelley
1. Biography
1792
–
He
was
born
into
a
wealthy
family
at
Sussex.
Though
gentle
by
nature,
his
rebellious
qualities
were
cultivated
in
his
early
years.
1813
–
He
published
his
Queen Mab: A Philosophical
Poem
2.
Literary works
Lyrics:
Poetic drama:
Prometheus
Unbound
(1820)
3. Major theme
Shelley grew up
with violent revolutionary ideas under the
influence of
the free thinkers like
Hume & Godwin, so he held a life-long aversion to
cruelty. He predicted that
only
trough
gradual
&
suitable
reforms
of
the
existing
institutions
could
benevolence
be
universally established & none of the
evils would survive in this
could live
together happily, freely & peacefully
美国浪漫主义时期
Historical, social
and cultural
background
1.
Historically:
the time of westward expansion.
2.
Economically:
The whole nation was experiencing an industrial
transformation.
3.
Politically: Democracy and equality
4. The impact of European Romanticism
on
American Romanticism
Artistic features of American
Romanticism
(1) The common features
with the English Romanticists
to exalt the individual and
the common man
The use of
the more colorful aspects of the past.
In short, American
Romanticism is, in a certain way,
derivative(
衍生的，派生的
)
.
2) The
unique characteristics of American Romanticism
The American national experience of
―pioneering into
the west‖ proved to be a rich
source of
material
for
American
writers
The
desire
for
an
escape
from
society
and
a
return
to
nature
became a permanent
convention of American
literature.
local
dialects
appeared
in
poetry
and
fiction
with
increasing
frequencyPuritanism
exerted
great influences over American moral
values and American Romanticism.
the Calvinistic
(
加尔文教派的
) view of
original sin and the mystery of evil
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
1.
Literary Status
Father of American Poetry
Precursor of Modern American Poetry
Father of American Free
Verse
Celebrant of America as a
Poem
2. Life
Working-class
background on Long Island, New York
Five years of schooling,
loafing
and
reading
Rich
life
experience:
office
boy,
printer‘s
apprentice,
carpenter,
schoolmaster,
printer, editor (of 8 successive papers), and
journalist
3. The
Publication of
Leaves of Grass
–
Whitman’s his
lifetime literary endeavor
A. It first edition of 12 poems in 1855
A
stir
–
broke with the poetic
convention
–
sexuality and exotic and vulgar language
harsh
criticisms on it: ―noxious weeds‖,
―poetry of barbarism‖, ―a mass of
stupid filth‖
B. Nine editions in all
(1855, 56,
60, 67,71,
7
76,
81,
89,
91-92)
Began
to
be
celebrated
with
the
fifth
edition
C.
His
deathbed
edition
containing all of
his 400-odd poems
4. His ideas:
―a catalog and great acceptor‖A. Enligh
tenm
ent(
启蒙主义）
,
humanitarianism
(
人道
主义
)
and
cosmopolita
nism(
世界大同主义
)C.
Idealism
and
Tran
scendentalism(
先验论
)D.
German philosophy and
Newtonian pantheism(
泛神论
)E. Jacksonian laissez-faire
individualism
and Civil War
Unionism
（联邦主义
）
F. Emerson and
Whitman:Emerson‘s lette
r of praise of
the
first
edition
―the
most
extraordinary
piece
of
wit
and
wisdom
that
an
American
has
yet
contributed‖Whitman: ―dear Master,‖ ―I
was simmering, simmering, simmering, Emerson
brought
me to a boil‖He shared many
similar ideas with Emerson:
America
itself was a poem; the greatest
poet is
a seer, complete in himself. (P.90)
5.
Whitman’s
Poetic
Experimentation
He
was
a
daring
experimentalist
who
―broke
the
new
wood‖
He
began
to
experiment
around
1847
which
lead
to
a
complete
break
with
traditional
poetics.
Features:
A.
parallelism
（平行句）
or
rhythmical
unit
(the
Bible)B.
phonetic recurrence
(systematic repetition of words and
phrases)(
音素重现）
C. his long
catalogs
（目录；分类）
of lines, his piling up of nouns,
verbs, or
adjectives,
Whitman broke free
from the
traditional iambi pentameter
（抑扬格五音步）
and wrote ―free
verse‖.
（自由诗）
6.
Masterpieces:
―
Song of Myself
‖
―
There was a Child Went
Forth
‖
―In
Crossing Brooklyn Bridge‖―
Out of the
Cradle Endlessly Rocking
‖
(p.93)
―
When
Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed
‖
(p.94)
7. Whitman’s
Influence
Whitman‘s
influence over modern poetry is great in the world
as well as in America.
His
best work has become part of the common property
（共同财富）
of Western culture.
Many poets in England,
France, Italy, and Latin America are in his debt,
esp. by his optimism
and innovation as
a poet-prophet and poet-teacher.
T. S. Eliot, Pound, Hart Crane, Carl
Sandburg
8
、
Whitma
n
’
s Poetic Techniques
Free verse: lack of metrical regularity
and conventional rhyme
Use
of repeated images, symbols, phrases, and
grammatical units
Use of enumerations
and catalogs
Use of
anaphora (initial repetition) in lines and
―
Epanaphora
‖
(each line hangs by a loop from
the
line before it)
The Whitman
―
envelope
‖
Contrast and parallelism in
paired lines
9
、
Wh
itman
‘
s Themes
Transcendent power of love,
brotherhood, and comradeship
Imaginative projection into
others
‘
lives
Optimistic faith in democracy and
equality
Belief in regenerative and
illustrative powers of nature and its value as a
teacher
Equivalence of body and soul
and the unabashed exaltation of the body and
sexuality
O Captain! My
Captain!
Whitman wrote this
poem in memory of president Lincoln after his was
assassinated(
谋杀
) by
an agent of the southern slave-owners
at the end of the civil war in 1865.
The whole poem is in the atmosphere of
grieved mourning(
悲痛）
;
however, it does not only
be a positive
melody.
In the sorrowful
crying, there is encouraging and exciting words.
Firstly, the form of the poem is that
differently special. The whole poem contains three
stanzas.
Each stanza consists of eight
lines. The first four lines are all long and
stated sentences. The
next four lines
are all short and lyric ones.
The construction of this poem is like
rolling and surging waves in the sea, which easily
brings
people to the context of the
poem.
When we think of the wide grand
sea, we usually and naturally will regard it as
the symbol of
freedom.
Here Whitman used the image of a
captain to indicate Lincoln does have its special
meaning.
He did not choose
this image arbitrarily.
We
all know that Lincoln
’
s greatest contribution to America is
that he had abandoned the
slavery
（废除奴隶制度）
,
had liberated all the American Negro
slaves
（解放黑人）
and
had
united the whole
America
（统一美国）
.
He had brought all the Americans
freedom. He was just like that great captain who
led people
8
to
search for lightness
（寻找光明）
in the free sea.
What an ingenious and accurate metaphor
（比喻）
here! In the poem
Whitman had called
Lincoln
“
father
”
once in
“
Here
captain!
Dear
father.
”
The poet
used this address to show his common idea as
Lincoln.
They are both
fighters of democracy and
freedom
（民主和自由的战士
).
Actually, Whitman here
wanted to say that he would
inherit(
继承）
Lincoln
’
s thought and
went on to
achieve his great course.
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886
1. Literary status
A
secluded
（隐居的
）
poetess
―Mother‖ of American Poetry
and American Modern
Poetry
（美国诗歌之母）
2.
Life
a
Calvinist
family
（加尔文主义的
家庭）
Her
father,
a
Whig
lawyer
and
treasurer
of
Amherst
College
Read
widely
such
as
the
Bible,
Shakespeare,
Keats
Began writing
seriously in her twenties
1775 poems altogether, 7
published in her life
3. Her
Ideas
Calvinism; Tragic in basic tone
Death leads to immortality.
Doubt; the loss of faith and the
religious uncertainty
4. Themes: life,
death, immortality, love, nature
5. Analysis of her masterpieces
―My Life Closed Twice before its Close‖
(p.98)
―Wild Nights –
Wild Nights‖ (p.99)
―Because I
could not stop for Death‖
―I
heard a fly buzz when I died‖(p.99)
―Death is a Dialogue
between‖ (p.1
00)
―
A Narrow Fellow in the
Grass
‖
―I‘ll tell you how the sun
rose‖
6.
Dickinson’s Aesthetics
She
holds that beauty, truth and goodness are
ultimately one.
7. Her
poetic innovation
A. She broke free of the conventional
iambic pentameter
B. She
explored the inner life of the individual
C. She was
regional (New Englander)
D.
She was idiosyncratic in her frequent use of
dashes and
unique use of capitals.
E. her concise, direct, and simple
diction and syntax
维多利亚时期
the
Victorian period
Chronologically
，
the Victorian period roughly
coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who
ruled over England from 1836 to 1901 .
Victorian
literature(
维多利亚文学）
, in
general, truthfully
represents the reality and spirit
of the age. The high-spirited
vitality
（持久力
, the down-to-
earth earnestness, the good-natured
humor and unbounded imagination are all
unprecedented.
（空前的史无前例的）
Social Background
The richest and most
powerful
；
The first urban and
industrial society in the world
The
gre
atest empire ruling over ? of the
world‘s masses, over 20 nations.
Railways,telegraphs,journalism
；
A
period
of
great
social
unrest
(Chartist
Movement
1838-1848)
；
Religious doubt (theory of evolution
and positivist philosophy)
Reform Bill
(1832) was enacted
Literary Background
—
A Golden Age of
Novel
97% people able to
read by 1900
；
Cheaper
paper
；
Faster printing
；
Easier circulation
More
working
readers
demanding
cheap
literature:
religious
tracts,
self-help
manuals,
reprinting
of
classics,
penny
newspapers,
new
prose
and
poetry
which
instructed
and
entertained
；<
/p>
Monthly instilment became the fashion in
novel publication
Artistic
Features
While
sticking
to
the
principle
of
faithful
representation
of
the
18th
century
novel,
they
carried their duty
forward to the criticism of the society and the
defence of the mass. They
were all
concerned about the fate of the common people.
They were angry with the inhuman
social
institutions, the decaying social morality.
Jane Austen(1775-1817)
Life
Quiet,
sunny,
cheery,
attractive
little
woman,
unaware
of
the
great
world
outside
her
small
village;Family:
close
&affectionate;
living
a
comfortable
life
of
rural
middle
class
women:
visits, balls,
meeting different kinds of people;
father, rector, an Oxford graduate,
owning a
family
library
where
Austen
satisfied
her
hunger
for
knowledge;
all
family
members
–Austen‘s
audience,
encouraging
her
to
write
at
an
early
age
when
novels
were
considered
vulgar
by
some
people;
23
years
old:
3
novels;
conservative
and
orthodox
like
her
father;
Nev
er
married, lived with her mother and her sister
after her father‘s death;Died of bad health,
quietly as she had lived at the age of
42.
Published all her novels
anonymously;Had little
success with the
publishers. Received humble pay for her novels
。
Never acknowledged as a
9
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