-
专题一
名词
一、
名词的分类：
可数名词和不可数名词
1
、
可数名词
有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加
―a
或
an‖
；复数形式是在名词后加
―
-s
或
-
es‖
。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则
变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：
当名词为：
词尾变化
读音
在清辅音后读
/s/
一般情况
加
s
在浊辅音或元音后读
/z/
以
s,x,ch,sh
结尾的单
词
以字母
o
结尾的单词
以辅音字母
+y
结尾的
单词
以
f
或
fe
结尾的单词
以
th
结尾的词
2.
可数名词复数的不规则变化
①
改变单数名词中的元音字母
eg. man--men,
woman
—
women,
tooth
—
teeth,
foot
—
feet,
goose
—
geese, mouse--mice
②
单复数同形
eg.
Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish,
sheep-
sheep,…
③
由
man
和
woman
构成的合成词
,
每个名词都要变复数
eg. a
man doctor
—
men doctors, a
woman teacher--women teachers
注意
:
有些名词表示一种物体具有不
可分割的相同的两部分
,
在使用时只有复数形式
eg. trousers, clothes,
glasses, shorts,scissors,
etc;
有些名词从形式上看是复数
,
实际上是单数
(
其后的谓语动词要用单数
). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news
3.
不可数名词
：表示不能计算数
目的人或物，称为不可数名词。
1).
不能直接用数字表数量<
/p>
2).
不能直接
加
a
或
an
3).
没有复数形式
4).
可用
some
、
any
、
lots
of
、
plenty of
、
much
修饰
5).
可用
―
量词短语
‖
表
示
不可数名词一般只有单数形式
,
但有其特殊用法
:
(1)
同一个词
,
变成复数形式
,
意义不同。
eg. food
食物
--- foods
各种食物，
加
es
/iz/
boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers
watches, boxes, classes, brushes
zoos, photos, bamboos,
tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,
/z/
dictionaries,
strawberries,
例词
chips, jeeps, pats , clocks
加
s
或
es
/z/
去
y
变
i
加
es
去
f
或
fe
变
v
加
es
加
s
/vz/
/?z/; /θz/
leaves, wives, halves
mouths, paths; months, deaths
time
时间
--- times
时代，
green
绿色
---greens
青菜
(2)
有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物
eg. hope ---hopes
希望
hardship ---
hardships
艰苦
(3)
物质名词在表示数量时
,
常用某个量词
+of
来表示
eg. a cup of tea, seven
pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …
（
4
）有些
名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。
例
：
fruit
水果
——
fruits
表示不同<
/p>
种类的水果；
food
食物
——
foods
各种食品；
fish
鱼
——
fishes
鱼的种类；
drink
饮料、酒
——
a
drink
一杯／
一份饮料、一杯酒；
cloth
布
——
,a
cloth
桌布、抹布；
sand
沙
——
sands
沙滩；
tea
茶
——
a tea<
/p>
一杯茶；
chicken
鸡肉
——
a chicken
小鸡；
< br>orange
橘汁
——
an
orange
橘子；
glass
玻璃
——
a glass<
/p>
玻璃杯
,glasses
眼镜；
paper
纸
——<
/p>
a paper
试卷、论文；
wood<
/p>
木头
——
a wood
< br>小森林；
room
空间、余地
—
—
a room
房间
三、名词的所有格
1. ’s
所有格。
1).
用
and
连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，这时只在最后一个名词后加
―‘s.‖
This is
____________________(Mary and Lily) bedroom .
2). 1).
用
and
连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时，这时分别在每个名词后加
―‘s.
‖
These are
________________(Tom and Jack ) school bags .
3).
以
s
结尾的名词
，变所有格时在
s
后加
―‘‖,
不以
s
结尾的复数名词，仍加
―‘s‖
Teachers‘ Day
Children‘s Day
所有格
1).of
用来表示无生命的名词所有格。
the map of
China the door of the room
2).
双重所有格：
of +
名词所有格
of +
名词性的物住代词
He is a
friend of my _________(brother ) . Is she a
daughter of __________(you)?
巩固练习：
1.
( ) 1 She was very happy.
She in the maths test.
A.
makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made
few mistakes D. makes few mistake
( )2
We need some more____. Can you go and get some,
please?
A. potato B. potatos C.
potatoes D. potatoe
( )3
_____are____for cutting things.
A.
Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D.
Knives/using
( )4 What big____ the
tiger has!
A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths
D. toothes
( ) 5 Please remember to
give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs
B. leaves C. leaf D. leave
( ) 6 -Can
we have some ___?
-Yes, please.
A. banana B. oranges D. pear
2.
( ) 1 They got much ___
from those new books.
A. ideas B.
photos C. information D. stories
( )2
He gave us____ on how to keep fit.
A.
some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a
advice
( ) 3 When we saw his face, we
knew___ was bad.
A. some news B. a news
C. the news D. news
( ) 4 What___
lovely weather it is!
A. / B. the C. an
D. a
3.
( )1 -Would you
like___tea?
-No, thanks. I have drunk
two____.
A. any, bottles of orange B.
some, bottles of orange
C. many,
bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges
( )2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat.
A. two breads B. two piece of bread C.
two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads
( )3 It really took him:___ to draw the
nice horse.
A. sometimes B. hour C.
long time D. some time
( )4 I would
like to have___.
A. two glasses of milk
B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D.
two glass of milks
( ) 5 Can you give
me ____?
A. a tea B. some cup of tea C.
a cup tea D. a cup of tea
( ) 6 Please
give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a
piece of
( )7 John bought___for himself
yesterday.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two
pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs
shoes
参考答案：
1. 1-7 C C B B B
B C
2. 1-4 C B C A 3. 1-7 B
C D A D D A
练习与巩固：
（
）
1. They got much _____ from
those new books.
A. ideas B. photos
C. news D. stories
（
）
2. I have two _______ and
three bottles of _________ here.
A.
orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C.
oranges, orange D. orange, oranges
（
）
3. Every evening M r. King
takes a _________ to his home .
A. 25 minutes‘ walk B. 25 minute‘s
walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes
walk
（
）
4. An old _______ wants to
see you.
A. people B. person
C. the people D. the person
（
）
5. Help yourself to
__________.
A. chickens and apples
B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D.
chicken and apples
（
）
6. Oh, dear. I forgot the
two _________.
A. room‘s
number B. rooms‘ number C. room numbers
D. rooms‘ numbers
（
）
7. She has been in Tianjin
for ten years. Tianjin has become her second
_________.
A. family B. house
C. home D. room
专题二：动词
动词是表示动作（
study, find, swim
等）或状态（
be, like, feel
等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时
态、语态和语态变化。
动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词
(
实义动词
)
四类。
一）助动词
1
、助动词
be
的用法如下：
1
）构成各种进行时态。如：
It
was raining all day
yesterday.
昨天整天下雨。
2
）构成被动语态。如：
The
meeting was held yesterday
afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。
3
）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：
They are to see an English
film this
evening.
他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2
、助动词
do
的用法如下：
1
）构成疑问式或否定式。如：
Does he think so?I didn‘t say anything
about the result.
2)
在动词前加上
do, does,
did
表示强调，意为
―
的确，确实<
/p>
‖
。如：
They do study does love did want to
help the old man.
3)
可以用作代动词，
代替句子中已经出现的实义动词，以避免重复。如：
—
Who jumps highest in your
class?
—
Jim does. (
不说
Jim jumps)
3
、
have:
助动词
have
的过去式是
had
。
have
和<
/p>
had
均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：
1) He has lived here for three
years. 2) As soon as the sun had set
they returned.
4
、
shall, should:
助动词
shall
只用于第一人称的将
来时态；助动词
should
是
sh
all
的过去式，构成过去将
来时。如：
1) I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
2) She wanted to know if I should go to the
palace.
二）情态动词
情态
动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、
疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：
can, may, must,
need, should
等。
一．情态动词的用法
1. can
用法
1
）表示能力，与
be able t
o
同义，但
can
只用于现在时和过去
时，
be able
to
可用于各种时态。
Two
eyes can see more than one.
注：
Can you … ? Yes, I can /
No,I can‘t.
2).
表示允许、请求
用
could
比
can
语气更加委婉客气，常用于
could I /you …..
?
句型中，若表示同意时，用
can
回
答而不用
could .Could I borrow the book ?
No, you can‘t .
3
）。表示推测
“
可能
”
常用于否定句或疑问句中
。（
can’t
表示一定不是）
It can‘t be true .Can it be true
?
2. may
用法
1
）表允许，请求
= can
表示许可或征求对方的许可，常于第一人称连用。
注：
May I ….? Yes ,you may
No, you can‘t / mustn‘t .
在回
答以
may
引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如
Yes, please. / Certainly.
2<
/p>
）表推测，可能、也许。常用于肯定句中。
Maybe he knows the news .=He _____
_____ the news.
3. must
1
）表示义务。意为
“
必须
< br>”
（主观意志）。
We
must do everything step by step.
注：
Must I ….? Yes, you must /
No,you needn‘t(don‘t have to ).
2
）
mustn’t
表禁止、不允许。
You
mustn‘t talk to her like that.
< br>3
）表示揣测。意为
“
想必、准
是、一定
”
等，只用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中
must
改为
can .
He must be ill. He looks so pale.
She‘s wearing a diamond necklace. She
must have a lot of money.
注：
must
表推测时，其反义疑问句与
must
后面的动词一致。
情态动词
练习与巩固：
( ) 1. Mr Wang ______ be in Nanjing
now, he went to Beijing only this morning.
A. mustn‘t B.
may not C. can‘t D.
needn‘t
( ) 2.
–
Must I saty at home, Mum?
--
No, you ______. A. needn‘t B.
mustn‘t C. don‘t D.
may
not
( ) 3.
–
Can you go swimming with us
this afternoon?
--
Sorry, I can‘t. I _____ take care of
my little sister at home because my mother is
ill.
A. can
B. may C. would D. have to
( ) 4.
–
May I
go to the cinema, Mum? --
Certainly.
But you ______ be back by 11 o‘clock.
A. can B. may
C. must D. need
( ) 5. To
make our city more beautiful, rubbish ______ into
the river.
A. needn‘t
be thrown B. mustn‘t be thrown C. can‘t throw
D. may not throw
三）联系动词联系动词含
有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成
谓语。系
动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。
1
、按意义联系动词有：
be,
appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove
等，如：
Jim appears very old.
２、表示感觉的联系动词有
look, feel,
smell, sound, taste
等。如：
It
smells bad.
3
、表示转变的联系动词有
become, fall, get, go, grow,
turn
等。如：
She
becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
①
Pizza is ready, and it
______
②
This kind
of apple ______ delicious. I want one
③
Oh, the milk ______
strange, do you think it‘s OK to drink? tasted
tasting Ctastes
④
This kind of skirt looks
______ and sells ______., well , good ,
good
四）行为动词动词的时态
动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行
时、过去进
行时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
1
．一般现在时
1.
表示现在的状态
2.
表示经常性或习惯性的动作
3.
表示客观事实或普遍真理。
The sun rises in the east and sets in
the west.
太阳从东方升起，从西方落下。
例题解析：
1.
--- May I help
you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the
day before yesterday, but it ______.
A.
didn‘t work B. doesn‘t work C. won‘t work D.
can‘t work
2
．
______ the bus
until it ______..
A. Get
off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don‘t get
off, stops D. Don‘t get off, will stop
3
．
The 70-year-old
man ____ exercises in the morning. A. takes
B. are taking C. took D. will take
2.
一般过去时
1).
概念：
过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为
。
2).
基本结构：
①
be
动词；
was/wer
e …
②
行为动词
:
动词的过去式
3).
否定形式：
①
was/were+not;
②
didn‘t
+
动词原形
4)
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
一般情况
以
e
字母结尾的辅音
以辅音字母＋
y
结尾
重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母
3.
现在进行时
1
）现在进行时的构成：主语
+am/is/ are+
v-ing
是现在进行时的构成形式
v-ing
现在分词的构成：
+ed
+d
去
y
变
i
＋
ed
双写词尾字母
+ed
一般情况
以不发音字母
e
结尾的单词。去
e,
加<
/p>
ing
以辅音字母＋
y
结尾的单词
以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时
.
+ing
+ing
去
e+ing
双写词尾字母
+ing
2)
用法：
1.
< br>说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：
She is
having a bath now.
2.
正在进行或
发生的动作（但动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：
You are
working hard today.
1.
Look! The police ______
（
carry
）
the food onto the bank of
the river.
2.
Listen! Someone _____________ ( sing )
in the room.
3.
It‘s six o‘clock. The Greens
______________ ( eat ) dinner.
4
.
过去进行时
1).
表
示
过
去
某
一
时
刻
或
某一段
时间
正在
进行的
动作。这一
特定的过
去时间，除
有
上
，
下
文
暗
示
以
外，一般
用时间状语来表示
或由
when / whi
le
引
导
的
时
间
状
语从
句
。
2).
过去进行时（主句）
when
一般过去时
(
从句
)
。
3).
一般过去时（主句）
while
过去进行时（从句）。
4
).
过去进行时（主句）
while
过
去进行时（从句）。
(
强调两个动作同时进行
)
1
．
Did
you see him come in? No, I __________ ( watch) a
football game.
2
．
My sister __________ (read) her book
when my mother came in.
3
．
This time yesterday I __________ (eat)
dinner with my friends.
4
．
At
nine o‘clock last Sunday, they ___________ (have)
a party.
5
．
They ______________ (swim) in the pool
from 7:30 to 9:00 last Sunday.
.
5
．一般将来时
构成
1
）
is
/ am / are +going to do sth
表示计划，安排要做的事情
2 )
will do sth ( will
是助动词，没有人称的变化，适用于各种人称
) shall
do sth ( shall
是助动词，只
用于第一人称
)
◎
He __________ (
tell ) you when he _______( come ) back tomorrow.
◎
Tom __________( play )
with you if he _______( be ) free next Sunday.
2. in +
一段时间在
---
后
( How soon)
（一般将来时）
after
+
一段时间
=
一段时间
+ later
在
---
后
( When )
（一般过去时）
after +
时刻数（一般将来时）
He
__________( get )here in an hour. He __________(
get )here after an hour.
He __________(
get )here after five o‘clock.
6
．
现在完成时
I 1).
概念
：
< br>过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动
作或状态。
2.).
基本结构：
have/has
+ done
3).
否定形式：
have/has
+ not +done.
( ) you ever
______ to an amusement park/ to a to an to a
to an
( )
‘s
Amy?
-She has _______ to the
( )3.______ have you been there?-For
three often long far soon
(
) Paul been to the USA
？
-Yes,
______. has does has does
( )
5.I ______ to Canada
twice. It‘s so ‘t go gone ‘t go
been
( )6
. Where
__ you __, John? I‘m looking for you everywhere.A.
have; been B. have been to C. have;
gone
( )7. How
long _____ your father _____ Shanghai? A. did;
come B. has; been in C. has; been to
since
和
for
的用法
(
用于现在完成时
)
表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：
for, since, how long, so far, these days
等。
1). since
: a).since +
时间点
①
年
代
②
时刻数
③
一段时间
+ago
b).
现在完成时：主句
(
主语
+have/has
+
延续性动词的过去分词
)+ since
+
从句一般过去时
c) It‘s
+
时间段
+since +
短暂性动词
的过去式
d).
时间段
+has
passed +since +
短暂性动词的过去式
2) .
for
+
一段时间
用
since
和
for
填空
1) ______ two years
2) _______ two years ago
3)
_______ last month
4). He has lived in
Nanjing ________ the year before last.
5
). I‘ve known him __________ we were
children.
3).
for:
for +
一段时间
= since
+
一段时间
+ ago
4 )
.
与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。
1) come/go to -- be at /in 2)leave
---be away from 3)buy --have 4) borrow /lend
--keep 5)close---be closed
练习：
( )1. Three
years ________since I ________ you last time.
A. have passed; metB. has passed; metC.
passed; have met
( )2. He has been
here _______ he left his hometown.
A.
since
B. in
C. for
( )3.
—
He
________the English-Chinese dictionary for about
twenty years
，
but it is still
new
．
—
What a careful man!
A. has bought
B. has borrowed C. has had
( )4. ---When did China _____ the WTO?
---China _____ the WTO for several years.
A. join; has been a member of B.
join; has joined C. take part in; have been in
( )5. How long have you _____ the
book?
A. bought
B.
borrowed
C. kept
( )6.
How time flies! Several years _______ since we
started our middle school life. We will keep the
pleasant
experiences in our minds.
A. have passed
B. has passed
pass
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