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催化剂表面碳物种及表征

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-02-13 11:43
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2021年2月13日发(作者:维恩)


何谓积碳




以 含碳化合物为原料的催化反应的第一步通常是在催化剂表面上进行吸附


形成含碳物种,< /p>


如含碳物种经过分解、


聚合等反应生成碳或焦炭沉积在催化剂表< /p>


面,


既所谓的积碳或结焦。


积碳会堵塞催 化剂的活性位或催化剂的孔道,


从而导


致催化剂的失活!



常发生积碳的催化反应



催化裂化



?



Pt


重整



?



加氢精制



?



轻油制氢



?



积碳形态




积碳的形态一般分为无定形碳、层状石墨碳、管须状 结晶碳以及粘稠状液


态碳或焦油。



积碳原因



热裂解



?



催化裂解



?



深度脱氢



?



烯烃聚合



?



热裂解积碳


是气相有机原料在高温下热裂解形成烟炱、焦油,它们在催化剂表


面上生成有序的或无 序的碳;



催化积碳


是在催化剂的作用 下,烃类化合物发生催化积碳反应,它与催化剂的


性质密切相关。



氧化物、


硫化物上主要是酸性积碳,


积碳速率与催化剂的表面酸碱性有关;



?



金属上的积碳是通过烃类深度脱氢 和脱氢环化聚合产生积碳,


金属颗粒大


小、分散度、合金化影响 积碳;



?



金属负载酸性载体催化剂的催化积碳则两者同时存在。



?



积碳防止



合金化,如


Pt


重整催化剂中添加第二 组分金属形成合金,可减缓催化剂


的积碳;



?



添加助剂,


Pt


重整催化剂采用少量


Cl


改性, 可以减缓酸性积碳;



?



利用载体活性组分的相互作用,降低积碳;



?



对于酸性催化剂或载体,添加碱性 助剂(


K2O



MgO


),减弱酸性积碳



?



通入水蒸气,消碳;



?



添加其他元素如稀土,加速消碳,防止积碳。



?



积碳失活再生——烧碳



< /p>


催化剂因为积碳而失活,其催化剂再生通常采用烧碳的方法可以部分恢复

< br>催化剂的活性。




烧 碳条件如气氛、温度、气体组分等都会影响到再生后催化剂的结构、物


化性质以及催化性 能,因此必须严加控制。几条注意事项(三步骤):



1.



除催化剂上的烃类和挥发物,必须在惰性气氛下进行;



2.



除去硫和轻质碳,


必须在低温


250-350


度下先使金属氧化除去硫 ,



时某些聚合物和轻质碳也随之除去;



3.



最后除碳,根据碳的量以及类型在较高温度下进行。



积碳表征




催化剂积碳表征手段一览表







表征手段具体介绍




1



Temperature-Programmed Techniques



Temperature- Programmed Oxidation (TPO)


可获取信息:



?



?



provides direct information regarding coke oxidation rate



obtain


useful


information


such


as:


location,


composition


(hydrogen/carbon


ratio)


and morphology (highly dispersed or multidimensional particles).



具体如:



?



?



?



?



?



Determination of H/C Ratio



Determination of Coke Location.



Determination of Oxidation Kinetics



Determination of Morphology



Determination of Coke Amount



方法:



?



?



?



?



?



?



detection of CO2


by a thermal conductivity detector (TCD)


after


it is separated


from oxygen and water in a GC column;



detection of CO, CO2 and hydrocarbonaceous compounds after methanation;



quantification of CO2 with a mass spectrometer;



monitoring


temperature


increment


above


a


reference


sample,


in


differentialthermal analysis (DTA) equipment;



measurement of weight loss in thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) equipment.



detection of CO2 by FTIR



Temperature-Programmed Hydrogenation (TPHy).




尤其适用于< /p>


H2


为反应物的催化反应——


Chara cterization of coke by TPHy is of


special interest when hydrogen is one of the reactants


,


如:



?



?



?



?



reforming,



dehydrogenation



methanol synthesis



Fischer-Tropsch synthesis



Temperature-Programmed Gasification




TPO


相似,采用载气如


He



Ar


,也可以采用


CO2


代 替


O2





2



Electron Microscopy



The


localization,


nature


and


structure


of


coke


deposits


have


been


examined


with


electron


microscopy


Typically,


the


electron


microscopy


alone


does


not


provide


much


information,


and is generally used in combination with related spectroscopies





3



Electron Energy Loss Spectrocopy (EELS)



EELS


能够提供的信息:



?



?



?



provides analytical and structural information, similar to that given by X-ray


absorption spectroscopy;



detect the location of the coke


(由于


EELS< /p>


具有高分辨率——


1nm2


< p>
;



provides qualitative information regarding the type of coke present on the


catalyst


(与参照样 品对比)


.



局限性:



used only in few cases to characterize coke deposits on heterogeneus catalysts





4



Infrare d Techniques (FTIR, DRIFTS)



能够提供的信息:



?



?



?



obtained with these techniques is the chemical identity of compounds that form


the coke, such as olefinic, saturated or aromatic.



information


regarding


the


location


of


coke


can


be


obtained


by


following


the


signal


of certain catalyst surface groups, such as Bronsted OH.



observe the deposition of carbonaceous materials on the working catalyst.



局限性:





limited


information


on


the


nature


of


carbonaceous


deposits


because


of


their


complexity


and


of


the


difficulty


to


assign


unambiguously


an


IR


band


to


particular


species





波数归属情况






5



Laser Raman Spectroscopy




Classical Laser Raman Spectroscopy (LRS)

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