路桥工程专业英语第一课翻译-2

教材：

《路桥工程专业英语》主编：赵永平；副主编：盛可鉴；人民交通 出版社，

2007

年

学分：

0.5

学时：

16

周学时：

2

上课周数：

8

上课内容：

第一课：

Highway Introduction

公路概论

第二课：

Asphait & Mix Asphalt

沥青及沥青混合料

第三课：

The Subgrade Design and Construction Technology

路基设计与施工技术

第四课：

Freeway and it

’

s Accessory Facilities

高速公路及附属设施

第五课：

Traffic Engineering Introduction

交通工程学概论

第六课：

Bridge Introduction

桥梁概论

第七课：

Prestressed Concrete Beam Construction Technology

预应力混凝土梁桥施

工技术

第八课：

The Bridge Testing Technology

桥梁测试技术

上课方法：课堂讲解、翻译

课后训练：背单词；阅读教材并口译；

考核方法：笔试与口试结合（待定）

第一课：

Highway Concept

公路概论

The Highway Concept

公路概论

g Material

Highway Cross Section and Pavement

道路横断面和铺装层

1.A historical note

历史回顾

The first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to

whom

the

ability

to

move

quickly

from

one

part

of

the

Empire

to

another

was

important for military and civil reasons.

罗马人是西欧任何意义上的第一条道路的建设者，

< br>他们具有的从帝国的一个地方

迅速移动到另一个地方的能力对政治军事而言都是非 常重要的。

Roman roads are characterized by their linearity and, in popular perception,by their

durability.

罗马道路以其直线形为特点，普遍的看法说还有他的耐久性

A good alignment was sought since this provides the most direct route and since the

risk of ambush in hostile territory is reduced.

而所寻求的好的路线平面图是能在来自敌方潜在的风险降低后提高直 达的道路。

It was for this reason that the surface of the road was ofen elevated a meter or more

above

the

local

ground

level

—

to

provide

a

clear

view

of

the

surrounding

country;hence the modern term

“

highway

”

.

正是由于这样的原因，

< br>道路的表面高度都会比实际地面高出一米甚至更多，

这样

也可以提高一个好的视野去观察周边的情况，

因而这就是现代词汇

“高路”

的来

源。

The durability of such pavements is less absolute but nevertheless well exceeds

anything achieved for many centuries after the fall of the Empire.

这种道路的耐久性也不是那么的绝对，

但是至 少在帝国倒台以后几个世纪的成就

也没能超越它。

A

typical

major

Roman

road

in

the

UK

consisted

of

several

layers

of

material,increasing

in

strength

from

the

bottom

layers,

perhaps

of

rubble,

through

intermediate layers of lime-bound concrete to an upper layer of flags or stone slabs

grouted in lime.

在英国典型的主要罗马道 路是由几层材料组成的，

下层可能用瓦

砾来提高它的强度，

由石灰混凝土材料构成的中间层连系着由石板或石灰混凝土

板组成的 上层。

The

total

thickness

of

such

a

pavement

would

be

varied

according

to

the

ground

conditions.

而路面的总厚度将随不同的地面条件而改变

In

sound

ground

a

thickness approaching one meter might be found; elsewhere this would be increased

as necessary.

但是在接近原地面的一个路面厚 度须达到接近一米的厚度，

这在任何一个地方都

是必须要满足的 。

During the Dark Age

s

—

and indeed well after tha

t

—

no serious attempt was made

in the UK to either maintain or replace the Roman road network, which consequently

deteriorated.

在黑暗的中世纪——在这以后也是一样——英国没有采取任何措施去尝试保养

By the end of the Middle Ages there was in practice no road system in the country.

而到了中世纪末，整个国家没有了道路交通系统成为了事实

Such routes as existed were unpaved tracks, swampy and impassable for most of the

year and dusty and impassable for the remainde

仅存的道路也是未铺装的，这种道路在一年中的大多数时间 是泥泞的而无法通

行，其余时间也是因尘土飞扬而导致无法通行

Diversions

around

particularly

poor

lengths

of

road,

private

land

or

difficult

topography had resulted in sinuous alignments.

但是在短距离道路上绕道可能因私人土地或者复杂地形而使道 路更加蜿蜒曲折

The general lawlessness combined with these characteristics to discourage all but the

most determined travelers.

< br>而一般的非法结合以上特点的道路组织了所有行人除了那些最有决心的旅行者

们。

The first small change in this state of affairs was bought about by an Act of 1555

which imposed a duty on each parish to maintain its roads and to provide a Surveyor

of Highways.

在英国，现状的首个改变是

1555

年的一次行动，这次行动要求每一个教区要对

本教区的道路进行 保养并且聘用专门的道路检验员

As this post was unpaid and under-resourced, and as the technical skills did not exist

to

match

the

task

in

hand,

the

obvious

expectation

that

the

post

of

Surveyor

was

unpopular and ineffective is generally correct .

但是由于这个职位是无偿的资源匮乏的，

而且手头要做的工作也没有相匹配的技

术支持，因而检验员一职不受欢迎和无效的明显期 望是正确的。

This lack of resources remained a problem for over a century.

一个多世纪以来，

这方面资源的缺乏仍然是 个问题。

In the latter

part of the seventeenth

century the

first

experimental

lengths

of

turnpike

road

were

established

on

the

Great

North

Road(now the A1 trunk road).

在十七世纪后期，第一条试验收费公路在大北路（现在的

A1

公路）建成

Turnpiking is a toll system whereby travelers pay for the use of the road.

收费公路即是一个向道路使用者征收道路使用费用的收费系统

In

the

first

part

of

the

next

century

Parliament

produced

a

series

of

Acts

which

enabled the establishment of Turnpike Trusts on main routes throughout the country.

就在下个世纪初期，

议会产生的一系列法案就授权托拉斯在全国主要干道 上建立

收费公路系统

In

this

improved

financial

climate

road

building

techniques

gradually

developed

through the work of such pioneers as Metcalf, Telford and the eponymous Macadam.

在这种提升的金融环境条件下道路建设技术通 过像德福、

特福德和与麦克亚当齐

名的先驱者的贡献得到缓步发 展

By about 1830 a system of well

–

paved roads had evolved of such quality that they

imposed little or no constraint on road traffic.

而在大约

183 0

年的时候发明了一种用于铺装路面的“井”系统可以对道路交通

产生很少的或几乎没有约束

Journey times were limited not by the state of the road

but by the nature of road vehicles.

行车的时间不仅仅受限于国家的 现有道路，还受限于交通工具的性能。

The next improvement in the speed and cost of travel came about as a result of a

radical change in vehicle technolog

y

—

the building of the railways.

接下来改进的行车速度以及出行花费取决于车辆技术的彻底改革和铁路的建设

The effect of this was to reduce road traffic between towns to such a low level that the

turnpike system became uneconomic.

这样做的目的是在收费公路边的不经济的如此低水平的条件下 尽量减少城镇与

城镇之间的道路上的交通量

Although road building in towns continued, the Turnpike Trusts collapsed.

虽然城镇公路建设仍在继续，但是托拉斯的收费公路系统倒塌了

Legislation in the late nineteenth century set the scene for the current administrative

arrangements for highway construction and maintenance but the technology remained

empirical and essentially primitive. Only in recent years has that situation changed to

any great extent.

19

世纪末期的立法案却为管理安排公路的建设和养护做好了准备，但是技术都

保持在原有状态，只有在近几年来情况才有很大程度的改观

2

The aims of highway engineering

公路工程的目标

In order that economic activity can take place, people, goods and materials must

move from place to place.

为了产生贸易经济行为， 人、商品、材料都必须从一个地方运送到另一个地

方

The necessary movement has to some extent always been possible, but the growth

in

economic

activity

which

characterized

the

Industrial

Revolution

in

eighteenth

century Eng-land and which has occourred or is occurring throughout the world since

then, placed demands on the transport system which in its original primitive form it

was quite unable to meet.