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呼啸山庄英文内容简介
Wuthering
Heights Wuthering Heights is Emily
Bront?
's only novel. It was first
published in 1847
under
the
pseudonym
Ellis
Bell,
and
a
posthumous
second
edition
was
edited
by
her
sister
Charlotte.
The
name
of
the
novel
comes
from
the
Yorkshire
manor
on
the
moors
on
which
the
story centres (as an adjective,
wuthering is a Yorkshire word referring to
turbulent weather). The
narrative
tells
the
tale
of
the
all-
encompassing
and
passionate,
yet
thwarted,
love
between
Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, and
how this unresolved passion eventually destroys
them and
many around them. Now
considered a classic of English literature,
Wuthering Heights' innovative
structure, which has been likened to a
series of Matryoshka dolls,[citation needed] met
with mixed
reviews by critics when it
first appeared, with many horrified by the stark
depictions of mental and
physical
cruelty.[1][2] Though Charlotte
Bront?
's Jane Eyre was originally
considered the best of
the
Bront?
sisters' works, many subsequent
critics of Wuthering Heights argued that its
originality
and achievement made it
superior.[3] Wuthering Heights has also given rise
to many adaptations
and
inspired
works,
including
films,
radio,
television
dramatisations,
a
musical
by
Bernard
J.
Taylor
and songs (notably the hit Wuthering Heights by
Kate Bush), ballet and opera. Contents1
Plot
summary
2
Characters 3
Timeline
4
Local
background 5
Literary
allusions
5.1
Gothic
and
supernatural elements 6
Allusions/references in literature 7 Film, TV or
theatrical adaptations 7.1
New versions
8 Musical allusions and adaptations 8.1 Opera 8.2
Other 9 References 10 External
links
Plot
summary
The
narrative
is
non-
linear,
involving
several
flashbacks,
and
involves
two
narrators
-
Mr.
Lockwood
and
Ellen
Dean.
The
novel
opens
in
1801,
with
Lockwood
arriving at
Thrushcross Grange, a grand house on the Yorkshire
moors he is renting from the surly
Heathcliff,
who
lives
at
nearby
Wuthering
Heights.
Lockwood
spends
the
night
at
Wuthering
Heights and has a
terrifying dream: the ghost of Catherine Earnshaw,
pleading to be admitted to
the house
from outside. Intrigued, Lockwood asks the
housekeeper Nelly Dean to tell the story of
Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights while
he is staying at the Grange recovering from a
cold. Nelly
takes
over
the
narration
and
begins
her
story
thirty
years
earlier,
when
Heathcliff,
a
foundling
living
on
the
streets
of
Liverpool,
is
brought
to
Wuthering
Heights
by
the
then-
owner,
Mr.
Earnshaw,
and
raised
as
his
own.
Ellen
comments
casually
that
Heathcliff
might
have
been
descended
from
Indian
or
Chinese
origins[4].
He
is
often
described
as
or
Earnshaw's
daughter
Catherine
becomes
Heathcliff's
inseparable
friend.
Her
brother
Hindley,
however, resents
Heathcliff, seeing him as an interloper and rival.
Mr. Earnshaw dies three years
later,
and Hindley (who has married a woman named
Frances) takes over the estate. He brutalises
Heathcliff,
forcing
him
to
work
as
a
hired
hand.
Catherine
becomes
friends
with
a
neighbour
family,
the
Lintons
of
Thrushcross
Grange,
who
mellow
her
initially
wild
personality.
She
is
especially attached to
the refined and mild young Edgar Linton, whom
Heathcliff instantly dislikes.
A year
later, Hindley's wife dies, apparently of
consumption, shortly after giving birth to a son,
Hareton; Hindley takes to drink. Some
two years after that, Catherine agrees to marry
Edgar. Nelly
knows
that
this
will
crush
Heathcliff,
and
Heathcliff
overhears
Catherine's
explanation
that
it
would
be
to
marry
him.
Heathcliff
storms
out
and
leaves
Wuthering
Heights,
not
hearing Catherine's
continuing declarations that Heathcliff is as much
a part of her as the rocks are
to
the
earth
beneath.
Catherine
marries
Edgar,
and
is
initially
very
happy.
Some
time
later,
Heathcliff returns, intent on
destroying those who prevent him from being with
Catherine. He has,
mysteriously,
become
very
wealthy.
Through
loans
he
has
made
to
the
drunken
and
dissipated
Hindley that
Hindley cannot repay, he takes ownership of
Wuthering Heights upon Hindley's death.
Intent
on
ruining
Edgar,
Heathcliff
elopes
with
Edgar's
sister
Isabella,
which
places
him
in
a
position
to
inherit
Thrushcross
Grange
upon
Edgar's
death.
Catherine
becomes
very
ill
after
Heathcliff's return and dies a few
hours after giving birth to a daughter also named
Catherine, or
Cathy.
Heathcliff
becomes
only
more
bitter
and
vengeful.
Isabella
flees
her
abusive
marriage
a
month
later, and subsequently gives birth to a boy,
Linton. At around the same time, Hindley dies.
Heathcliff takes ownership of Wuthering
Heights, and vows to raise Hindley's son Hareton
with as
much
neglect
as
he
had
suffered
at
Hindley's
hands
years
earlier.
Twelve
years
later,
the
dying
Isabella asks Edgar to raise her and
Heathcliff's son, Linton. However, Heathcliff
finds out about
this and takes the
sickly, spoiled child to Wuthering Heights.
Heathcliff has nothing but contempt
for
his son, but delights in the idea of him ruling
the property of his enemies. To that end, a few
years
later,
Heathcliff
attempts
to
persuade
young
Cathy
to
marry
Linton.
Cathy
refuses,
so
Heathcliff kidnaps her and forces the
two to marry. Soon after, Edgar Linton dies,
followed shortly
by Linton Heathcliff.
This leaves Cathy a widow and a virtual prisoner
at Wuthering Heights, as
Heathcliff has
gained complete control of both Wuthering Heights
and Thrushcross Grange. It is at
this
point in the narrative that Lockwood arrives,
taking possession of Thrushcross Grange, and
hearing Nelly Dean's story. Shocked,
Lockwood leaves for London. During his absence
from the
area,
however,
events
reach
a
climax
that
Nelly
describes
when
he
returns
a
year
later.
Cathy
gradually
softens
toward
her
rough,
uneducated
cousin
Hareton,
just
as
her
mother
was
tender
towards Heathcliff.
When Heathcliff is confronted by Cathy and
Hareton's love, notably Hareton's
determination
to
protect
the
defiant
Cathy
from
Heathcliff's
attack,
he
seems
to
suffer
a
mental
break from reality
and sees Catherine's ghost. He abandons his life-
long vendetta and dies broken
and
tormented, but glad to be rejoining Catherine.
Cathy and Hareton marry. Heathcliff is buried
next to Catherine (the elder), and the
story concludes with Lockwood visiting the grave,
unsure of
what to feel. Characters
Heathcliff is the central male character of the
novel. A foundling raised by
the
Earnshaw family, he forms a bond with his foster
sister Catherine Earnshaw and they share a
passionate love, but it is founded on
their sameness, of being different halves of the
same soul,
rather than just a romance
or some physical attraction. Meanwhile he nurses a
bitter rivalry with
his foster brother
Hindley, who resents the partiality his father
shows Heathcliff and is cruel to him
after his father's death. The only time
he truly showed love or emotion was when it had to
do with
Cathy. He runs away from the
heights when he is approximately sixteen (his age
is unknown but
he
looks
slightly
older
than
Cathy)
and
returns
three
years
later,
having
mysteriously
made
his
fortune,
education and refinement. He is a brooding,
vindictive man, and his anger and bitterness
at Catherine's later marriage to their
neighbor Edgar Linton sees him engage in a
ruthless vendetta
to
destroy
not
only
his
enemies
but
their
heirs,
a
crusade
that
only
intensifies
upon
Catherine's
death.
Catherine
Earnshaw
is
Heathcliff's
foster
sister.
She
has
dark
brown
eyes
which
are
characteristic of her
family. A free-spirited, wild, passionate, and
somewhat spoiled young woman,
she
returns
Heathcliff's
love
entirely,
but
because
Heathcliff
had
been
made
so
low
that
if
she
married
them
they
would
become
beggars,
instead
she
chooses
another,
Edgar
Linton,
through
which marriage she hopes to help
Heathcliff and bring him back to the standing he
would have
had. Heathcliff leaves the
Heights after overhearing that it would degrade
her to marry him, and
because of this
she throws herself into a violent fit and is ill
for a while. When Edgar asks her to
marry him she is about fifteen; they
are married three years after Edgar's father's
death when she is
about eighteen,
presumably when Edgar comes into his inheritance.
When Heathcliff returns after
those
same three years she renews their friendship,
which makes Edgar unhappy. Always on the
edge of madness, her physical and
mental health are destroyed by the feud between
them, and she
descends into prophetic
madness before dying in an angelic state shortly
after childbirth at about
nineteen.
Edgar Linton is a childhood friend of Catherine
Earnshaw's who later marries her. His
fair appearance, blonde hair and blue
eyes, contrasts with Heathcliff's dark appearance.
A mild and
gentle man, if slightly
cowardly and distant, he loves Catherine deeply
but is unable to reconcile
his
love
for
her
with
her
feelings
for
her
childhood
friend
Heathcliff.
This
leads
to
a
bitter
antagonism
with
Heathcliff,
and
it
is
partly
this
which
leads
to
Catherine's
breakdown.
He
is
well-mannered and gentlemanly but
always remains something of a spoiled child. He is
too afraid
to
fight
Heathcliff
and
shows
fear
at
the
prospect,
earning
both
Cathy's
scorn
and
solidifying
Heathcliff's
contempt.
Linton
is
incapable
of
competing
with
Heathcliff's
guile
and
ruthless
determination
across
the
decades,
and
his
health
fails
him
while
still
a
relatively
young
man.
Isabella
Linton
is
the
younger
sister
of
Edgar
who
becomes
infatuated
with
Heathcliff.
She
fundamentally mistakes his true nature
and elopes with him despite his apparent dislike
of her. Her
love
for
him
turns
to
hatred
almost
immediately,
as
she
is
ill
treated
both
physically
and
emotionally
and
held
captive
against
her
will.
When
Heathcliff
returns
from
the
Grange
after
Cathy's death she taunts him and he
responds by trying to attack her, but Hindley
interferes and
she escapes the Heights.
She leaves for London after visiting Nelly at the
Grange and gives birth
to their son
Linton Heathcliff about seven months later, whom
she attempts to raise away
from
Heathcliff's corrupting influence.
Hindley Earnshaw is Catherine's brother and
Heathcliff's other
rival.
Having
loathed
Heathcliff
since
childhood,
Hindley
delights
in
turning
him
into
a
rough
servant
upon inheriting Wuthering Heights, making him work
the fields. However, his wife's death
from consumption destroys him; he
becomes a self-destructive alcoholic and gambler
and it is this
that
allows
Heathcliff,
upon
returning
to
Wuthering
Heights,
to
turn
the
tables
and
to
buy
the
mortgage
to
Wuthering
Heights
which
Hindley
created
because
of
his
gambling
debts,
and
to
become its
owner. Northern Yorkshire. In the foreground
heaths. Ellen (Nelly) Dean is, at various
points, the housekeeper of both
Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights, and is
the primary
narrator of the novel, told
through M. Lockwood's journal entries. She is
Hindley's, Heathcliff's
and Cathy's
foster-sister and servant, and is the same age as
Hindley, seven years older than Cathy.
Heathcliff
genuinely
likes
her
and
is
always
glad
to
see
her.
She
recognizes
early
on
that
Heathcliff is Catherine's true love and
tries to dissuade her from the disastrous marriage
to Edgar.
Having
been
a
disapproving
witness
and
unwilling
participant
to
many
of
the
events
between
Heathcliff and both
the Earnshaw and Linton families for much of her
life, she narrates the story
to
Lockwood during his illness at the Grange. It is
presumed that she never married as she keeps
the name Dean throughout her life. It
could be considered that she is the true hero of
the story, and
without her many of the
events in the story would never have taken place;
however, she is not the
primary
protagonist. Linton Heathcliff is the son of
Isabella and Heathcliff. He bears no physical
resemblance
to
Heathcliff
whatsoever
and
takes
after
his
mother
completely,
with
big
soft
blue
eyes, fair golden hair, and slightly
effeminate in appearance. However he has a certain
petulance,
cruelty and selfishness, and
exploits his ill health to get attention from
others. He is a sickly child
who grows
up ignorant of his father until his mother's death
when he is thirteen years old. He is
forced
to
live
at
Wuthering
Heights
and
grows
into
a
bullied,
trembling
shadow
of
his
father.
Heathcliff arranges for him to marry
his cousin Catherine Linton so that he may inherit
both the
estates
of
Wuthering
Heights
and
Thrushcross
Grange.
He
dies
shortly
after
entering
into
the
forced marriage. Catherine Linton is
the daughter of Catherine Earnshaw and Edgar
Linton. She
inherits
both
her
mother's
free-spiritedness
and
dark
eyes
and
her
father's
gentle
nature,
facial
features and fair
hair. Heathcliff takes advantage of her
fundamental innocence and manipulates
her into marrying his own son, Linton.
She has a strong affection for Linton despite her
father's
and Nelly's attempts to keep
her out of the reach of Heathcliff's machinations,
and never wavers in
her friendship to
him. Unaware of Linton's failing health, she is
manipulated into traveling to the
Heights, where Heathcliff forces her to
remain and marry his son before she returns home
to her
father,
who
is
dying
as
well.
Once
she
has
become
a
captive
of
Wuthering
Heights
Heathcliff
resorts
to
the
same
torture
he
applies
to
everyone
against
whom
he
bears
a
grudge;
he
is
also
violent
towards
her
and
cannot
stand
to
have
her
in
the
same
room
with
him.
As
a
result,
she
becomes
harpyish
and
unfriendly.
When
Nelly
is
allowed
to
move
to
the
Heights
she
helps
Catherine
return
back
to
her
true
nature
and
kindness.
She
later
falls
in
love
with
her
cousin,
Hareton
Earnshaw.
Hareton
Earnshaw
is
the
son
of
Hindley
Earnshaw,
who
is
adopted
by
Heathcliff
upon
Hindley's
death.
He
is
described
as
a
handsome
rustic
with
the
dark
Earnshaw
eyes,
and
bears
a
likeness
to
his
aunt
and
father.
Heathcliff
once
saved
his
life;
he
caught
him
when Hindley
accidentally drops him off the banister of the
staircase; however he regretted the act.
Heathcliff spitefully turns Hareton
into an illiterate servant and has him work the
fields, much as
Hindley once did to
him. Despite this, Hareton remains strangely loyal
to him, and considers him
his father.
Quick tempered and easily embarrassed, he falls in
love with Catherine Linton early on,
and despite her contempt for him is
thus inspired to improve himself. He is the only
person who
mourns
Heathcliff
upon
his
death.
Joseph
is
a
servant of
the
Earnshaws
and
later
Heathcliff.
A
bullying, lazy and snide
man, he hates Heathcliff but is bound to serve
Wuthering Heights and the
sense
of
duty
he
feels
to
Hareton,
who
he
calls
the
true
master.
Intensely
religious,
he
is
sanctimonious, self-righteous and
largely held in contempt by those around him. He
speaks in the
traditional West
Yorkshire dialect. This dialect was still used in
the Haworth area up until the late
1970s, but there are now only portions
of it still in common use.[5] Lockwood is the
narrator of
the
novel.
A
newly-arrived
tenant
at
Thrushcross
Grange
at
the
beginning
of
the
novel,
he
is
intrigued
by the curious goings-on at Wuthering Heights, and
persuades Nelly Dean to tell him the
story of what happened during a bout of
sickness. Lockwood is apparently a wealthy,
relatively
young man who comes to
regret not approaching the younger Catherine
Linton himself. Despite
having a
reserved manner and somewhat lofty ideals of
himself, he is also a sensitive and romantic
soul who is deeply affected by the saga
of Heathcliff and Catherine. It is inferred that
he lives in
London and returns there
after his stay at the Grange. Frances Earnshaw is
the wife that Hindley
married while
away at college. The fact that he did not tell his
father suggests that Frances is not
of
high social standing. From her introduction she
proves to be a kind woman to Nelly and Cathy
but follows Hindley's example and
dislikes Heathcliff. While Hareton is an infant
she dies from
consumption,
or
tuberculosis,
a
fate
shared
by
most
of
the
Bront?
sisters.
She
had
shown
symptoms
of
her
illness
ever
since
Hindley
brought
her
to
Wuthering
Heights,
but
at
that
time
Nelly did not know what
to make of her violent bloody coughs and fear of
dying. Mr. Kenneth, the
local
doctor
and
drinking
partner
of
Hindley.
Kenneth
often
sees
to
the
ill
or
dead
characters:
Cathy in her
madnesses, Frances during childbirth and TB,
Heathcliff and his early illness, Edgar's
final hours, and Hindley's death. Nelly
tells Heathcliff that he should send for Kenneth
to tend to
his ill son, but does not
tell him that Heathcliff's death is suicide by
starvation. He also reports to
Nelly
that he saw Isabella leaving with Heathcliff.
Timeline 1757 Hindley born (Summer); Nelly
born
1762
Edgar
Linton
born
1764
Heathcliff
born
1765
Catherine
Earnshaw
born
(Summer);
Isabella Linton
born (late 1765) 1771 Heathcliff is brought to
Wuthering Heights by Mr Earnshaw
(late
summer) 1773 Mrs Earnshaw dies (Spring) 1774
Hindley is sent off to college 1777 Hindley
marries
Frances;
Mr
Earnshaw
dies
(October);
Hindley
comes
back
(October);
Heathcliff
and
Catherine
visit
Thrushcross
Grange,
Catherine
remains
behind
(November),
then
returns
to
Wuthering Heights (Christmas Eve). 1778
Hareton is born (June);
Frances dies
1780 Heathcliff
runs away from
Wuthering Heights; Mr and Mrs Linton both die 1783
Catherine marries Edgar
(March);
Heathcliff
comes
back
(September)
1784
Heathcliff
marries
Isabella
(February);
Catherine
dies
and
Cathy
is
born
(20
March);
Hindley
dies;
Linton
is
born
(September)
1797
Isabella dies; Cathy
visits Wuthering Heights and meets Hareton; Linton
is brought to Thrushcross
Grange and is
then taken to Wuthering Heights 1800 Cathy meets
Heathcliff and sees Linton again
(20
March)
1801
Cathy
and
Linton
are
married
(August);
Edgar
dies
(August);
Linton
dies
(September); Mr
Lockwood goes to Thrushcross Grange and visits
Wuthering Heights, beginning
his
narrative
1802
Mr
Lockwood
goes
back
to
London
(January);
Heathcliff
dies
(April);
Mr
Lockwood comes back to Thrushcross
Grange (September) 1803 Cathy plans to marry
Hareton (1
January) Local background
Though tourists are often told that Top Withens, a
ruined farmhouse,
near the Haworth
Parsonage (Bronte Parsonage Museum), is the model
for Wuthering Heights, it
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