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英汉词类中的名词和动词
Nouns and
V
erbs in English and Chinese
I. Nouns in English and
Chinese
1. Difference in
Classification
English: common nouns,
proper nouns, collective nouns
CN: countable
vs. uncountable
Chinese: common
nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns, abstract
nouns.
2. Differences in terms of Number
1). Number
Language vs. Classifier Language
2). Effect on translation
Principle of
Amplification (
增词原则
)
增词原
则:在译文中增加必需的词汇,保证译文在意义上与原文吻合、表达上
符合目的语的表达
习惯,使译文易于理解。
【例】
Up the street they went,
past stores, across a broad square, and then
entered a
huge building.
他们沿着大街走过去,
一路经过几家大商店,
穿过一个大广场,
最后
进了一栋大楼。
Principle of
Omission (
省略原则
)
:<
/p>
p>
省略原则:指在翻译中不损害原文意义的前提下,删减原文中不必要的词汇,
使译文符合目的语的表达习惯。
【例】一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。
The
newly built roads connect this smaill town to the
outside world.
3. Differences in Frequency of
A
vailability
(
使用频率不同
)
Noun-prominent (E) vs.
V
erb-prominent (C)
词类转换原则:
指在翻译中为了表达
的需要,
改变原文中词的类别,
使译文自然流畅,
符合目的语的表达习惯。
原则
A:
由动词派生的英语名词转译成汉语动词
【例
1<
/p>
】
The 1967 UN document calls
for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on
the
basis of Israeli withdrawal from
occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of
Israeli's right
to exist.
1967
年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权
利的基础上来
解决中东冲突。
原则
B:
含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词
The sight and sound of our jet planes
filled me with special longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。
原则
C:
英语中有些加后缀
-er
的名词含有较强的动作意味
,
可以译成动词
I
am
afraid I
can't
teach
you
swimming. I think
my
younger
brother
is
a
better
teacher
than I.
我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。
II. V
erbs in
English and Chinese
Morphology
Number (Third person singular)
Subject-verb Concord
Noun-prominent vs. V
erb-
prominent
2.
英语动词译成汉语的规则
Formality has always characterized
their relationship.
他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。
p>
规则
1
:英语中有不少由名词派生的动词,
以及由名词转用的动词,在汉语中往往不易
找到相应的动词,这时可将其转译成汉语名词
I was a middle
school teacher and my dream was to teach college
students.
我教过中学。那时就有了当大学老师的梦想。
规则
2
:增
词原则:英译汉时增加表示时间关系或动态关系的词语
英汉对比对翻译的启示之一
I.
Nouns in English and Chinese
?1.
Difference in Classification
?English: common nouns, proper nouns,
?
collective nouns
?
CN: countable
vs. uncountable
?Chinese:
common nouns, proper nouns,
?
collective nouns, abstract nouns
2. Differences in terms of Number
?1). Number Language vs.
Classifier Language
?2).
Effect on translation
?Principle of Amplification
(
增词原则
)
?
增词原则:在译文中增加必需的词汇,保证译文在意义上与原文吻合、表达上符合
目的语
的表达习惯,使译文易于理解。
?
【
例】
Up
the street they went, past stores, across a broad
square, and then entered a huge building.
?
他们沿着大街走过去,一路经过几
家大商店,穿过一个大广场,
最后进了一栋大楼。
?Principle of Omission (
省略原则
)
:
p>
?
省略原则:指在翻译中不损害原文意义的前提下,删减原文中不必
要的词汇,使译文符合
目的语的表达习惯。
?
【例】一条条新修的公路把这个小
镇和外界连在一起。
?The
newly built roads connect this smaill town to the
outside world.
?3.
Differences in Frequency of
A
vailability
(
使用频率不同
)
?Noun-prominent (E) vs.
V
erb-prominent (C)
< br>?
词类转换原则:指在翻译中为了表达的需要,改变原文中词的类别,使译文自然
流畅,符
合目的语的表达习惯。
原则
A:
由动词派生的英语名词转译成汉语动词
?
【
例
1
】
The 1967 UN document calls for the
settlement of the Middle East conflict on the
basis of
Israeli withdrawal from
occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of
Israeli's right to exist.
?
1967
年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的
基
础上来解决中东冲突。
原则
B:
含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词
?The sight and sound of our jet planes
filled me with special longing.
?A
glance through his office
window offers a panoramic view of the Washington
Monument and
the Lincoln Memorial.
?
看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆
的机声,令我特别神往。
?
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
原则
C:
英语中有些加后缀
-er
的名词含有较强的动作意味
,
可以译成动词
I am afraid I can't teach you swimming.
I think my younger brother is a better teacher
than I.
我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。
II.
V
erbs in English and Chinese
?Morphology
?Number (Third person singular)
?Subject-verb Concord
?Noun-prominent vs.
V
erb-prominent
2.
英语动词译成汉语的规则
规则
1<
/p>
:英语中有不少由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动词,在汉语中往往不易找到
相应的动词,这时可将其转译成汉语名词
Formality has always
characterized their relationship.
他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。
规则
2
:增
词原则:英译汉时增加表示时间关系或动态关系的词语
?I was a middle school teacher and my
dream was to teach college students.
我教过中学。那时就有了当大学老师的梦想。
英汉词汇意义比较(
01
)
I. The meaning
of linguistic expressions derives from two
sources:
(1) the language
they are part of
(2) the
world they describe (Ferdinand de Saussure,1974)
II. Two Basic Types of
Lexical Meaning
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