Ielts Reading for Students2013.9.1

2021年2月13日发(作者：5670)

IELTS READING MATERIAL

FOR STUDENTS

1

Lecture One:

试题

:

Directions:

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the

following pages.

Life beyond Earth

A

We all have our suppositions, our scenarios. The late astronomer Carl Sagan estimated that there are a million

technological civilizations in our galaxy alone. His more conservative callable Frank Drake offers the number

10,

Oro,

a

pioneering

comet

researcher,

calculates

that

the

Milky

Way

is

sprinkled

with

a

hundred

civilizations. And finally there are skeptics like Ben Zuckerman, an astronomer at UCLA, who thinks we may

as well be alone in this galaxy if not in the universe.

B

All the estimates are highly speculative. The fact is that there is no conclusive evidence of any life beyond Earth.

Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence, as various pundits have wisely noted. But still we don?t have

any solid knowledge about a single alien microbe, a solitary spore, much less the hubcap from a passing alien

starship.

C

Our ideas about extraterrestrial life are what Sagan called “plausibility arguments,” usually shot through with

unknowns, hunches, ideologies, and random ought-to-bes. Even if we convince ourselves that there must be life

out the

re, we confront a second problem, which is that we don?t know anything about that life. We don?t know

how truly alien it is. We don?t know if it is built on a foundation of carbon atoms. We don?t know if it requires a

liquid-water medium, if it swims or flies or burrows.

D

Despite .the enveloping nebula of uncertainties, extraterrestrial life has become an increasingly exciting area of

scientific inquiry. The field is called exobiology or astrobiology or bioastronomy--- every few years it seems as

though the name has been changed to protect the ignorant.

E

Whatever it?s called, this is a science infused with optimism. We now know that the universe may be as warm

with planets. Since 1995 astronomers have detected at least 22 planets orbiting other stars. NASA hopes to build

a

telescope

called

the

Terrestrial

Planet

Finder

to

search

for

Earth-like

planets,

examining

them

for

the

atmospheric signatures of a living world. In the past decade organisms have been found thriving on our own

planet in bizarre, hostile environments. If microbes can live in the pores of rock deep beneath the earth or at the

rim of a scalding Yellowstone spring, then they might find a place like Mars not so shabby.

F

Mars is in the midst of a full-scale invasion from Earth, from polar landers to global stevedores to rovers looking

for fossils .A canister of Mars rocks will be rocketed back to Earth in the year 2008, parachuting into the Utah

desert for scrutiny by scientists in a carefully sealed lab. In the coming years probes will also go around and, at

some

point,

into

Jupiter?s

moon

Europe.

That

icy

world

shows

numerous

signs

of

having

a

subsurface

ocean-and could conceivably harbor a dark cold biosphere.

G

The quest for an alien microbe is supplemented by a continuing effort to find something large, intelligent, and

communicative.

SETI-the

Search

for

Extraterrestrial

Intelligence-has

not

yielded

a

confirmed

signal

from

an

alien

civilization

in

40

years

of

experiments,

but

the

signal-processing

technology

grows

more

sophisticated

ea

ch year. The optimists figure it?s only a matter of time before we tune in the right channel.

H

No

one

knows

when--- or

if---

one

of

these

investigations

might

make

a

break

through.

There?s

a

fair

bit

of

boosterism surrounding the entire field, but I'd bet the break through is many year, if not decades, away. The

simple truth: extraterrestrial life, by definition, is not conveniently located.

I

But there are other truths that sustain the search for alien organisms. One is that, roughly speaking, the universe

looks habitable. Another is that life radiates information about itself---

that, if nothing else, it usually leaves a

residue or an imprint. If the universe contains an abundance of life, that life is not likely to remain forever in the

realm of the unknown.

J

Contact with an alien civilization would be an epochal and culturally challenging event, but exobiologist would

settle gladly for the discovery of a tiny fossil, a mere remnant of extraterrestrial biochemistry. One example.

One data point to add to the one we have---Earth life.

That?s what we need to begin the long process of putting

human existence in its true cosmic context.

Questions 28

－

33 ( 12.5 Points 2.5 Points each)

Directions:

Complete the summary paragraph A to E below. Choose

NO MORE THAN THERE WORDS

from

paragraphs A to E for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 28--- 33 on your answer sheet.

Many

astronomers

gave

estimate

on

the

number

of

28.___________

existing

in

the

universe.

Some

of

them

might be likely to give a more conservative figure. But there are also others being skeptical about their existence.

However, all of the arguments are not proved yet. Even if we believe that there might be extraterrestrial life, we are

still unable to decide whether it is formed based on 29. ___________ or whether it demands a 30._________medium

or

not.

However,

this

theme

is

known

as

31.__________

and

has

more

fascinating

and

intriguing

for

scientists.

Despite its name, the scientific fields are optimistic about the exploration: NASA plans to build telescope in order to

examine 32._________of Earth- like planets. Since the find of 33.___________ on our planet, it is possible that they

can also be present on Mars.

2

Questions 34-38 (12.5 Points 2.5 Points each)

Directions:

Complete

the

sentences.

Choose

NO

MORE

THAN

THERE

WORDS

from

the

passage

for

each

answer. Write your answers in boxes 34-38 on your answer sheet.

34. Experts are approaching Mars extensively in the search of____________.

35. Jupiter?s moons Europe will be in the analyzed

for it is conceived to embrace a __________ probably hostile to

life.

36. Although no clear signals have been received by human being, advances made in__________ have provided

some optimism after 40 years' experiments.

37. The reason why extraterrestrial life cannot be immediately found is that it is not readily___________.

38. The look for alien organism can still be sustained because it would still give off traces such as__________.

Questions 39 and 40

(5 Points 2.5 Points each)

Direction:

Answer

the

questions

below.

Choose

NO

MORE THAN

THERE WORDS

AND/OR A

NUMBER

from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 39 and 40 on your answer sheet.

39. How many planets surrounding other stars have been detected since the year1995?

will the rocks from Mars be parachuted for examination?

Lecture Two: Looking for Three Types of Language Reoccurrence

Ex 1

While it is acknowledged for many years that an increasing number of animals are bound to become extinct, it is

only recently that the problem has been addressed by politicians.

Question:

We have known for a long time that more species of animals will disappear.(T/F/NG)

Ex 2

At

precisely

4:20

am

on

Friday

the

24

th

of

September

1993,

it

was

announced

that Sydney

had

beaten

five

other

competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydney-siders, were justifiably proud of the

result. But

, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of government?s

spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercises?

Question:

How many cities were competing in 1993 for the right to hold the 2000 Games?

Ex 3

Sea fishing grew rapidly in the decades after the Second World War. Mechanisation increased the fishermen?s catch

in traditional grounds and then carried them to distant waters for more.

Question:

Technological

developments

contributed

to

the

higher

fish

catches

after

the

Second

World

War.

(

true/

false/

not

given)

Ex 4

Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded.

Question:

Paper is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is ________. (fill in the blanks)

Ex 5

Question:

Name two reasons for loss of farmland. Use No More Than Two Words in both of your answers.

Name two reasons for loss of farmland. Use No More Than Two Words in both of your answers.

Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of

food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries. And the impact will be felt widely throughout the

region. In the 1990s alone, he says, the cities of Asia will be swollen by a further 500 million people -- nearly equal

to the population of the United States and European Community combined.

that

of

the

poor.

Prime

productive

land

is

being

used

for

city

expansion

and

building

roads,

while

thousands

of

hectares are being taken out of production each year because of salinity and alkalinity.

Lecture Three

Find the signal words in the passage

Ex 6

The second flaw in the reasoning of the WZCS (The World Zoo Conservation Strategy )document is the naive faith it

places

in

its

1,000

core

zoos.

One

would

assume

that

the

caliber

of

these

institutions

would

have

been

carefully

examined, but it appears that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of

a zoo federation or association. This might be a good starting point, working on the premise that members must meet

certain standards, but again the facts don't support the theory.

Question

: Zoos in the WZCS select list were carefully inspected. (

判断题

)

3

Ex7

The

Aborigines

made

no

use

of

Leptospermum

or

Dodonaea

as

food

plants,

yet

the

early

settlers

found

that

one

could be used as a substitute for tea and the other for hops.

Ex8

From

the

mid-1960s

when

the

Green

revolution

began, Asian

food

production

doubled

through

a

combination

of

high-yielding crops, expanded farming area and greater intensification. However, a mysterious threat is emerging in

the noticeably declining yields of rice.

Ex9

Quite

a

few

candidates

are

disturbed

by

the

rumour

that

IELTS

is

going

through

big

changes.

In

fact,

it

appears

nothing has ever happened.

Ex10

Whereas her country has plenty of oil, ours has none.

Ex11

Some people think that changes can be exciting, thrilling and adventuresome. On the other hand, changes can also

bring about life-threatening disasters.

Ex12

While some students are able to supplement their funds with money from part-time and/or vacation work, such work

is not always regular even when available.

Ex13

For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and

possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies.

Ex14

Despite the importance of tomorrow?s test, Hans still decided to begin to study next morning.

Ex15

This year's fall in profits was not unexpected. Nevertheless, it is very disappointing.

Ex16

The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of narrow, dark streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn

by the noise of the taxicabs lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.

Ex17

Many people stay at jobs they are too old for rather than meet possible rejection.

Ex18

Like his father President Bush is a republican.

Ex19

Scribner and Cole regard classroom learning as parallel to learning in daily life.

Ex20

It is far easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.

Ex21

Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable.

Ex22

In contrast with your belief that we will fail, I am confident we will succeed.

Ex23

Between 11 and 15 million salmon once spawned in the Columbia river system. Now there are only 3 million.

判断

The number of salmon in the Colombia river system has dropped dramatically

．

（

）

EX24

Those Aborigines living in

the dry

inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on seed such as

those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts. They ground these seeds between flat stones to make coarse flour. Tribes on

the

coast,

and

particularly

in

the

vicinity

of

coastal

rainforests,

had

a

more

varied

vegetable

diet

with

a

higher

proportion of fruits and tubers.

Ex25

As a general rule, international students should expect to spend at least as much on monthly living expenses during

the summer as they do during the academic year.

Ex26

“The

extra

money

that

tourism

brings

in

more

than

makes

up

for

the

inconvenience

of

its

citizens,

the

chairman.

Ex27

In general, those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on seed

such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts.

Ex28

When the car comes to a river, it turns amphibious: two hydrojets power it along by blasting water under its body.

Ex29

4

I am in a slightly awkward position, in that my secretary is on holiday at the moment.

Ex30

There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through

barriers of language and cultural diversity.

Ex31

The first of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided design (CAD)) systems can replace with a click

of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how

complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time, Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new

airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system will take care of that.

Ex32

In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the community's female workforce grew by almost six million. As a

result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% of

men.

EX 33

Increased air temperature has brought about higher sea levels.

Ex34

Necessity led to experimentation.

Ex35

As

our

roads

become

more

dangerous,

more

parents

drive

their

children

to

more

places,

thus

contributing

to

increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians.

Ex36

One of London Zoo's recent advertisements caused me great irritation.

Ex37

The high cost of oil poses serious problems for industry.

Ex38

The advertising campaign has contributed significantly to the success of the new car.

Ex39

His illness resulted from eating contaminated food.

Ex40

Cutting the hefty subsidies that go to the world's coal producers would help tilt the world's energy balance towards

natural gas.

EX41

His success can be attributed to hard working.

Ex42

The border incident precipitated the two countries into war.

Ex43

I think a lack of confidence underlies his aggressive manner.

Ex44

A higher price greatly affected demand for electricity.

Ex45

Governments could take advantage of today's low oil prices to build up their own stocks.

Ex46

Population aging is mainly due to a decline in fertility.

Ex47

Elderly women outnumber elderly men because of gains in female longevity.

雅思阅读题型分析

Lecture Four

Multiple Choice(

选择题

)

Ex 48

1

The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean

surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely

that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a

long time-scale that we have not yet recognized in our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up

of

greenhouse

gases

is

responsible,

and

that

the

warming

will

continue,

scientists--and

inhabitants

of

Iow-lying

coastal areas-- would like to know the extent of future sea level rises.

2

Calculating

this

is

not

easy.

Models

used

for

the

purpose

have

treated

the

ocean

as

passive,

stationary

and

one-dimensional. Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere. Using basic

physical

laws,

they

then

predict

how

much

a

known

volume

of

water

would

expand

for

a

given

increase

in

temperature. But the oceans are not one-dimensional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which

takes into account a number of subtle facets of the sea--including vast and complex ocean currents--suggests that the

rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted.

ists do not know for sure why the air and surface of ocean temperatures are rising because ...

5

A

there is too much variability.

B

there is not enough variability.

C

they have not been recording these temperatures for enough time.

D

the changes have only been noticed for 100 years.

research leads scientists to believe that ...

A

the oceans are less complex.

B

the oceans are more complex.

C

the oceans will rise more than expected.

D

the oceans will rise less than expected.

Ex49

Even

though

earthquake

prone

countries

spend

enormous

human

and

financial

resources

on

seismographic

measurement, as a means of predicting earthquakes, there is a danger in paying too much heed to seemingly high risk

zones

and

erecting

less

stable

buildings

solely

because of

their

being

in

a

low

risk

zone. Prior

to

the

earthquake,

Kobe was not regarded as at serious risk, but after the disaster, investigation of the damage revealed that nearly all

deaths occurred in small buildings that shattered rather than twisted when stressed. Coupled with the problem of soft

soils, the buildings had little firm support and many crumbled. If countries wish to withstand the devastating forces

of

substantial

earthquakes

and

reduce

death,

injury

and

property

damage,

it

is

important

to

design

and

construct

buildings that are earthquake resistant, as well as monitor seismic forces.

is now believed that ...

A

low-risk zones are relatively safe.

B

high-risk zones are more dangerous than low-risk zones.

C

low-risk zones may in fact be very dangerous due to poorly constructed buildings.

D

high-risk zones have stable buildings,

2. Soft soils ...

A together with poorly constructed buildings and being in high-risk zones greatly contribute to earthquakes

devastation.

B cause earthquakes.

C cause buildings to twist rather than shatter.

D crumble buildings.

3. Seismologists ,.,

A can predict the potential destruction of a city by an earthquake.

B cannot predict where an earthquake may occur.

C had been investigating Kobe's potential for an earthquake and had warned the inhabitants,

D could work with other professionals to understand and try to minimize the level of death and injury caused

by major earthquakes.

Ex50

Computerised

data

storage

and

electronic

mail

were

to

have

heralded

the

paperless

office.

But,

contrary

to

expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating. In fact, consumption, especially of

printing and writing papers, continues to increase. World demand for paper and board is now expected to grow faster

than

the

general

economic

growth

in

the

next

15

years.

Strong

demand

will

be

underpinned

by

the

growing

industrialization

of

South-East

Asia,

the

reemergence

of

paper

packaging,

greater

use

of

facsimile

machines

and

photocopiers,

and

the

popularity

of

direct-mail

advertising.

It

is

possible

that

by

2007,

world

paper

and

board

demand will reach 455 million tonnes, compared with 241 million tonnes in 1991.

Question 1-4

Below is a list of possible factors, A-G

, which will influence the amount of paper being used in the future. From

the list, choose FOUR factors which are mentioned in the Paragraph above. Write your answers A-G, in the spaces on

the answer sheet.

A

more people read newspapers

B

increased use of paper bags

C

increased book production for education

D

wider use of sign post advertising

E

increased use of fax machines

F

wider use of leaflet advertising

G

greater use of duplicating machines

Ex51

Day

after

day

we

hear

about

how

anthropogenic

development

is

causing

global

warming.

According

to

an

increasingly vocal minority, however, we should be asking ourselves how much of this is media hype and how much

is based on real evidence. It seems, as so often is the case, that it depends on which expert you listen to, or which

statistics you study.

Yes, it is true that there is a mass of evidence to indicate that the world is getting warmer, with one of the world's

leading weather predictors stating that air temperatures have shown an increase of just under half a degree Celsius

since the beginning of the twentieth century. And while this may not sound like anything worth losing sleep over, the

6

international press would have us believe that the consequences could be devastating. Other experts, however, are of

the opinion that what we are seeing is just part of a natural upward and downward swing that has always been part of

the cycle of global weather. An analysis of the views of major meteorologists in the United States showed that less

than 20% of them believed that any change in temperature over the last hundred years was our own fault--the rest

attributed

it

to

natural

cyclical

changes.

There

is,

of

course,

no

denying

that

we

are

still

at

a

very

early

stage

in

understanding weather. The effects of such variables as rainfall, cloud formation, the seas and oceans, gases such as

methane and ozone, or even solar energy are still not really understood, and therefore the predictions that we make

using them cannot always be relied on. Dr. James Hansen, in 1988, was predicting that the likely effects of global

warming would be a raising of world temperature which would have disastrous consequences for mankind:

cause and effect relationship between the current climate and human alteration of the atmosphere

on record as stating that using artificial models of climate as a way of predicting change is all but impossible. In fact,

he now believes that, rather than getting hotter, our planet is getting greener as a result of the carbon dioxide increase,

with the prospect of increasing vegetation in areas which in recent history have been frozen wastelands.

In

fact,

there

is

some

evidence

to

suggest

that

as

our

computer-based

weather

models

have

become

more

sophisticated, the predicted rises in temperature have been cut back. In addition, if we look at the much reported rise

in global temperature over the last century, a close analysis reveals that the lion's share of that increase, almost three

quarters in total, occurred before man began to

greenhouse gas emissions in the second half of the twentieth century.

So should we pay any attention to those stories that scream out at us from billboards and television news headlines,

claiming that man, with his inexhaustible dependence

on oil-based machinery and ever more sophisticated forms

of transport is creating a nightmare level of greenhouse gas emissions, poisoning his environment and ripping open

the ozone layer? Doubters point to scientific evidence, which can prove that, of all the greenhouse gases, only two

percent come from man-made sources, the rest resulting from natural emissions.

Who,

then,

to

believe:

the

environmentalist

exhorting

us

to

leave

the

car

at

home,

to

buy

re-usable

products

packaged

in

recycled

paper and

to plant

trees

in

our

backyard? Or

the

sceptics,

including,

of

course, a

lot

of big

businesses who have most to lose, when they tell us that we are making a mountain out of a molehill? And my own

opinion? The jury's still out as far as I am concerned!

Questions 1-8

Choose the appropriate letters A-D for each question.

1 The author ...

A

believes that man is causing global warming.

B

believes that global warming is a natural process.

C

is sure what the causes of global warming are.

D

does not say what he believes the cause of global warming are.

to the cause of global warming, the author believes that ...

A

occasionally the facts depend on who you are talking to.

B

the facts always depend on who you are talking to.

C

often the facts depend on which expert you listen to,

D

you should not speak to experts,

than 80% of the top meteorologists in the United States are of

the opinion that ...

A

global warming should make us lose sleep.

B

global warming is not the result of natural cyclical changes, but man-made,

C

the consequences of global warming will be devastating.

D

global warning is not man-made, but the result of natural cyclical changes.

understanding of weather ...

A

leads to reliable predictions.

B

is variable.

C

cannot be denied.

D

is not very developed yet.

tly, Dr. James Hansen's beliefs include the fact that ...

A

it is nearly impossible to predict weather change using artificial models.

B

the consequences of global warming would be disastrous, for mankind.

C

there is a significant link between the climate now, and man's changing of the atmosphere.

D

Earth is getting colder.

6. Most of the increase in global temperature happened ...

A

in the first half of the twentieth century.

B

in the second half of the twentieth century,'

C

in the first half of the nineteenth century.

D

in the second half of the nineteenth century,

7. Many big businesses ...

A

are exhorting us to leave the car at home.

7

B

benefit a lot from global warming.

C

are on the side of environmentalists as regards the cause of global warming.

D

are on the side of the skeptics as regards the cause of global warming.

of these is the best title for this text?

A

Global Warming Is for Real

B

Global Warming-- Media Hype or Genuine Threat?

C

Weather Changes over the Last 100 Years

D

Global Warming--the Greatest Threat to Mankind

Ex52

An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea- level rises of 20cm and 1.4m,

corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5 C respectively. Some scientists estimate that the

ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between

10cm

and

40cm.

This

model

only

takes

into

account

the

temperature

effect

on

the

oceans;

it

does

not

consider

changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and changes in ground water storage.

When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15cm and 70cm respectively.

Questions 1-3

Look

at

the

following

list

of

factors

A-F

and

select

THREE

which

are

mentioned

in

the

reading

passage

which may contribute to the rising ocean levels.

A thermal expansion

B melting ice

C increased air temperature

D higher rainfall

E changes in the water table

F increased ocean movement

.

Lecture Five

Short Answer Questions

Ex 53

Sydney 2000 olympics

1 The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a stagger- ing$$960 mi/lion, but the city is

preparing

t0

reap

the

financial

benefits

that

ensue

from

,holding

such

an

international

event

by

emulating

the

commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984.

2 At precisely 4:20 am on Friday the 24th of September 1993, it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other

competing cities around the world, and Australians everywhere, not only Sydneysiders, were justifiably proud of the

result. But, if Sydney had lost the bid, would the taxpayers of NSW and of Australia have approved of governments

spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise?

3 There may have been some consolation in the fact that the bid came in $$1 million below the revised budget and $$5

million

below

the

original

budget

of

$$29

million

formulated

in

mid-1991.

However,

the

final

cost

was

the

considerable

sum

of

$$24

million,

the

bulk

of

which

was

paid

for

by

corporate

and

community

contributions,

merchandising,

licensing,

and

the

proceeds

of

lotteries,

with

the

NSW

Government,

which

had

originally

been

willing

to

spend

up

to

$$10

million,

contributing

some

$$2

million.

The

Federal

Governments

grant

of

$$5

million

meant, in effect, that the Sydney bid was financed by every Australian taxpayer.

4 Prior to the announcement of the winning city, there was considerable debate about the wisdom of taking financial

risks of this kind at a time of economic recession. Others argued that 70 per cent of the facilities were already in

place, and all were on government-owned land, removing some potential areas of conflict which troubled previous

Olympic bidders. The former NSW Premier, Mr. Nick Greiner, went on record as saying that the advantage of having

the Games

think the real point of the Games is the psychological change, the catalyst of confidence... apart from the other more

obvious reasons, such as the building of sporting facilities, tourism, and things of that nature.

5 However, the dubiousness of the benefits that Melbourne, an unsuccessful bidder for the 1988 Olympic Games,

received

at

a

time

when

the

State

of

Victoria

was

still

in

economic

turmoil

meant

many

corporate

bodies

were

unenthusiastic.

6 There is no doubt that Sydney's seductive physical charms caused the world's media to compare the city favorably

to

its

rivals

Beijing,

Berlin,

Manchester,

and

Istanbul.

Mr.

Godfrey

Santer,

the

Australian

Tourist

Commission's

Manager of Corporate Planning Services, stated that soon after the bid was made, intense media focus was already

having a beneficial effect on in-bound tourism.

7 Developers and those responsible for community development projects eagerly pointed to the improvements taking

place to the existing infrastructure of the city, the creation of employment, and especially the building of sporting

facilities, all of which meet the needs of the community and help to attract more tourists. At Homebush Bay $$300

million was spent providing the twin athletic arenas and the

impressive legacy was the new attitude shown towards both industrial relations and environmental problems. The

high-profile

nature

of

the

bid;

and

the

perception

that

it

must

proceed

smoothly

created

a

unique

attitude

of

8

co-operation

between

the

workforce

and

employers

involved

in

the

construction

of

the

Olympic

Village

at

Homebush Bay. The improvements included the lack of strikes, the breaking down of demarkation barriers, and the

completion of projects within budget and ahead of time.

8

The Secretary

of

the

NSW

Labour

Council,

Mr.

Michael

Easson,

was

quoted

as

saying,

we've

achieved

should become the model for the rest of the building industry ... great co-operation, good management, improvement

in relations between employers and employees, and a feeling of optimism ...

sporting facilities at Homebush Bay and an industrial relations model which should impact on the rest of the building

industry.

Improved

negotiations

and

co-operation

over

the

bid

between

the

Greenpeace

environmental

group

and

the

State

Government also saw a new respect develop on both sides. Suddenly, environmentalists were no longer regarded as

being

radically

opposed

to

all

development,

and

neither

was

the

State

Government

perceived

as

inconsiderate

towards environmental concerns.

10

The

success

of

Sydney's

bid

laid

to

rest

much

of

the

opposition

to

the

gamble.

Nonetheless,

most

economists

agree that it would be wise when considering future risks of this kind to bear well in mind the financial consequences

of failure.

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information in the Reading Passage?

Write

TRUE

if the statement, is true according to the passage

FALSE

if the statement is false according to the passage

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

1.

The initial estimate of the cost of the Sydney bid was $$960 million.

2.

The majority of the funding for the bid came from a Federal Government's grant.

3.

The bid for the Games was made during a period of economic growth.

4.

The potential for conflict was less because the Olympic sites were on government-owned land.

5.

The former Premier of NSW claimed that the Games will bring about a feeling of confidence.

6.

The world media's attitude was favourable to Sydney because of the city's friendliness towards tourists.

7.

There was a positive effect on tourism not long after the bid for the Games was made.

8.

The State Government and environmentalist groups co-operated better with each other over the bid.

Questions 9-14

Refer to the reading passage headed

many cities were competing in 1993 for the right to hold the 2000 Games?

was the cost of the revised budget for the Sydney bid?

a result of the Federal Government's $$5 million grant, who also contributed towards the bid?

phrase of three words in the text describes the State of Victoria when Melbourne bid for the Games?

is

the

name

given

to

the

collection

of

buildings

constructed

for

the

2000

Olympic

Games

at

Homebush

Bay?

many

achievements

does

the

Secretary

of

the

NSW

Labour

Council

mention

in

his

industrial

relations

model?

Ex 54

C4T1P2Q22---26

Question22---26

Answer the questions, below using NO MORE THAN THRESS WORDS from the passage for each answer.

22. Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?

23. Which species swim upside down while eating?

24. What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?

25. Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability?

26. Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?

What Do Whales Feel?

A

Some

of

the

senses

that

we

and

other

terrestrial

mammals

take

for

granted

are

either

reduced

or

absent

in

cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example it appears from their brain structure that toothed species

are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not

known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top

of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at

least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.

B

The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of

captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals' responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and

both captive and free-ranging cetacean individuals of all species

（

particularly adults and calves, or members of the

same

subgroup)appear

to

make

frequent

contact.

This

contact

may

help

to

maintain

order

within

a

group,

and

stroking

or

touching

are

part

of

the

courtship

ritual

in

most

species.

The

area

around

the

blowhole

is

also

9

particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strangely to being touched there.

C

The sense of vision is developed to different degrees indifferent species. Baleen species studied at close quarters

underwater---specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback

whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii---- have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater,

and

they

can

apparently

see

moderately

well

both

in

water

and

in

air.

However,

the

position

of

the

eyes

so

restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.

D

On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphin sand porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic

vision

forward

and

downward.

Eye

position

in

freshwater

dolphins,

which

often

swim

on

their

side

or

upside

down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the

bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying

fish,

it

can

apparently

see

fairly

well

through

the

air- water

interface

as

well.

And

although

preliminary

experimental evidence suggests that their in air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take

small fish out of a trainer?s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.

E

Such

variation

can

no

doubt

be

explained

with

reference

to

the

habitats

in

which

individual

species

have

developed

For

example,

vision

is

obviously

more

useful

to

species

inhabiting

clear

open

waters

than

to

those

living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American bout and Chinese beige, for instance, appear to

have very limited vision, and the Indian souses are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to

sense only the direction and intensity of light.

F

Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain,

such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans' well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are

highly

vocal,

although

they

vary

in

the

range

of

sounds

they

produce,

and

many

forage

for

food

using

echolocation. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited

in their repertoire.

Notable exceptions are the nearly song- like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting

utterances

of

the

humpback

whales.

Toothed

species

in

general

employ

more

of

the

frequency

spectrum,

and

produce

a

wider

variety

of

sounds,

than

baleen

species

(though

the

sperm

whale

apparently

produces

a

monotonous

series

of

high-energy

clicks

and

little

else).

Some

of

the

more

complicated

sounds

are

clearly

communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and 'culture' of cetaceans has been more the

subject of wild speculation than of solid science.

你的答案是：

Lecture Six

Summary

EX 55

Paper Recycling

Paper

is

different

from

other

waste

produce

because

it

comes

from

a

sustainable

resource:

trees.

Unlike

the

minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not

pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to

make

paper

in

Australia

comes

from

waste

paper,

the

rest

comes

directly

from

virgin

fibre

from

forests

and

plantations.

By

world

standards

this

is

a

good

performance

since

the

world- wide

average

is

33

per

cent

of

waste

paper.

Governments

have

encouraged

waste

paper

collection

and

sorting

schemes

and

at

the

same

time,the

paper

industry

has

responded

by

developing

new

recycling

technologies

that

have

paved

the

way

for

even

greater

utilisation of used fibre. As a result, industry's use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin

fibre over the

coming years.

Already waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in

the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher

recycled content in newsprint and

writing

paper.

To

achieve

the

benefits

of

recycling,

the

community

must

also

contribute.

We

need

to

accept

a

change

in

the

quality

of

paper

products:

for

example

stationery,

may

be

less

white

and

of

a

rougher

texture.

There also needs to be supported from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to

make

the

paper

available

to

collectors

but

it

also

needs

to

be

separated

into

different

types

and

sorted

from

contaminants such as

staples paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

QESTIONS 1-7

Complete the summary below of the Reading Passage. Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the Reading

Passage for each answer.

From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a

resource which is ... 1... and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is ...

2 .... Although Australia's record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of

recycled fibre and ... 3 ... to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have

also

been encouraged by ... 4 ... to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of ink from

used paper but ... 5 ... are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a

lower... 6... than before and to sort our waste paper by removing ... 7 ... before discarding it for collection.

Ex 56

People may think that writing as a profession is glamorous; that it is just about sitting down and churning out words

10

on a page, or more likely these days on a computer screen. If only it were true! So what exactly does writing a book

entail?

Being

a

writer

is

about

managing

a

galaxy

of

contradictory

feelings:

elation,

despair,

hope

frustration,

satisfaction and depression--and not all Separately! Of course, it also involves carrying out detailed research: first to

establish whether there is a market for the planned publication, and second into the content of the book. Sometimes

however,

instinct

takes

the

place

of

market

research

and

the

contents

are

dictatednot

by

plans

and

exhaustive

research, but experience and knowledge.

Once the publication has been embarked upon, there is a long period of turmoil as the text takes shape. A first draft is

rarely the final text of the book. Nearly all books are the result of countless hours of altering and re-ordering chunks

of text and deleting the embarrassing bits. While some people may think that with new technology. The checking and

editing process is speeded up, the experienced writer would hardly agree. Unfortunately, advanced technology now

allows the writer the luxury of countless editings, a temptation many of us find hard to resist. So a passage, endlessly

re-worked may end up nothing remotely like the original, and completely out of place when compared with the rest

of the text.

After the trauma of self-editing and looking for howlers, it is time to show the text to other people--friends perhaps,

for appraisal. At this stage, it is not wise to send it off to a literary agent or direct to publishers, as it may need further

fine-tuning of which the author is unaware. Once an agent has been approached and has rejected a draft publication,

it

is

difficult

to

go

and

ask

for

the

re-vamped

text

to

be

considered

again.

It

also

helps,

at

this

stage,

to

offer

a

synopsis of the book, if it is a novel, or an outline if it is a textbook. This acts as a guide for the author, and a general

reference for friends and later for agents.

Although it is tempting to send the draft to every possible agent at one time, it is probably unwise. Some agents may

reject the publication out of hand, but others may proffer some invaluable advice, for example about content or the

direction to be taken. Hints like this may be of use in finally being given a contract by an agent or publisher.

The few lucky taken on by publishers or agents, then have their books subjected to a number of readers, whose job is

to vet a book: deciding whether it is worth publishing and whether the text as it stands is acceptable or not. After a

book

is

finally

accepted

by

a

publisher,

one

of

the

greatest

difficulties

for

the

writer

lies

in

taking

on

board

the

publisher's alterations to the text. Whilst the overall story and thrust of the book may be acceptable, it will probably

have to conform to an in-house style, as regards language, spelling, or punctuation, etc. More seriously, the integrity

of the text may be challenged and this may require radical re-drafting which is unpalatable to the author. A book's

creation period is complex and unnerving, but the publisher's reworkings and text amputations can also be a tortuous

many writers, the most painful period comes when the text has been accepted, and the writer is waiting

for it to be put together for the printer. By this stage, it is not uncommon for the writer to be thoroughly sick of the

text.

Abandon writing? Nonsense. Once smitten, it is not easy to escape the compulsion to create and write, despite the

roller-coaster ride of contradictory emotions.

QUESTIONS 1-7

Complete the summary of the reading passage.

Choose your answers from the WORD LIST below.

People often associate writing with ...1... But being a writer involves managing conflicting emotions as well as ...2...

or instinct. Advanced technology, contrary to what might be thought, does not make the ...3... faster. When a writer

has a draft of the text ready, it is a good idea to have a...4 ... for friends to look at. If an author is accepted by a

publisher, the draft of the book is given to...5... for vetting

....6... are then often made, which are not easy for the

writer to agree. However, writing is compelling, even though there are ...7....

editing process

beware

readers

first draft

glamour

a literary agent

alterations

profession

publisher

challenges

compelling

dictating

research

publishing

summary

roller-coaster

ups and downs

补充练习

（

1

）

SOME MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIA

When

airline

pilot Percy

Trezise

began

to

explore the

rock

art

galleries

of

Cape

York

peninsula

in

the

early

1960s - a hobby that was to obsess him for the next 30 years-the consensus of academic opinion was that Australia

had been peopled for less than 10,000 years. Stone tools found in Kakadu have now been dated to at least 50,000

years, and camp sites as diver as lake Mungo in the Willandra lakes region of NSW and W

A's upper Swan River

11

have yielded tools charcoal radiocarbon- dated to between 38 000 and 45 000 years. More than a dozen other sites

date to more than 30,000 years - indisputable evidence, says archaeologist Josephine Flood, of the great antiquity of

Aboriginal culture.

Thirty years ago, the first Australians were still thought of as a backward race. Trezise recalls in his book Dream

Road,

that

there

was

much

sage

discussion

on

whether

they

were

even

capable

of

abstract

thought.

Since

then,

reawakened

interest

in

and

growing

knowledge

of

Australia's

Aboriginal

heritage

has

demonstrated

that

this

is

a

complex, subtle and rich culture.

The closer we look at Australian prehistory, the more it continues to confound our assumptions. Until recently,

the

authoritative

view

was

that

the

population

of

Australia

at

the

time

of

the

arrival

of

Europeans

in

1788

was

probably somewhere between 250 000 and 500 000. But the discovery, beginning two years ago, of a vast Aboriginal

graveyard at Lake Victoria near the confluence of the Murray and Darling rivers has thrown even tail into doubt. At

least

10

000

skeletons

are

buried

in

the

sands

of

Lake

Victoria,

possible

as

many

as

40

000.

Researchers

are

wondering if they have stumbled on the demographic hub of an infinitely more populous prehistoric Australia than

was ever previously supposed, at the crossroads of two of its greatest river highways. Archaeologist Dr Colin Pardoe

of

the

SA

museum

says

the

idea

of

300

000

or

so

people

in

Australia

before

white

settlement

must

be

radically

reevaluated.

we should be thinking 10 times that,

Cribb noted, this would be a greater population than pre- Roman Britain's.

Thought Aborigines might see themselves as indigenous (in the sense, as Josephine Flood explains, that they

have

no

race

history

not

associated

with

this

continent)

there

is

no

doubt

that

they

were

in

fact

Australia's

first

migrants.

Their

springboard

was

provided

by

the

last

ice

age,

or

Pleistocene

period,

which

lasted

between

two

million and 10 000 years ago. So much water was locked up on land that the ocean level dropped perhaps 150 m.

There was never a complete land bridge to south - east Asia, but Arnhem Land was linked to Papua New Guinea for

most

of

the

past

100

000

years,

says

Flood,

and

this

would

have

been

one

of

the

easiest

routes

for

ice

-

age

immigrants moving south. What is certain, says Flood in her excellent book The Riches Of Ancient Australia, is that

once here, the first Australians spread rapidly. The inland would have been dry, but considerably more hospitable

than

it

is

today.

The

inland

salt

pans

were

then

fresh-

water

lakes

teeming

with

fish,

and

the

country

was

much

greener.

Questions 1 - 10

Below is a summary of the reading passage above. Complete the summary by choosing

ONE

suitable word from

the following list. Write your answers in the spaces numbered 1-10 on the answer sheet.

Note: there are more words than you need.

Summary

Recent

1

findings in Australia indicate that previous ideas about Aboriginal

2

may need to be revised.

Charcoal radiocarbon dating of

3

found in different campsites provides evidence of a society that goes back as

far as 50,000 years. Furthermore, vast numbers of

4

have been discovered buried in the Lake Victoria region,

leading researchers to reconsider their estimates of

5 before white settlement. It appears that there may have been

10 times as many

6

as was previously thought. If we go back far enough, we can consider the Aborigines as the

first migrants because they would have been able to come

7

from Papua New Guinea during the last Ice Age.

During

this

8

there

was

a

land

__

9

between

Ambem

Land

and

Papua

New

Guinea

which

would

war

Antarctica was still being opened up and have facilitated movement. The land itself would have been more

10

than nowadays with fresh - water fish in the lakes and plenty of vegetation.

List of words

period

civilization

habitable

population

settled

skeletons

inhabitants

link

archaeological

implements

across

century

exploration

out

补充练习（

2

）

For people who like to keep poultry, ducks offer certain advantages over hens. Ducks are immune to some common

diseases found in hens and are less vulnerable to others. Some breeds of duck produce bigger eggs than hens. In

addition, ducks lay eggs over a longer season than do hens.

Poultry keepers with gardens have less to worry about if they keep ducks rather than hens because the former are less

apt to dig up plants and destroy roots. While both hens and ducks benefit the garden by eating pests, hens are known

to damage herb and grass beds. Ducks, on the other hand, will search for insects and snails more carefully. Only very

delicate plants are at risk from the broad, webbed feet of ducks.

Like

all

water

birds,

ducks

need

access

to

water,

and

duck

keepers

typica!ly

provide

this

by

building

a

pond.

Something this large is not absolutely necessary, however: ducks need only to be able to dip their heads in the water

to keep their nostrils clean. If a pond is provided though it is important to keep ducklings away from it until they are

12

old enough to withstand the cool temperature of the water--about eight weeks.

When keeping ducks, one has to consider just how many the land will support generally the rule is 100 ducks per

half

hectare.

If

more

than

this

proportion

is

introduced,

there

is

a

risk

of

compacting

the

soil,

which

can

lead

to

muddy conditions for long period as the rain is not easily absorbed into the ground.

While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quantity of food, especially if regular eggs

are desired. An adult duck will eat between 170 to 200 grams of food a day. If the ducks have access to grass and a

pond,

they

will

be

able

to

find

for

themselves

approximately

70%

of

their

daily

dietary,

requirements

in

warmer

months but less than half that in colder times. Therefore. it is important that they be fed enough food, such as grain,

every day.

Question 1-4

Complete the partial summary below.' Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from thepassage for each answer.

To prevent their ... 1... from getting dirty, ducks should have access to water. This maybe provided by building a

pond, but ducklings under ... 2... of age should be prevented from entering it because of the ... 3... of the water. If too

many

ducks

are

kept

on

a plot

of

land,

the

soil

may

eventually

become ...

4..

as a result

of

compaction.

For

this

reason it is advised that one limits the number of ducks per half hectare of land to 100.

Lecture Seven

Sentence Completion

Ex 57

It is better to give than to receive

course) bearing gifts

important part of our business relationships.

There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut

through barriers of language and cultural diversity. Present a simple gift to your host in a foreign country and the

chances are he or she will understand you perfectly, though you may not understand a single word 'of each other's

languages. Its can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their hospitality and the importance you

place upon the relationship. Combine the act of giving with some knowledge of and sensitivity to the culture of the

recipient

and

you

have

an

invaluable

chance

to

earn

respect

and

lay

the

foundations

of

a

durable

and

mutually

beneficial business relationship.

For

all

countries,

take

account

of

climate,

especially

in

regard

to

clothing.

Some

gifts

can

be

ruined

by

extremely

hot

or

humid

climates,

possibly

causing

their

receiver

considerable

anguish.

Consider

the

kinds

of

products that are abundant in the

country concerned and try for something that is uncommon there. Think about the

level of language skills: a book with hundreds of pages of English text may be at best useless, at worst embarrassing,

to

a

person

with

limited

English.

Inform

yourself

as

uch

as

possible

about

local

customs,

rules

and

etiquette,

especially

to

do

with

wrapping,

presenting,

superstitions,

taboos

and,

importantly,

customs

and

quarantine

regulations. The following is a brief account of the etiquette of gift-giving in some,countries of Asia and the Middle

East.

Questions:

Statements 1-4 are based on the Reading Passage above. Complete the statements by using ONE word from

the Passage for each answer.

ences in culture and ___________ can be overcome by gifts.

as visitors are advised to give gifts to their___________

3.___________should be considered when giving gifts such as thick clothing.

present a gift of chocolates in a tropical country might create ___________.

补充练习

C5T4P3Q34-40

Question 34-40

34. Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where ____ are unpredictable.

35. Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as _______.

36. Birds in temperate climates associated longer days with nesting and the availability of______.

37. Plants that flower when days are long often depend on ________to help them.

38. Desert annuals respond to _____as a signal for reproduction.

39. There is no limit to the Photosynthetic rate in plants such as___________.

40. Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the _______of plants in forestry and horticulture.

The effects of light on plant and animal species

13

Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing of daily and

seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and it is used to assist growth in plants.

Breeding

in

most

organisms

occurs

during

a

part

of

the

year

only,

and

so

a

reliable

cue

is

needed

to

trigger

breeding behavior. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within

the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases

steadily

by

a

predictable

amount.

The

seasonal

impact

of

day

length

on

physiological

responses

is

called

photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some

species of birds? breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially

(Wolfsan

1964).Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant when the day is less than a certain critical

length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length

differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are

known as day-neutral plants.

Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have

the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the

energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus

many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is

a point when adequate food resources will be assured.

The adaptive significance of photoperiodic in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the

temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted

for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the

autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds.

Day-neutral plants have an advantage when the connection between the favorable period for and day length is much

less

certain.

For

example,

desert

annuals,

flower

and

seed

whenever

suitable

rainfall

occurs,

regardless of

the

day

length.

The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that

remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of

the species Chiquita abietifolia on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation

of

bamboo

flowered

and

died

between

1916

and

1918,

which

suggests

a

vegetative

cycle

of

about

31

years.

The

climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not

yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous

production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to is centimeters deep on the ground) is more than all

the seed- eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next

generation(Evans 1 976).

The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by

which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate

of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of

photosynthetic

responses

of

plants

to

variations

in

light

intensity.

Some

plants

reach

maximal

photosynthesis

at

one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis

rate as light intensity rises.

Plants

in

general

can

be

divided

into

two

groups:

shade-tolerant

species

and

shade-intolerant

species.

This

classification is commonly

used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants

have lower photosynthetic

rates

and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade- intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a

certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other

habitats.

Grime

(1966)

suggests

that

light

may

be

one

of

the

major

components

directing

these

adaptations.

For

example,

eastern

hemlock

seedlings

are

shade-tolerant.

They

can

survive

in

the

forest

understorey

under

very

lowlight levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.

你的答案是：

34._______ _35.________36._________37.________38._______39.__ ______40.________

作业

(For Lecture 7)

1

Climate change is a legitimate worry. Although still riddled with uncertainties, the science of climate change is

becoming firmer: put too much carbon in the atmosphere

and you might end up cooking the earth, with possibly

catastrophic results. But here again, switching immediately to nuclear power is not the best response. Cutting the

hefty subsidies that go to the world's coal producers would help tilt the world's

energy balance towards natural gas,

which gives off

much less

carbon dioxide.

Developing countries subsidise electricity prices

to the tune of up to

$$120 billion a year, according to World Bank estimates. If prices reflected the true costs of generation, electricity

demand would fall, thus cutting greenhouse emissions.

2

Once the tough job of cutting subsidies is over, governments might want to reduce greenhouse gases further.

Again

there

are

carbon-free

energies

that

merit

more

subsidies

than

nuclear.

The

costs

of

many

renewable

technologies, such as solar and wind power, have fallen dramatically in recent decades.

3

Moreover, supporting nuclear power to ward off climate change means swapping one environmental risk for

another. V

oters in many countries fear radiation like the plague. The risks of nuclear accidents may be tiny, but when

14

they happen they can be catastrophic. Renewables are not without their environmental disadvantages (wind turbines,

for example, can be unsightly on hilltops), but are much cleaner than nuclear. The billions rich countries each year

pump into nuclear research would be better spent on renewables instead.

4

Having been invented, nuclear power will not disappear. The nuclear industry still

has a job to do, running

existing nuclear plants to the end of their lives as cheaply

and safely as possible.

For now, the case for nuclear

power is full of holes. Asia should resist the temptation to throw its money into them.

Questions:

Complete

the

sentences

below.

Use

NO

MORE

THAN

THREE

WORDS

from

the

passage

above

for

each

blank space.

1. Two carbon-free forms of energy are ____ and _____.

2. The main environmental risk attached to nuclear power is ______.

3. One disadvantage of ____is that they spoil the landscape.

4. Money presently used for nuclear research could be better spent on _______.

5. The nuclear industry should operate nuclear power plants _______.

Lecture Eight

Complete the table or the flow chart

（完成图表和流程图）

Ex 58

Poor

selection

decisions

are

expensive.

For

example,

the

costs

of

training

a

policeman

are

about

20,000

pounds

(approx. US$$30,000). The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oilrig or in a nuclear plant could, in an

emergency, result in millions of pounds of damage or loss of life. The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit

(PE-fit)

is

likely

to

result

in

low

job

satisfaction,

lack

of

organizational

commitment

and

employee

stress,

which

affect organizational outcomes i.e. productivity, high labour turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i.e.

physical, psychological and mental well-being.

Questions 1-3

Complete the notes below with words taken from the paragraph above. Use NO MORE THAN ONE

or TWO WORDS for each answer.

│Poor

person-environment fit

↓

i. Low job satisfaction

ii. Lack of organizational commitment

iii. Employee stress

↙

…2…

…1…

↓

↓

a. Iow production rates

│a. poor health

b. high rates of staff change

│b. poor psychological health

C

...3...

│c. poor mental health

Ex 59

There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot

be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and

paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail

stores

which

gather

large

amounts

of

packaging

material

in

which

goods

are

delivered

also

offices

which

have

unwanted

business

documents

and

computer

output

paper

converters

and

printers

and

lastly

households

which

discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur

the collection cost.

Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognize various types of paper. This is

necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper

then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock

and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which

15

has had little sorting. Various machinery is used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the

repulsing process the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the

individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter such as

cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals

such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing

agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in

such a way that they bond together.

Questions 1-5

Look at paragraphs above and, using the information in the passage, complete the flow chart below. Use

ONE OR TWO WORDS for each answer.

Wa

ste paper collected from:

→

The paper is then

Factories

2._______________

1.______________

↓

Retail stores

Paper converters and printers

and

Households

3._______________

by adding water

↓

The fibres are then

←

chemicals are added

5.

______________

in order to4.____________________

Lecture Nine

Choose the headings(

段落标题选择

)

Ex 60

(i) Responsibilities of responding police officers

(ii) Perceived advantages of rapid response

(iii) Police response to public satisfaction

(iv) Communicating response time to people requesting help

(v) When rapid response is and is not necessary

(vi) Role of technology in improving police response

(vii) Response time and success of response

(viii) Public demand for catching criminals

(ix) Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike as offering

tremendous benefits. The more obvious ones are the ability of police to apply first-aid lifesaving techniques quickly

and the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It aids in identifying those who

witnessed an emergency or crime, as well as in collecting evidence. The overall reputation of a police department,

too, is enhanced if rapid response is consistent, and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say,

rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force.

Ex 61

(i) Responsibilities of responding police officers

(ii) Perceived advantages of rapid response

(iii) Police response to public satisfaction

(iv) Communicating response time to people requesting help

(v) When rapid response is and is not necessary

(vi) Role of technology in improving police response

(vii) Response time and success of response

(viii) Public demand for catching criminals

(ix) Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

The

effectiveness

of

rapid

response

also

needs

to

be

seen

in

light

of

the

nature

of

the

example,

when

someone rings the police after discovering their television set has been stolen from their home, there is little point, in

terms of identifying those responsible for the crime, in ensuring a very 'rapid response. It is common in such burglary

or theft cases that the victim discovers the crime hours, days, even weeks after it has occurred. When the victim is

directly involved in the crime, however, as in the case of a robbery, rapid response, provided the victim was quickly

able

to

contact

the

police,

is

more

likely

to

be

advantageous.

Based

on

statistics

comparing

crimes

that

are

discovered and those in which the victim is directly involved, Spelman and Brown (1981) suggest that three in four

calls to police need not be met with rapid response.

Ex 62

16

(i) The effect of changing demographics on organizations

(ii) Future changes in the European workforce

(iii) The unstructured interview and its validity

(iv) The person-skills match approach to selection

(v) The implications of a poor person- environment fit

(vi) Some poor selection decisions

(vii) The validity of selection procedures

(viii) The person-environment fit

(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe

(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational failure

Poor selection decisions are expensive. For example, the costs of training a policeman are about

20,000 pounds

(approx. US$$30,000). The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oilrig or in a nuclear plant could, in an

emergency, result in millions of pounds of damage or loss of life. The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit

(PE-fit)

is

likely

to

result

in

low

job

satisfaction,

lack

of

organizational

commitment

and

employee

stress,

which

affect organizational outcomes i.e. productivity, high labour turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i.e.

physical, psychological and mental well-being.

Ex 63

(i) The effect of changing demographics on organizations

(ii) Future changes in the European workforce

(iii) The unstructured interview and its validity

(iv) The person-skills match approach to selection

(v) The implications of a poor person- environment fit

(vi) Some poor selection decisions

(vii) The validity of selection procedures

(viii) The person-environment fit

(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe

(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational failure

An organization is only as good as the people it employs. Selecting the right person for the

Job involves more than

identifying the essential or desirable range of skills , educational and professional qualifications necessary to perform

the job and then recruiting the candidate

who is most likely to possess these skills or at least is perceived to have

the ability and predisposition to acquire them. This is a purely person-skills match approach to selection.

Ex64

(i) Decrease in food yields

(ii) Drop in yield affected by reduction in research

(iii) Pollution ruining crops

(iv) World at risk due to predicted food shortage

(v) Lack of international interest

(vi) Bid to retain Asian farmers

(vii) Desperate situation for Asia

(viii) Environmental degradation due to changed farming methods

(,ix) Need to increase soil fertility

(x) Population explosion compounds Asia's problems

(xl) International commerce threatens Asian agricultural

(xii) Food shortages have wide effects

From

the

mid

1960s

when

the

Green

Revolution

began,

Asia

food

production

doubled

through

a

combination

of

high-yielding

crops,

expanded

farming

area

and

greater

intensification.

From

now

on,

growing

enough

food

will

depend almost entirely on increasing yield from the same, or smaller, area of land. However, a mysterious threat is

emerging

in

the

noticeably

declining

yield

of

rice

from

areas

that

have

been

most

intensively

farmed

Unless

scientists

can

unravel

why

this

is

so,

food

output

in

Asia

may

actually

stagnate

at

a

time

when

population

will

double.

Ex 65

(i) Responsibilities of responding police officers

(ii) Perceived advantages of rapid response

(iii) Police response to public satisfaction

(iv) Communicating response time to people requesting help

(v) When rapid response is and is not necessary

(vi) Role of technology in improving police response

(vii) Response time and success of response

(viii) Public demand for catching criminals

(ix) Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

It becomes clear that the importance of response time in collecting evidence or catching criminals after a crime must

17

be weighed against a variety of factors. Yet because police department officials assume the public strongly demands

rapid response, they believe that every call to the police should be met with it. Studies have shown, however, that

while the public wants quick response, more important is the information given by the police to the

person asking

for help. If a caller is told the police will arrive in five minutes but in fact it takes ten minutes or more, waiting the

extra time can be extremely frustrating. But ifa caller is told he or she will have to wait 10 minutes and the police

indeed

arrive

within

that

time,

the

caller

is

normally

satisfied.

Thus,

rather

than

emphasising

rapid

response,

the

focus

of

energies

should

be

on

establishing

realistic

expectations

in

the

caller

and

making

every

attempt

to

meet

them.

Ex 66

(i) Decrease in food yields

(ii) Drop in yield affected by reduction in research

(iii) Pollution ruining crops

(iv) World at risk due to predicted food shortage

(v) Lack of international interest

(vi) Bid to retain Asian farmers

(vii) Desperate situation for Asia

(viii) Environmental degradation due to changed farming methods

(ix) Need to increase soil fertility

(x) Population explosion compounds Asia's problems

(xi) International commerce threatens Asian agricultural

(xii) Food shortages have wide effects

One significant factor undermining the agricultural economics of Asian developing countries has been the farm trade

war

between

the

US

and

the

EC.

talk

about

environmental

degradation

and

dangerous

chemicals,

yet

spend

billions of US dollars and ECUs producing things we don't want which ruin local production system and income for

poor people,

production system, their policies tend to erode and destroy them.

Ex 67

(i) Responsibilities of responding police officers

(ii) Perceived advantages of rapid response

(iii) Police response to public satisfaction

(iv) Communicating response time to people requesting help

(v) When rapid response is and is not necessary

(vi) Role of technology in improving police response

(vii) Response time and success of response

(viii) Public demand for catching criminals

(ix) Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

The

effectiveness

of

rapid

response

also needs

to be

seen

in

light

of

the

nature of the

crime.

For

example,

when

someone rings the police after discovering their television set has been stolen from their home, there is little point, in

terms of identifying those responsible for the crime, in ensuring a very 'rapid response. It is common in such burglary

or theft cases that the victim discovers the crime hours, days, even weeks after it has occurred. When the victim is

directly involved in the crime, however, as in the case of a robbery, rapid response, provided the victim was quickly

able

to

contact

the

police,

is

more

likely

to

be

advantageous.

Based

on

statistics

comparing

crimes

that

are

discovered and those in which the victim is directly involved, Spelman and Brown (1981) suggest that three in four

calls to police need not be met with rapid response.

Ex 68

(i) The effect of changing demographics on organizations

(ii) Future changes in the European workforce

(iii) The unstructured interview and its validity

(iv) The person-skills match approach to selection

(v) The implications of a poor person- environment fit

(vi) Some poor selection decisions

(vii) The validity of selection procedures

(viii) The person- environment fit

(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe

(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational failure

However,

despite

the

importance

of

the

recruitment

decision

and

the

range

of

sophisticated

and

more

objective

selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centres etc., many organizations

are

still

prepared

to

make

this

decision

on

the

basis

of

a

single

30

to

45

minute

unstructured

interview.

Indeed,

research has demonstrated that a selection decision is often made within the first four minutes of the interview In the

remaining time, the interviewer then attends exclusively to information that reinforces the initial

decision.

Research

into

the

validity

of

selection

methods

has

consistently

demonstrated

that

the

unstructured

interview, where the interviewer as questions he or she likes, is a poor predictor of future job performance and fares

18

little

better

than

more

controversial

methods

like

graphology

and

astrology.

In

times

of

high

unemployment,

recruitment becomes a

Ex 69

(i) Decrease in food yields

(ii) Drop in yield affected by reduction in research

(iii) Pollution ruining crops

(iv) World at risk due to predicted food shortage

(v) Lack of international interest

(vi) Bid to retain Asian farmers

(vii) Desperate situation for Asia

(viii) EnvironmentaJ degradation due to changed farming methods

(ix) Need to increase soil fertility

(x) Population explosion compounds Asia's problems

(xi) International commerce threatens Asian agricultural

(xii) Food shortages have wide effects

Research at the IRRI has indicated that intensive rice production-growing two or three

crops a year on the same land-is showing signs of yield declines as great as 30 per cent.

Evidence for this comes from as far a field as India, the Philippines and Indonesia. At the

same time, agricultural research worldwide has been contracting as governments,

non-government bodies and private donors reduce funding because of domestic

economic pressures. This means, Lampe says, that at risk is the capability to solve such

problems as rice yield decline and research to breed the new generation of super-~yielding

crops. Yet rice will be needed to feed more than half the human population.

Ex 70

(i) The effect of changing demographics on organizations

(ii) Future changes in the European workforce

(iii) The unstructured interview and its validity

(iv) The person-skills match approach to selection

(v) The implications of a poor person-environment fit

(vi) Some poor selection decisions

(vii) The validity of selection procedures

(viii) The person-environment fit

(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe

(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational failure

The

changing

demographics

will

not

only

affect

selection

ratios.

They

will

also

make

increasingly

important

for

organizations wishing to maintain their competitive edge to be more responsive and accommodating to the changing

needs of their workforce if they are to retain and develop their human resources. More flexible working hours, the

opportunity

to

work

from

home

or

job

share,

the

provision

of

childcare

facilities

etc.,

will

play

a

major

role

in

attracting and retaining staff in the future.

补充练习

(1)

段落标题习题

p118

C7T2P3Q27-30

List of Headings

I. MIRTP as a future model

II. Identifying the main transport problems

III. Preference for motorized vehicles

IV. Government authorities? instructions

V. Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes

VI. Request for improved transport in Machete

VII. Transport improvements in the northern part of the district.

VIII. Improvements in the rail network

IX. Effects of initial MIRTP measures

X. Co-operation of district officials

XI. Role of wheelbarrows and donkeys

Example

Answer

Section A

VI

19

27. Section B

28. Section C

Example

Answer

Section D

IX

29. Section E

30. Section F

Machete Integrated Rural Transport Project

Section A

The disappointing results of many conventional road transport in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy

by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s.A request for help in improving

the availability of transport within the remote Machete District of south-western Tanzania presented the opportunity

to try a new approach.

The concept of integrated rural transport was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural

households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods

and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would

be

used

instead

for

activities

that

would

improve

the

social

and

economic

development

of

the

communities.

The

Machete

Integrated

Rural

Transport

Project

(MIRTP)

started

in

1985

with

financial

support

from

the

Swiss

Development Corporation and was co-ordinate with the help of the Tanzanian government.

Section B

When

the

project

began,

Machete

District

was

virtually

totally

isolated

during

the

rainy

season.

The

regional

road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road

traffic was extremely rare within the district and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkey in the north

of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.

Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little

was known about the transport

demands so Phase I, between December 1985 and December 1987

，

focused on research. The socio-economic survey

of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Machete spent, on average, seven hours a

day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in

surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95%was on foot; 80% was

within the locality; and 70%was related to the collection of water and firewood travelling to grinding mills.

Section C

Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and

burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to

improve mobility and access to transport.

An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the

district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labor. In addition to the

improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanic workshop and bus and truck

services.

However,

the

difference

from

the

conventional

approach

was

that

this

consideration

was

given

to

local

transport needs outside the road network.

Most goods were transported along the paths that provided short-cuts up and the hillsides, but the paths were a

real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building

steps, handrails and footbridges.

It

was

uncommon

to

find

means

of

transport

that

were

more

efficient

than

walking

but

less

technologically

advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare

parts.

Oxen

were

not

used at

all

but

donkeys

were

used

by

a

few

households

in

the

northern

part

of

the

district.

MIRPT focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Machete in terms of what was available,

how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept.

After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys

一

a donkey costs less than a bicycle

一

and the introduction of locally manufacturability wheelbarrow.

Section D

At

the

end

of

Phase

II,

it

was

clear

that

the

selected

approaches

to

Machete?s

transport

problems

had

had

different

degrees

of

success.

Phase

III,

from

March

1991to

March

1993,

focused

on

the

refinement

and

institutionalisation of these activities.

The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district center accessible

throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market and

prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before.

Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in

20