部分语言学课后练习答案

Chapter 2

the description of the following sound segments in English.

1. [

?

] voiceless dental fricative

2. [

?

]: voiceless postalveolar fricative

3.

[?]

: velar nasal

4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop

5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop

6. [k]: voiceless velar stop

7. [l]: alveolar lateral

8. [i]: high front lax unrounded vowel

9. [u:]: high back tense rounded vowel

10. [

?

]: low back lax rounded vowel

III. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.

1.

voiceless labiodental fricative: [f]

2.

voiced postalveolar fricative: [

?

]

3.

palatal approximant: [j]

4.

voiceless glottal fricative: [h]

5.

voiceless alveolar stop: [t]

6.

high-mid front unrounded vowel: [i]

7.

high central rounded vowel: []

符号里没找到，就是在语音

[U]

上划一横

8.

low front rounded vowel: [

?

]

9.

low-mid back rounded vowel: [

?

]

10. high back rounded tense vowel: [u:]

V

. Discuss the following questions.

4) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?

Phonetics

is

the

branch

of

linguistics

studying

the

characteristics

of

speech

sounds

and

provides

methods

for

their

description,

classification

and

transcription.

Phonology

is

the

study

of

sound

systems

that

occur

in

a

language

and

the

patterns

where

they

fall

in.

Minimal

pairs,

phonemes,

allophones,

free

variation,

complementary distribution, etc., are all to be investigated by a phonologist.

Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But

they differ in their approach and focus.

Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all

human

languages;

it

focuses

on

chaos.

Phonology

aims

to

discover

how

speech

sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning

in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful

sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they

are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a

speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign

“accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form

plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one?s language. It

focuses on order.